Evaluación de la condición física y salud escolar en niños y niñas de la provincia de San Luis, Argentina / Assessment of children's physical fitness and school health in the province of San Luis, Argentina

Introducción. La evaluación de la condición física (CF), junto con otros indicadores de salud, es una estrategia utilizada para conocer el estado actual de los escolares. El principal objetivo fue medir en escolares sanluiseños el estado de salud actual, los niveles de CF y construir tablas de referencias de CF. Población y métodos. Escolares entre 9 y 12 años de edad (ambos sexos) fueron evaluados con dos indicadores de salud: índice de masa corporal y presión arterial. La CF fue medida con la batería ALPHA-Fitness. El orden de las pruebas fue el siguiente: tensión arterial, masa corporal, estatura, longitud de pie y mano, salto en longitud, velocidad en 30 metros, agilidad 4 × 10 m y la prueba de ida y vuelta en 20 metros. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la maduración biológica. Resultados. Fueron evaluados 15548 escolares. Los valores promedios fueron presión arterial sistólica 101 ± 10 mmHg y diastólica 66 ± 7 mmHg; IMC 20,2 ± 4,3 kg/m2. Para la CF fueron las siguientes: componente cardiorrespiratorio VO2 máx. 39,87 ± 3,2 ml/kg/min y velocidad alcanzada en la prueba de ida y vuelta en 20 m 8,9 ± 0,6 km/h; componente neuromuscular; salto en longitud: 120,6 ± 23,9 cm, velocidad 30 m: 6,56 ± 0,85 s, agilidad 4 × 10 m: 15,17 ± 1,82 s. El rendimiento siempre fue superior en el grupo masculino (p <0,001). Conclusión. Los escolares mostraron niveles saludables de presión arterial. El 50 % de la muestra fue clasificada con sobrepeso u obesidad según el IMC. En ambos sexos, se observaron bajos niveles de CF. Por primera vez, se elaboraron tablas de referencia de CF en escolares sanluiseños

Introduction. The assessment of physical fitness (PF), is useful strategy to know the current status of schoolchildren. Our primary objective was to measure the current health status and PF levels of schoolchildren in San Luis and to develop PF reference tables. Population and methods. Schoolchildren aged 9 to 12 years (boys and girls) were assessed based on 2 health indicators: body mass index and blood pressure. PF was measured using the ALPHA-Fitness test battery. Blood pressure, body mass, height, foot and hand length, standing long jump, 30 m sprint, 4 × 10 m agility test, and 20 m shuttle run test were assessed. The body mass index (BMI) and biological maturation were estimated. Results. A total of 15 548 schoolchildren were assessed. Average systolic blood pressure was 101 ± 10 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure, 66 ± 7 mmHg; BMI: 20.2 ± 4.3 kg/m2. Average PF was, in the cardiorespiratory component, VO2 max.: 39.87 ± 3.2 mL/kg/min and speed reached during the 20 m shuttle run test: 8.9 ± 0.6 km/h; in the musculoskeletal component, standing long jump: 120.6 ± 23.9 cm, 30 m sprint: 6.56 ± 0.85 s, 4 × 10 m agility test: 15.17 ± 1.82 s. The performance was better in the boys group (p < 0.001). Conclusion. Blood pressure was normal. Fifty percent of the sample was overweight or obese as per their BMI. Both boys and girls showed low PF levels. PF reference tables for schoolchildren from San Luis were developed for the first time.

Percepción de los médicos residentes de Pediatría sobre el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en su proceso formativo / Pediatric residents' perceptions about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their training

Introducción. Las residencias médicas experimentaron modificaciones que pudieron afectar la formación académica durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Objetivos. Describir la percepción de residentes de Pediatría en relación con el impacto de la pandemia en su formación. Efectuar la adaptación transcultural y validación al idioma español del instrumento "COVID-19 Resident Education and Experience Survey". Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional, transversal. Participaron residentes de Pediatría de distintos hospitales del país. Se utilizó la encuesta de Ostapenko y col. modificada. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo utilizando SPSS vs. 21. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética institucional. Resultados. Completaron la encuesta 127 residentes. La mayoría dedicaba más de 50 horas a actividades asistenciales antes y durante la pandemia. El 43,3 % (IC95% 35-52) dedicaba hasta 1 hora diaria al estudio individual previo a la pandemia, y un 63 % (IC95% 54,3-70,9) dedicaba ese tiempo durante la pandemia. El 75,6 % (IC95% 67,4-82,2) reportó que el tiempo previo dedicado a actividades académicas era al menos de 4 horas semanales, descendiendo al 41,7 % (IC95% 33,5-50,4) en la pandemia. Más del 60 % (IC95% 54,3-70,1) percibió que la pandemia perjudicó su formación para convertirse en especialista y el 93,7 % (IC95% 88,1-96,8), que su nivel de estrés se incrementó. Conclusiones. La cantidad de horas destinadas a actividades académicas fue percibida como menor durante la pandemia. La mayoría de los encuestados refirió que su nivel de estrés aumentó y que la pandemia perjudicó su formación para convertirse en especialista.

Introduction. Medical residency programs suffered changes that may have affected academic training during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives. To describe the perceptions of pediatric residents about the pandemic's impact on their education. To transculturally adapt and validate the COVID-19 Resident Education and Experience Survey into Spanish. Materials and methods. Observational, cross-sectional study. Participants were pediatric residents from hospitals across the country. The survey by Ostapenko et al. was used. A descriptive analysis was done using the SPSS software, version 21. The project was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Results. The survey was completed by 127 residents. Most did more than 50 hours of health care activities before and during the pandemic. Also, 43.3% (95% CI: 35­52) spent at least 1 hour a day studying individually before the pandemic, while 63% (95% CI: 54.3­70.9) did so during the pandemic. In relation to the time spent doing academic work, 75.6% (95% CI: 67.4­82.2) reported that, before the pandemic, they spent at least 4 hours a week doing academic activities, dropping to 41.7% (95% CI: 33.5­50.4) during the pandemic. More than 60% (95% CI: 54.3­70.1) perceived that the pandemic impaired their training to become a specialist and 93.7% (95% CI: 88.1­96.8), that their stress levels increased. Conclusions. The perception was that participants spent less hours doing academic activities during the pandemic. Most surveyed participants mentioned that their stress levels increased and that the pandemic impaired their training to become a specialist.

Anatomical Study of the Cardiac Veins and their Tributaries in Bovines (Bos indicus) in Comparison with Humans and Other Animal Species / Estudio Anatómico de las Venas Cardiacas y sus Tributarias en Bovinos (Bos indicus) en Comparación con Humanos y Otras Especies Animales

SUMMARY: In bovines, anatomical observations of the coronary vascular tree describe qualitative characteristics. The objective of this study was to morphometrically characterize the coronary veins and their tributaries in cattle. An arcuate application with 2.0 silk was performed around the ostium of the coronary sinus of 28 bovine hearts and a number 14 catheter was placed, through which semi- synthetic polyester resin and mineral blue color was perfused. In 22 hearts (78.6 %) the great cardiac vein was originated at the cardiac apex. The configuration of the arteriovenous trigone was mainly closed inferior and superior types (50 %). The caliber of the great cardiac vein at the level of the atrioventricular sulcus was 6.7 +/- 1.2 mm. The origin of the left marginal vein was observed in the lower third of the left cardiac margin (53.6 %), its distal caliber was 4.1 +/- 0.8 mm and its drainage was at the level of the great cardiac vein. The middle cardiac vein originated from the cardiac apex in 78.6 % of the samples, emptied mainly into the coronary sinus (82.1 %) and its distal caliber was 4.7 +/- 0.9 mm. Anastomoses occurred in 28.6 % of the hearts, being found in most cases between the middle cardiac vein and the great cardiac vein (50 %), which was significant compared to other anastomoses (p<0.001). The length of the coronary sinus was 42.2 +/- 5.1 mm, its distal caliber was 13.8 +/- 2 mm, and its shape was cylindrical. Myocardial bridges were found in 3 hearts (10.7 %) mainly in the lower third of the middle cardiac vein (66.6 %). Most of the main coronary veins drained into the coronary sinus, with some cases with atypical outlets and the presence of a high percentage of anastomosis that serves to improve cardiac venous drainage in case of venous compression or obstruction.

En bovinos, las observaciones anatómicas de árbol vascular coronario describen características cualitativas. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar morfométricamente las venas coronarias y sus tributarias en bovinos. Se realizó una aplicatura arciforme con seda 2.0 alrededor del ostium del seno coronario de 28 corazones de bovino y se colocó un catéter número 14, a través del cual se perfundió resina de poliéster semisintética y color azul mineral. La vena cardiaca magna se originó en 22 corazones (78,6 %) en el ápex cardiaco. La configuración del trígono arteriovenoso fue principalmente cerrado inferior y superior (50 %). El calibre de la vena cardiaca magna a nivel del surco atrioventricular fue 6,7 +/- 1,2 mm. El origen de la vena marginal izquierda se observó en el tercio inferior del margen izquierdo cardiaco (53,6 %), su calibre distal fue 4,1 +/- 0,8 mm y su desembocadura fue a nivel de la vena cardiaca magna. La vena cardiaca media se originó en el ápex cardiaco en el 78,6 % de las muestras, desembocó principalmente en el seno coronario (82.1 %) y su calibre distal fue 4,7 +/- 0,9 mm. Se presentó anastomosis en el 28,6 % de los corazones, encontrándose en la mayoría de los casos entre la vena cardiaca media y la vena cardiaca magna (50 %), lo cual fue significativo en comparación con otras anastomosis (p<0,001). La longitud del seno coronario fue 42,2 +/- 5,1 mm, su calibre distal fue 13,8 +/- 2 mm y su forma fue cilíndrica. Se encontró puentes miocárdicos en 3 corazones (10,7 %) y en el tercio inferior de la vena cardiaca media (66,6 %). La mayoría de las venas coronarias principales desembocan en el seno coronario, con algunos casos con desembocaduras atípicas y la presencia de un alto porcentaje de anastomosis que sirve para mejorar el drenaje venoso cardiaco en caso de compresión u obstrucción venosa.

Changes in Height and Body Weight Within a Time Period of 35 Years in Males of the Same Age / Cambios en la Altura y el Peso Corporal en un Período de 35 Años en Hombres de la Misma Edad

SUMMARY: Height and body weight measurements are among the most important anthropometric variables when assessing a population's growth, development and body composition. This study aimed to evaluate the height and body weight variability of male entities aged 17-18 years within 35 years. This goal was realized by comparing the height and body weight of the population of the same gender and age in three different time studies. The descriptive statistical parameters and T-test for independent groups show systematic and significant differences in measured variables between three measurements in different timelines. Both in body height and body weight, from measurement to measurement, significant systematic and statistically significant differences (p<0.01) have been identified (1985: BH= 172.8cm, BW= 61.7kg; 2004: BH=176.8 cm, BW=66.9 kg; 2019: BH=178.5 cm, BW=72 kg). The results of this study prove that the change in the socio-economic status of a population over a period time of 35 years can significantly affect the growth and development of children/adolescents.

Las medidas de altura y peso corporal se encuentran entre las variables antropométricas más importantes a la hora de evaluar el crecimiento, el desarrollo y la composición corporal de una población. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la variabilidad de la altura y el peso corporal de entidades masculinas de 17 a 18 años dentro de 35 años. Este objetivo se logró comparando la altura y el peso corporal de la población del mismo sexo y edad en tres estudios temporales diferentes. Los parámetros estadísticos descriptivos y la prueba T para grupos independientes muestran diferencias sistemáticas y significativas en las variables medidas entre tres mediciones en diferentes líneas de tiempo. Tanto en la altura como en el peso corporal, de medición en medición, se han identificado diferencias significativas sistemáticas y estadísticamente significativas (p<0,01) (1985: BH= 172,8 cm, BW= 61,7 kg; 2004: BH=176,8 cm, BW=66,9 kg; 2019: BH=178,5 cm, BW=72 kg). Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que el cambio en el estatus socioeconómico de una población durante un período de 35 años puede afectar significativamente el crecimiento y desarrollo de niños/ adolescentes.

Morphological Assessment and Possible Clinical Implications of the Left Ventricle Papillary Muscles. Study in a Colombian Population Sample

SUMMARY: Papillary muscles in the left ventricle present multiple anatomic expressions that are relevant for medical fields focusing on the understanding of clinical events involving these structures. Here, the aim was to perform a morphological characterization of the left ventricle papillary muscles in a sample of Colombian population. In the study were included eighty-two hearts from male individuals who underwent autopsy at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences in Bucaramanga, Colombia. In each heart was carefully performed a longitudinal incision on the obtuse margin to visualize the papillary muscles. Data set was registered, and analysis of the continuous and categorical variables was carried out. Single anterior papillary muscle was observed in 74 samples (90.2 %) whereas this represented only 48 specimens (58.5 %) for the posterior papillary muscle (p = 0.3). Mean length and breadth of the anterior muscle were 29.9 ± 4.94 and 11.74 ± 2.75 mm, and those for the posterior muscle were 27.42 ± 7.08 and 10.83 ± 4.08 mm. Truncated apical shape was the most frequent type observed on the papillary muscles, anterior 41 (50 %) and posterior 37 (45.1 %), followed by flat-topped in the anterior 25 (30.5 %) and bifurcated in posterior muscle 14 (17.1 %). A mean of 9.04 ± 2.75 chordae raised from the anterior and 7.50 ± 3.3 from posterior papillary muscle. In our study we observed a higher incidence of single papillary muscles and slightly larger dimensions than information reported in the literature. The anatomic diversity of the papillary muscles should be considered for the correct image interpretation, valve implantation and performance evaluation on myocardial ischemic events.

Los músculos papilares del ventrículo izquierdo presentan múltiples expresiones anatómicas que son relevantes para las áreas médicas que se centran en la comprensión de los eventos clínicos que involucran estas estructuras. El objetivo fue realizar una caracterización morfológica de los músculos papilares del ventrículo izquierdo en una muestra de población colombiana. En el estudio se incluyeron ochenta y dos corazones de individuos masculinos a los que se les realizó autopsia en el Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Bucaramanga, Colombia. En cada corazón se realizó cuidadosamente una incisión longitudinal en el margen obtuso para visualizar los músculos papilares. Se registró el conjunto de datos y se realizó el análisis de las variables continuas y categóricas. Se observó un solo músculo papilar anterior en 74 muestras (90,2 %), mientras que este rasgo se presentó en 48 muestras (58,5 %) para el músculo papilar posterior (p = 0,3). La longitud y anchura media del músculo anterior fueron 29,9 ± 4,94 y 11,74 ± 2,75 mm, y las del músculo posterior fueron 27,42 ± 7,08 y 10,83 ± 4,08 mm. La forma apical truncada fue el tipo más frecuente observado en los músculos papilares, anterior 41 (50 %) y posterior 37 (45,1 %), seguido de la forma plana en los 25 anteriores (30,5 %) y bifurcada en el músculo posterior 14 (17,1 %). Una media de 9,04 ± 2,75 cuerdas elevadas desde el músculo papilar anterior y 7,50 ± 3,3 desde posterior. En nuestro estudio observamos una mayor incidencia de músculos papilares únicos y dimensiones ligeramente mayores que la información reportada en la literatura. La diversidad anatómica de los músculos papilares debe ser considerada para la correcta interpretación de imágenes, implantación valvular y evaluación del desempeño en eventos isquémicos miocárdicos.

Gestações e nascimentos em tempos de COVID-19 / Embarazos y nacimientos en tiempos de COVID-19 / Pregnancies and births in times of COVID-19

Resumo Objetivo Identificar o perfil de nascimentos das gestações de mulheres com acesso à internet que cursaram com a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 e seus desfechos. Métodos Estudo transversal integrado a uma coorte prospectiva, com coleta entre agosto de 2021 e fevereiro de 2022, baseado nas respostas de 304 mulheres que tiveram gestações e/ou partos durante o período pandêmico. Resultados Do total, 25,7% das entrevistadas tiveram COVID-19, com predomínio de diagnósticos no terceiro trimestre. Queixas de anosmia, fadiga e cefaleia prevaleceram como relacionados à infecção. As variáveis: utilizar o Sistema Único de Saúde para atendimento (p = 0,084); diabetes gestacional (p = 0,141); baixo peso de nascimento (p = 0,117); necessidade de internação em unidade neonatal (p = 0,120) foram inseridas no modelo de regressão por terem valores de p inferiores a 0,20. A variável referente ao tipo de parto (p=1,000) foi inserida no modelo por se tratar de uma variável de interesse e com descrição de relevância na literatura. A prematuridade foi a única variável que apresentou associação estatística com a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 durante a gestação (p = 0,008) na análise bivariada, explicando o desfecho da infecção na gestação (<0,001), comprovado no modelo de Regressão Robusta de Poisson. Conclusão Observou-se alta prevalência de COVID-19 na amostra, com variação de sintomas e predomínio de partos operatórios. No entanto, a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 explicou apenas a maior ocorrência de nascimentos prematuros.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar el perfil de nacimientos de los embarazos de mujeres con acceso a internet que lo cursaron con la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y sus desenlaces. Métodos Estudio transversal integrado a una cohorte prospectiva, con recopilación entre agosto de 2021 y febrero de 2022, basado en las respuestas de 304 mujeres que tuvieron embarazos o partos durante el período pandémico. Resultados Del total, el 25,7 % de las entrevistadas tuvieron COVID-19, con predominio de diagnósticos en el tercer trimestre. Prevalecieron quejas de anosmia, fatiga y cefalea como relacionadas a la infección. Las variables utilización del Sistema Único de Salud para atención (p = 0,084), diabetes gestacional (p = 0,141), bajo peso de nacimiento (p = 0,117), necesidad de internación en unidad neonatal (p = 0,120) se introdujeron en el modelo de regresión por tener valores de p inferiores a 0,20. Se introdujo la variable relacionada al tipo de parto (p = 1,000) en el modelo por tratarse de una variable de interés y con descripción de relevancia en la literatura. La prematuridad fue la única variable que presentó asociación estadística con la infección por SARS-CoV-2 durante el embarazo (p = 0,008) en el análisis bivariado, lo que explica el desenlace de la infección en el embarazo (>0,001), comprobado en el modelo de regresión robusta de Poisson. Conclusión Se observó alta prevalencia de COVID-19 en la muestra, con variación de síntomas y predominio de partos operatorios. Sin embargo, la infección por SARS-CoV-2 explicó solamente la mayor incidencia de nacimientos prematuros.

Abstract Objective Identify the profile of births of pregnancies of women with internet access who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and their outcomes. Methods Cross-sectional study integrated into a prospective cohort, with collection between August 2021 and February 2022, based on the responses of 304 women who had pregnancies and/or deliveries during the pandemic period. Results Of the total, 25.7% of the interviewees had COVID-19, with a predominance of diagnoses in the third quarter. Complaints of anosmia, fatigue and headache prevailed as related to the infection. The variables using the Unified Health System for care (p = 0.084); gestational diabetes (p = 0.141); low birth weight (p = 0.117); need for admission to a neonatal unit (p = 0.120) were included in the regression model because they had p values lower than 0.20. The variable referring to the type of delivery (p=1.000) was inserted in the model because it is a variable of interest and with a description of relevance in the literature. Prematurity was the only variable that was statistically associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy (p = 0.008) in the bivariate analysis, explaining the outcome of infection during pregnancy (<0.001), confirmed in the Poisson Robust Regression model. Conclusion There was a high prevalence of COVID-19 in the sample, with varying symptoms and a predominance of operative deliveries. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection only explained the higher occurrence of premature births.

COVID-19 entre profissionais fisioterapeutas: uma análise segundo prevalência e fatores associados / Covid-19 among brazilian physiotherapists: analysis of prevalence and associated factors / Covid-19 entre los fisioterapeutas brasileños: análisis de prevalencia y factores asociados

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência da COVID-19 entre os fisioterapeutas brasileiros e os fatores associados segundo características demográficas e ocupacionais. Método: estudo transversal, analítico, segundo inquérito on-line, com a participação de 670 fisioterapeutas de todas as regiões do Brasil. Utilizou-se uma adaptação do método respondent driven sampling ao ambiente virtual para a coleta de dados. Análises bivariadas e de regressão logística múltipla foram utilizadas para identificar associação entre o diagnóstico da COVID-19 e variáveis demográficas e ocupacionais. Considerou-se variáveis estatisticamente significativas com base em um p<0,05. Resultados: a prevalência da COVID-19 foi de 30% (IC95%: 27,8-32,3). Fisioterapeutas da região Sudeste tiveram menores chances de ter diagnóstico da COVID-19. Fisioterapeutas que prestaram assistência em hospital de campanha, que ficaram isolados da família e que tem crianças menores de 12 em casa tiveram chances aumentadas para o diagnóstico da infecção. Conclusão: questões sociodemográficas e ocupacionais impactam no aumento do diagnóstico de Covid-19 entre profissionais fisioterapeutas, o que enfatiza a necessidade de um sistema de saúde de qualidade, igualitário nas diferentes regiões brasileiras.(AU)

Objective: to estimate the prevalence of COVID-19 among Brazilian physiotherapists and its associated factors. Method: cross-sectional study, according to an online survey, with the participation of 670 physiotherapists from all regions of Brazil. An adaptation of the respondent driven sampling method to the virtual environment was used to collect data. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyzes were used to identify associations between the diagnosis of COVID-19 and demographic and occupational variables. Variables were considered statistically significant based on p<0.05. Results: the prevalence of COVID-19 was 30% (95%CI: 27.8-32.3). In the Southeast region, physiotherapists were less likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19. Physiotherapists who provided care in a field hospital, who were isolated from their families and who have children under 12 years of age at home had an increased chance of being diagnosed with the infection.Conclusion: sociodemographic and occupational issues impact the increase in COVID-19 diagnoses among physiotherapists, which emphasizes the need for a quality and egalitarian health system in different Brazilian regions.(AU)

Objetivo: evaluar la tasa de prevalencia del COVID-19 en fisioterapeutas de Brasil y analizar sus factores asociados. Método: realizamos un estudio transversal mediante una encuesta on-line, en la que participaron 670 fisioterapeutas de todas las áreas de Brasil. Para la recogida de datos se utilizó una adaptación del método respondent driven sampling al entorno virtual. Se utilizaron análisis bivariados y de regresión logística múltiple para identificar la asociación entre el diagnóstico COVID-19 y variables demográficas y ocupacionales. Las variables se consideraron estadísticamente significativas en función de una p<0,05. Resultados: la prevalencia de COVID-19 fue del 30% (IC 95%: 27,8-32,3). Los fisioterapeutas del sudeste tenían menos probabilidades de ser diagnosticados de COVID-19. Los fisioterapeutas que prestaban asistencia en un hospital de campaña, que estaban aislados de sus familias y que tenían hijos menores de 12 años en casa tenían más probabilidades de que se les diagnosticara la infección. Conclusiones: aspectos sociodemográficos y ocupacionales inciden en el aumento del diagnóstico de COVID-19 entre los fisioterapeutas profesionales, lo que enfatiza la necesidad de un sistema de salud de calidad e igualitario en las diferentes regiones brasileñas.(AU)

Principais motivos de descarte de córneas para transplante na Paraíba: por que o anti-HBc merece atenção?* / Main reasons for discarding corneas for transplant in Paraíba: why does anti-HBc deserve attention?*

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o perfil dos doadores de tecidos oculares humanos na área de atuação do Banco de Olhos da Paraíba, destacando o impacto da sorologia positiva para hepatite B no descarte dos tecidos para transplante. Métodos: O estudo é transversal e utilizou dados do Banco de Olhos da Paraíba entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2022. Dados sobre procedência, idade, sexo, causa do óbito, tempo entre óbito e enucleação, resultados sorológicos e motivo de descarte das córneas dos doadores foram coletados. Resultados: O maior motivo de descarte foi por sorologia positiva (56,5%), sendo positivadas as sorologias positivas para hepatite B e HBsAg em 11,1% e 4,75% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Conclusão: A sorologia positiva para hepatite B como um critério de descarte absoluto é responsável por grande parcela de descartes, apesar da pouca informação sobre suas repercussões e representação de infectividade nos receptores do transplante.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the profile of human ocular tissue donors in the area covered by the Eye Bank of Paraíba (PB), highlighting the impact of positive serology for hepatitis B (anti-HBc) in the disposal of tissues for transplantation. Methods: This is a cross-sectional that uses data from the Eye Bank of Paraíba (PB) between January 2013 and December 2022. Data on origin, age, sex, cause of death, time between death and enucleation, serological results, and reason for discarded donor corneas were collected. Results: The main reason for discarding was due to positive serology (56.5%), with positive anti-HBc and HBsAg serology in 11.1% and 4.75% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: Anti-HBc positive serology as an absolute disposal criterion is responsible for great part of disposals, despite little information about its repercussions and representation of infectivity in transplant recipients.

Prevalence of Oral Lesions Diagnosed at a Pathology Institute: A Four-year Analysis

Abstract Objective: To identify the most prevalent oral lesions based on reports from a pathology institute's reports and associations between malignant and oral potentially malignant disorders with patient's demographic variables and the anatomical location. Material and Methods: All 1,298 histopathological reports of oral lesions recorded in the database were reviewed. Demographic variables, anatomical location of the lesion, histopathological diagnosis of the lesions, and their biological behavior were analyzed. Results: Regarding the biological behavior of the identified lesions, benign lesions were predominant (70%), followed by lesions of undetermined behavior (14.3%), malignant lesions (14.2%), absence of histological alteration (1.2%), and finally, oral potentially malignant disorders (0.5%). The anatomical locations of the most prevalent oral lesions potentially malignant disorders and malignant were in the following structures of the oral cavity: gums, buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth and hard palate (p=49.2%), and tongue (p=48.7%). Conclusion: The probability of malignant and premalignant lesions was higher among males (PR= 4.21; 95% CI 2.08-6.22), the increase in age (PR = 1.06; 95% CI 1.05-1.08), and in the tongue region (PR = 5.48; 95% CI 1.67; 17.92). Identification of malignant and potentially malignant oral conditions is higher in older men and in tongue specimens.

Frequency of Self-Medication and Knowledge about Out-of-Counter Drugs during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Group of Iranian Dental Students

Abstract Objective: To study the frequency of self-medication and knowledge about out-of-counter drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic in a group of Iranian dental students. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among dental undergraduates from September 2021 to November 2021 after receiving ethical clearance from the Kerman Medical University Ethical Committee. A valid and reliable questionnaire, consisting of demographic data and questions about self-medication and knowledge about out-of-counter drugs, was sent to participants via E-mail. Data was analyzed by SPSS 26 software by using a t-test. The P-value was considered at a 0.05% significant level. Results: A total of 88 students participated in the study with a mean age of 21.39±3.71 years. Prevalence of self-medication was found in 53.4%. The most common cause for self-medication was headache. Acetaminophen was the most commonly used medicine for self-medication. Females had more self-medication than males, but there was no significant differences. There was no significant differences between entering year to university and self-medication. Younger students had significantly more self-medication (p=0.007). Knowledge about out-of-counter drugs was moderate. Conclusion: Moderate self-medication as noticed. The out-of-counter drugs were the most used. Although out-of-counter drugs seem relatively safe, their improper use can cause serious side effects. Dental students need to be educated regarding appropriate safe medication and out-of-counter drugs.

Factors Affecting Clinical Performance among Pakistani Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objective: To identify the factors affecting clinical performance among dental students and to help addressing these problems. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study in which students of third and final year of dentistry participated. Data was collected from June 2022 till September 2022. Data was collected from the third and final year dental students of both public and private dental colleges within the Pakistan using a purposive sampling technique. Results: A total of 372 dental students participated in this study. Thirty eight (31.9%) students belonged to third year while 81 (68.1%) were final year students from government college. For the private dental college, 121 (47.8%) were third year students while 132 (52.2%) were final year students. Majority of the participants were males from both the colleges. 42.9% of government dental students and 26.5% of private dental students agreed on well-preparedness of clinical instructors. 5.5% from private and 21.0% from government dental colleges agreed that adequate personal protective equipment were present in clinical departments. Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that there should be focus more focus on the factors to enhance clinical skills, supervision of students in clinical practice to help addressing the problems faced during learning and performance in a clinical environment, to produce self-confident, motivated, knowledgeable, skillful and a professional dental graduates.

Impact of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Brazilian Schoolchildren Aged 8 to 10 Years

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the impact of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) and confounding factors on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) according to the perception of 8 to 10-year-old children and their parents/caregivers. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study including 403 students aged 8-10 years was carried out, in which OHRQoL was measured using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire administered to both children and parents/caregivers. The diagnosis of MIH was performed according to the previously proposed index. Dental caries experience, malocclusion, and sociodemographic factors were evaluated as confounders. Cluster analysis and Poisson regression with robust variance (p<0.05) were performed. Results: The prevalence of MIH was 13.4%. Parents/caregivers of children with MIH in incisors showed a higher impact prevalence in the emotional well-being domain (PR=1.92; 95%CI=1.16-3.19). Children with hypoplasia had a higher prevalence of negative impact on OHRQoL in the oral symptoms domain (PR=1.51; 95%CI=1.03-2.23). According to the perception of parents/caregivers, dental caries experience had a negative impact on the quality of life of students in the emotional well-being domain (PR=4.19; 95%CI=1.06-16.49) and in the total questionnaire score (PR=3.21; 95%CI=1.06-9.71). Conclusion: According to the perception of parents/caregivers, children with MIH in incisors showed a greater impact on OHRQoL. Additionally, the presence of hypoplasia affected the self-perception of OHRQoL in children, and caries experience influenced the OHRQoL of children, as perceived by parents/caregivers.

Burnout among Dental Students of Private and Public Dental Colleges in Pakistan - A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the prevalence of burnout among dental students of public and private institutions in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab, Pakistan. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted at five public and private dental institutions from June 2021 to May 2022. A validated twelve-item closed-ended Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire was distributed among the dental students of two private and two public institutes in Pakistan. The research questions focused on demographic information and students' academic experiences. Data analysis is presented through tables and descriptive methods. Results: A total of 274 dental undergraduate students - second (42.3%), third (35.4%), and final (22.3%) academic year participated in this study. The mean age of the respondents was 21.9, with the range of 20-26 years. Most participants were females (74.1%) compared to the males (25.9%). The findings for burnout syndrome among dentistry students and students in the private and public sectors were not significant. Conclusion: In the current study, burnout levels among dental undergraduates, both private and public, were low.

Salivary Metabolites in Patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the salivary metabolites profile of Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) types I, II, IV, and VI patients. Material and Methods: The participants were asked to refrain from eating and drinking for one hour before sampling, performed between 7:30 and 9:00 a.m. Samples were centrifuged at 10.000 × g for 60 min at 4°C, and the supernatants (500µl) were stored at −80°C until NMR analysis. The salivary proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra were acquired in a 500 MHz spectrometer, and TOCSY experiments were used to confirm and assign metabolites. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results: Differences in salivary metabolites were found among MPS types and the control, such as lactate, propionate, alanine, and N-acetyl sugar. Understanding these metabolite changes may contribute to precision medicine and early detection of mucopolysaccharidosis and its monitoring. Conclusion: The composition of low molecular weight salivary metabolites of mucopolysaccharidosis subjects may present specific features compared to healthy controls.

Changes in Oral Health-Related Behaviors and Oral Health of Children in Early Childhood during Social Isolation Caused by COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess changes in oral health-related behavior and oral health status in Brazilian children in early childhood perceived by their parents/caregivers during social isolation caused by COVID-19. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study with parents/caregivers of children in southeastern Brazil aged 0-5 years who responded to an online questionnaire about sociodemographic data, dietary changes, oral hygiene, and oral health status of children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Of the 119 parents/caregivers, 54.60% did not observe any changes in eating habits, and 81.50% maintained their children's oral hygiene. Associations were observed between the impact of the pandemic on the family income and changes in eating habits (p=0.02) and between lower family income and dental caries perceived by parents/caregivers (p=0.05). Z tests with Bonferroni correction showed that families with drastic income reduction were more likely to consume lower-cost foods (62.50%) than families with no impact or slight reduction on family income. Parents/caregivers did not identify dental caries (89.10%), toothache (92.40%), and dental trauma (92.40%) in their children. Conclusion: Parents/caregivers of children in southeastern Brazil aged 0-5 years observed behavioral changes in the dietary habits of families whose income was impacted by the pandemic, and their perception of dental caries was significantly associated with family income.

Misoprostol and mid trimester termination of pregnancy in patients with two previous scars and more at Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital / Misoprostol e interrupção da gravidez no meio do trimestre em pacientes com duas cicatrizes anteriores e mais no Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital

Abstract Objectives: to determine efficiency and safety of three misoprostol regimens for 2nd trimester pregnancy termination in individuals with two or more cesarean section scars. Methods: a cross-sectional study included 100 pregnant ladies at 13th-26th weeks gestation with previous two cesarean sections (CSs) who were scheduled for pregnancy termination using misoprostol. Patients were conveniently assigned to 100µg/3h, 200µg/3h or 400 µg/3h regimens. Primary outcome was time to abortion, secondary outcomes were side effect and complications. Results: a significant association was found between number previous CSs and longer time to abortion (p=0.01). A highly significant association was identified between earlier gestational age and longer time to abortion (p<0.001). Lower side effects and complications were associated with 200 µg misoprostol every 3 hours of (p<0.001). Incomplete abortion was the most frequent recorded complication for the successive doses of misoprostol. Conclusions: misoprostol is an effective drug at low doses for pregnancy termination in women with prior two or more caesarean sections. However, its safety needs monitoring of the patient in the hospital to decrease morbidity and mortality behind its use.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a eficiência e segurança de três regimes de misoprostol para interrupção da gravidez no segundo trimestre em indivíduos com duas ou mais cicatrizes de cesariana. Métodos: um estudo transversal incluiu 100 gestantes entre 13ª e 26ª semanas de gestação com duas cesarianas (CEs) anteriores que foram agendadas para interrupção da gravidez com uso de misoprostol. Os pacientes foram convenientemente designados para regimes de 100 µg/3 horas, 200 µg/3 horas ou 400 µg/3 horas. O desfecho primário foi o tempo para o aborto, os desfechos secundários foram efeitos colaterais e complicações. Resultados: foi encontrada associação significativa entre o número de cesáreas anteriores e o maior tempo até o aborto (p=0,01). Foi identificada associação altamente significativa entre idade gestacional mais precoce e maior tempo para abortar (p<0,001). Menores efeitos colaterais e complicações foram associados com 200 µg de misoprostol a cada 3 horas (p<0,001). O aborto incompleto foi a complicação mais frequente registrada para as doses sucessivas de misoprostol. Conclusões: o misoprostol é um medicamento eficaz em doses baixas para interrupção da gravidez em mulheres com duas ou mais cesarianas anteriores. Porém, sua segurança necessita de monitoramento do paciente no hospital para diminuir a morbimortalidade por trás de seu uso.

Association of dietary patterns and body phenotypes in Brazilian adolescents / Associação entre padrões alimentares e fenótipos corporais em adolescentes brasileiros

Abstract Objectives: to investigate the association between dietary patterns, physical activity, and body phenotypes in adolescents. Methods: this school-based cross-sectional study involved 1,022 adolescents aged ten to 19 years. Dietary patterns and body phenotypes were defined using a principal component analysis. Body phenotype was defined using anthropometry, body composition, biochemistry, sexual maturation, and dietary patterns from 19 food groups, using a food frequency questionnaire. The association between the dietary patterns and body phenotypes was assessed using a linear regression model. Results: five body phenotypes (BP1adiposity, BP2puberty, BP3biochemical, BP4muscular, BP5lipids_biochemical) and five dietary patterns (DP1ultraprocessed_foods, DP2fresh_foods, DP3bread_rice_beans, DP4culinary_preparations, DP5cakes_rice_beans) were identified. There were higher BP_adiposity scores for obese adolescents, but energy expenditure was similar for obese and non-obese adolescents. Physical activity was positively associated with BMI, BP_adiposity, and BP_puberty. We observed a negative association between DP_ultraprocessed_foods and BMI, and a positive association between DP_fresh_food. DP_fresh_foods was positively associated with BP_adiposity; DP_ultraprocessed_foods and DP_culinary_preparations were negatively associated with this phenotype. BP_biochemical was negatively associated with DP_fresh_foods. Conclusion: we identified a negative association between a dietary pattern composed mainly of ultra-processed foods, fresh foods, and BP_adiposity. These associations need to be better explored, especially in adolescents, as both dietary patterns and phenotypes were defined using multivariate analysis.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar associação entre padrão alimentar (PA), atividade física (AF) e fenótipos corporais (FC) em adolescentes. Métodos: estudo transversal de base escolar com 1.022 adolescentes de dez a 19 anos. Padrão alimentar e fenótipo corporal foram definidos por meio da análise de componentes principais. O fenótipo corporal foi definido usando antropometria, composição corporal, bioquímica e maturação sexual, e padrão alimentar a partir de 19 grupos de alimentos de um questionário de frequência alimentar. A associação entre padrão alimentar e fenótipo corporal foi avaliada por modelo de regressão linear. Resultados: foram identificados cinco fenótipos corporais (FC1adiposidade, FC2puberdade, FC3bioquímico, FC4muscular, FC5lipídios_bioquímico) e cinco padrões alimentares (PA1alimentos_ultraprocessados, PA2alimentos_frescos, PA3pão_arroz_feijão, PA4preparações_culinárias, PA5bolos_arroz_feijão). Há maiores escores de FC_adiposidade para adolescentes com obesidade, mas o gasto energético foi semelhante para adolescentes com e sem diagnóstico de obesidade. Atividade física associou-se positivamente com IMC, FC_adiposidade e FC_puberdade. Observamos associação negativa entre PA_ultraprocessados e IMC, e positiva entre PA_alimentos_frescos. PA_alimentos_frescos associou-se positivamente com FC_adiposidade; PA_ultraprocessados e PA_preparações_culinárias se associaram negativamente a este fenótipo. FC_bioquímico associou-se negativamente com PA_alimentos_frescos. Conclusão: identificamos associação negativa entre padrão alimentar composto principalmente por alimentos ultraprocessados e alimentos in natura e FC_adiposidade. Essas associações devem ser exploradas com o mesmo público em estudos futuros, principalmente em adolescentes, pois tanto o padrão alimentar quanto o fenótipo foram definidos por meio de análise multivariada.

Resistencia transmitida de VIH-1 en pacientes sin exposición a tratamiento antirretroviral: Guatemala / Transmitted HIV-1 resistance in patients without exposure to antiretroviral treatment: Guatemala / Resistência transmitida ao HIV-1 em pacientes sem exposição ao tratamento antirretroviral: Guatemala

El objetivo del estudio fue describir los niveles de resistencia transmitida de VIH-1 en adultos atendidos en Unidades de Atención Integral de Guatemala. El estudio incluyó registros de 185 pacientes adultos VIH-1 positivo, de reciente diagnóstico sin antecedente de uso de TAR, de noviembre del 2019 a noviembre del 2020. El análisis se realizó en el software DeepChek® v2.0, para la clasificación de la resistencia se siguió el algoritmo de Stanford HIVdb (v9.4 - 07/12/2022). Se encontró 18.4% (IC 95% 13.1 - 24.7%) de resistencia general a alguna familia de ARVs. Se evidenció 15.1% (IC 95% 10.3 - 21.1%) de resistencia individual a la familia de INNTR afectando principalmente a NVP y EFV; 2.2% (IC 95% 0.6 - 5.4%) de resistencia a INTR, mayormente a FTC/3TC; y 2.7% (IC 95% 0.9 - 6.2%) de resistencia intermedia y baja los IP NFV y LPV/r. Tres casos presentaron resistencia múltiple a los INTR + INNTR. Las mutaciones más frecuentemente encontradas fueron K103N (41.2%), M184V/I (8.8%) y M46I (5.9%). La elevada resistencia transmitida del VIH-1 en pacientes atendidos en distintas Unidades de Atención Integral del VIH, demuestra la importancia de analizar periódicamente la tendencia de la resistencia en personas que no han estado expuestas a ARVs, lo cual a su vez es un marcador indirecto de presencia de resistencia adquirida en el país, datos que evidencian la necesidad de acciones e intervenciones prontas y efectivas dado su impacto en la salud pública.

The objective of this study was to describe the levels of transmitted HIV-1 resistance in patients with a recent HIV diagnosis before starting ART, treated in Comprehensive Care Units in Guatemala during the years 2019 and 2020. The study included records of 185 HIV-positive adult patients, recently diagnosed with HIV without a history of ART use. The analysis was carried out in the DeepChek® v2.0 software, the Stanford HIVdb algorithm (v9.4 - 07/12/2022) was followed to classify resistance. 18.4% (95% CI 13.1 - 24.7%) of general resistance to some family of ARVs was found. There was evidence of 15.1% (95% CI 10.3 - 21.1%) of individual resistance to the NNRTI family, mainly affecting NVP and EFV; 2.2% (95% CI 0.6 - 5.4%) resistance to INTR, mostly to FTC/3TC; and 2.7% (95% CI 0.9 - 6.2%) of intermediate and low resistance IP NFV and LPV/r. Three cases presented multiple resistance to NRTIs + NNRTIs. The most frequently found mutations were K103N (41.2%), M184V/I (8.8%) and M46I (5.9%). The high transmitted resistance of HIV-1 in patients treated in different Comprehensive HIV Care Units demonstrates the importance of periodically analyzing the trend of resistance in people who have not been exposed to ARVs, which in turn is an indirect marker. of the presence of acquired resistance in the country, data that demonstrate the need for prompt and effective actions and interventions given its impact on public health.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os níveis de resistência transmitida ao HIV-1 em adultos tratados em Unidades de Cuidados Integrais na Guatemala. O estudo incluiu prontuários de 185 pacientes adultos HIV-1 positivos, recentemente diagnosticados sem histórico de uso de TARV, no período de novembro de 2019 a novembro de 2020. A análise foi realizada no software DeepChek® v2.0, para classificação da resistência, O algoritmo Stanford HIVdb (v9.4 - 07/12/2022) foi seguido. Foi encontrada 18.4% (IC 95% 13.1 - 24.7%) de resistência geral a alguma família de ARVs. Houve evidência de 15.1% (IC 95% 10.3 - 21.1%) de resistência individual à família de NNRTI, afetando principalmente NVP e EFV; 2.2% (IC 95% 0.6 - 5.4%) resistência ao INTR, principalmente ao FTC/3TC; e 2.7% (IC 95% 0.9 - 6.2%) de resistência intermediária e baixa ao IP NFV e LPV/r. Três casos apresentaram resistência múltipla a NRTIs + NNRTIs. As mutações mais frequentemente encontradas foram K103N (41.2%), M184V/I (8.8%) e M46I (5.9%). A elevada resistência transmitida do HIV-1 em pacientes atendidos em diferentes Unidades de Cuidados Integrados ao HIV demonstra a importância de analisar periodicamente a tendência de resistência em pessoas que não foram expostas aos ARVs, o que por sua vez é um marcador indireto da presença de ARVs adquiridos. resistência no país, dados que demonstram a necessidade de ações e intervenções rápidas e eficazes dado o seu impacto na saúde pública.

Higiene das mãos dos profissionais de saúde: perspectivas do estudante de enfermagem no papel de paciente/familiar / Higiene de manos de los profesionales de la salud: perspectiva de estudiantes de enfermería en el papel de paciente/familiar / Healthcare professionals' hand hygiene: perspectives of nursing student's in patients/relatives role

Resumo Objetivo Investigar as opiniões e atitudes dos estudantes de enfermagem no papel de pacientes ou familiares de pacientes, a respeito do comportamento de higiene das mãos dos profissionais de saúde e da participação dos pacientes na campanha de higiene das mãos. Métodos Estudo transversal prospectivo realizado entre 2021-2022 no Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, de duas universidades turcas. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 330 alunos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário autoaplicável. A taxa de resposta do questionário foi de 89,43%. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado na análise dos dados. Resultados A média de idade dos estudantes foi de 19,80±1,30 anos, 76,1% eram do sexo feminino, 50,9% afirmaram ter recebido instrução sobre Infecções Associadas aos Cuidados de Saúde (IACS). Enquanto 30,1% dos estudantes relataram realizar a higiene das mãos "9 a 11 vezes" em sua vida diária, 54,6% relataram "12 a 15 vezes" no hospital, e 96,4% dos estudantes se perguntaram se os profissionais de saúde realizavam a higiene das mãos antes de fornecer cuidados durante as internações. De acordo com 30,5% dos estudantes, lembretes dos pacientes e seus familiares sobre a realização da higiene das mãos antes do contato com os pacientes os deixariam satisfeitos. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a instrução anterior dos estudantes sobre IACS e a higiene das mãos como cuidado importante a pacientes hospitalizados (p<0,05). Conclusão Os estudantes de enfermagem apresentaram conhecimento suficiente sobre a higiene das mãos e uma atitude positiva frente aos comportamentos de higiene das mãos dos profissionais de saúde. Estudantes de enfermagem como pacientes e familiares dos pacientes podem ser incluídos nas campanhas de higiene das mãos dos profissionais de saúde, desde que as etapas do programa sejam bem planejadas.

Resumen Objetivo Investigar las opiniones y actitudes de los estudiantes de enfermería en el papel de pacientes o familiares de pacientes respecto al comportamiento de higiene de manos de los profesionales de la salud y de la participación de los pacientes en la campaña de higiene de manos. Métodos Estudio transversal prospectivo realizado entre 2021 y 2022 en el Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, de dos universidades turcas. La muestra del estudio estuvo compuesta por 330 alumnos. Los datos se recopilaron mediante cuestionario autoaplicado. El índice de respuesta del cuestionario fue de 89,43 %. Se utilizó la prueba ji cuadrado en el análisis de los datos. Resultados El promedio de edad de los estudiantes fue de 19,80±1,30 años, el 76,1 % era de sexo femenino, el 50,9 % afirmó haber recibido instrucción sobre infecciones asociadas a los cuidados de la salud (IACS). Mientras el 30,1 % de los estudiantes relató realizar la higiene de manos "9 a 11 veces" en su vida diaria, el 54,6 % relató "12 a 15 veces" en el hospital, el 96,4 % de los estudiantes se preguntó si los profesionales de la salud realizaban la higiene de manos antes de brindar cuidados durante las internaciones. El 30,5 % de los estudiantes estuvo satisfecho con los recordatorios de los pacientes y sus familiares sobre la realización de la higiene de manos antes del contacto con los pacientes. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la instrucción anterior de los estudiantes sobre IACS y la higiene de manos como cuidado importante en pacientes hospitalizados (p<0,05). Conclusión Los estudiantes de enfermería presentaron conocimientos suficientes sobre la higiene de manos y una actitud positiva frente a los comportamientos de higiene de manos de los profesionales de la salud. Puede incluirse a los estudiantes de enfermería como pacientes y familiares de los pacientes en las campañas de higiene de manos de los profesionales de la salud, siempre que las etapas del programa estén bien planificadas.

Abstract Objective To investigate the views and attitudes of nursing students, as patients or relatives, on healthcare professionals' hand hygiene behavior and patient participation hand hygiene campaign. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the nursing departments of the health and science faculties at two Turkish universities between 2021-2022. The study sample comprised 330 students. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The response rate of the questionnaire was 89.43%. Chi-square test was used in data analysis. Results The mean age of students was 19.80±1.30 years, 76.1% were female, 50.9% stated they had received education regarding healthcare-associated infections (HAI). While 30.1% of students reported they performed hand hygiene "9-11 times" in their daily lives, 54.6% reported performing "12-15 times" in the hospital, and 96.4% of students expressed wondering if healthcare professionals performed hand hygiene before offering care during hospitalizations. Among students, 30.5% stated that reminders from patients and their relatives about performing hand hygiene before contact with patients would make them happy. There was a statistically significant difference between students' previous training in HAIs and hand hygiene as an important inpatient care (p<0.05). Conclusion Nursing students had sufficient knowledge of hand hygiene and a positive attitude towards hand hygiene behaviors of healthcare professionals. Nursing students, such as patients and their relatives, can be included in hand hygiene campaigns for healthcare professionals, provided that the program steps are well planned.

Recusa familiar para doação de córneas para transplante: fatores associados e tendência / Negativa familiar para donación de córneas para trasplante: factores asociados y tendencia / Family refusal to donate a cornea for transplantation: associated factors and trends

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a recusa familiar de doação de córnea para transplante em uma Organização de Procura de Órgãos. Métodos Estudo quantitativo do tipo transversal sobre as recusas de córnea de doadores em situação de morte encefálica. A fonte de dados foi constituída pelos Termos de Autorização de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos firmados entre janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2020 em uma Organização de Procura de Órgãos. Os dados foram coletados, tabulados e analisados de forma descritiva e inferencial. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados Dos 2.447 Termos de Autorização de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos firmados no período, 620 (25.34%) recusaram a doação de córneas. Com relação à tendência temporal de recusas de doação de córneas, o único período que apresentou significância foi de 2001 a 2009, quando as faixas etárias de zero a 11 anos e 12 a 19 anos demonstraram tendência decrescente, e a faixa etária maior ou igual a 60 anos, mostrou-se crescente. No período total de 2001 a 2020, as faixas etárias dos 20 a 40 anos, 41 a 59 anos e maior ou igual a 60 anos apresentaram, 48%, 59% e 73%, respectivamente, menores chances de recusa da doação de córneas. Conclusão A faixa etária apresentou associação com a recusa, tendo em vista que os indivíduos de maior idade apresentaram maiores índices.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la negativa familiar de donación de córneas para trasplante en una Organización de Búsqueda de Órganos. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo tipo transversal sobre la negativa de córnea de donantes en situación de muerte encefálica. La fuente de datos estuvo compuesta por los Términos de Autorización de Donación de Órganos y Tejidos firmados entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2020 en una Organización de Búsqueda de Órganos. Se recopilaron los datos, luego se tabularon y se analizaron de forma descriptiva e inferencial. El presente estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados De los 2447 Términos de Autorización de Donación de Órganos y Tejidos firmados en el período, 620 (25,34 %) negaron la donación de córneas. Con relación a la tendencia temporal de negativas de donación de córneas, el único período que presentó significación fue de 2001 a 2009, cuando los grupos de edad de 0 a 11 años y de 12 a 19 años demostraron una tendencia decreciente, y el grupo de edad mayor o igual a 60 años se mostró creciente. En el período total de 2001 a 2020, los grupos de edad de 20 a 40 años, de 41 a 59 años y mayor o igual a 60 años presentaron un 48 %, un 59 % y un 73 %, respectivamente, menor probabilidad de negativa de donación de córneas. Conclusión El grupo de edad presentó relación con la negativa, considerando que los individuos de mayor edad presentan mayores índices.

Abstract Objective To analyze family refusals to donate a cornea for transplantation in an Organ Procurement Organization. Methods This was a quantitative cross-sectional study on corneal donation refusals from potential brain-dead donors. The data source was based on the Terms of Authorization for Donation of Organs and Tissues signed from January 2001 to December 2020 in an Organ Procurement Organization. Data were collected, tabulated, and analyzed in a descriptive and inferential manner. The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results Of the 2,447 Terms of Authorization for Donation of Organs and Tissues signed in the above period, 620 (25.34%) of them refused to donate a cornea. Regarding the time trend of corneal donation refusals, the period 2001-2009 was the only one that showed significance, when the 0-11 and 12-19 age groups showed a decreasing trend and that of 60 years or older showed an increasing trend. In the period 2001-2020, the age groups of 20-40, 41-59, and 60 years or older had lower rates of refusal to donate a cornea (48%, 59%, and 73%, respectively). Conclusion The age group is associated with refusal because older individuals had the highest refusal rates.