Captopril oral solution for pediatric use: formulation, stability study and palatability assessment in vivo

Abstract he aim of this work was to develop an oral solution of captopril at 5 mg/mL preservative-free. Two formulations were prepared, one containing sweetener (formulation 1) and the other without this excipient (formulation 2). The results found of validation parameters from analytical method performed by HPLC for captopril were, linearity 0.9998, the limit of detection 15.71 µg/mL, the limit of quantification 47.60 µg/mL, repeatability 1.05%, intermediate precision 2.42%, accuracy intraday 101,53%, accuracy inter-day 99.85%. Moreover, the results found for captopril disulfide were, linearity 0.9999, limit of detection 0.65 µg/mL, limit of quantification 1.96 µg/mL, repeatability 2.28%, intermediate precision 1.51%, accuracy intraday 101.36%, accuracy inter-day 100.29%. The appearance of formulations was clear and colorless, pH measures were 3.12 and 3.04, dosage of captopril and captopril disulfide were 99.45% and 99.82%, 0.24% and 0.12% for formulation 1 and formulation 2, respectively. The stability study demonstrated that the concentration of captopril and captopril disulfide in the formulations was > 90% and below 3%, respectively. The in vivo palatability study in animals and humans showed that Formulation 1 containing the sweetener had better acceptance. Thus, the sweetener was able to improve the unpleasant taste of the formulation

Estabilidade do cloridrato de vancomicina empregado em soluções de selo antimicrobiano de cateteres intravenosos centrais / Stability of vancomycin hydrochloride employed in antimicrobial seal solutions of central intravenous catheters / Estabilidad del clorhidrato de vancomicina utilizado en soluciones de sellado antimicrobiano para catéteres intravenosos centrales

Resumo Objetivo: verificar a estabilidade do cloridrato de vancomicina em soluções de selo antimicrobiano sem e com associação de heparina sódica segundo a temperatura e tempo de associação. Método: estudo experimental delineado para análise de potencial hidrogeniônico e concentração por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de soluções de cloridrato de vancomicina (n=06) e cloridrato de vancomicina e heparina sódica (n=06). Submeteram-se as soluções estudadas à ausência de luz, 22°C e 37°C. Análises em triplicadas (n=192) ocorreram no momento inicial (T0), três (T3), oito (T8) e 24 horas (T24) após preparo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (p≤0,05). Resultados: a concentração do antimicrobiano a 22°C apresentou redução (T0-T8) e posterior elevação (T24); o potencial hidrogeniônico diminuiu significativamente ao longo do tempo. Em 37°C a concentração aumentou em até T3 e reduziu em T24, com redução de potencial hidrogeniônico até 24 horas. A concentração das soluções de cloridrato de vancomicina e heparina sódica apresentaram variação com redução a 22°C acompanhada de aumento de potencial hidrogeniônico. Observou-se formação de precipitado por inspeção visual da associação cloridrato de vancomicina e heparina sódica (T3). Conclusão: evidenciou-se estabilidade farmacológica do cloridrato de vancomicina (5 mg/mL) e incompatibilidade física com heparina sódica (100 UI/mL) após três horas de associação nas soluções de selo antimicrobiano estudadas.

Abstract Objective: to verify the stability of vancomycin hydrochloride in antimicrobial seal solutions with and without association of heparin sodium according to temperature and association time. Method: an experimental study designed for the analysis of hydrogenionic potential and concentration by means of high-efficiency liquid chromatography of vancomycin hydrochloride (n=06) and vancomycin hydrochloride and heparin sodium (n=06). The solutions studied were submitted to absence of light, as well as to 22°C and 37°C. Analyses in triplicate (n=192) were performed at the initial moment (T0) and three (T3), eight (T8) and 24 hours (T24) after preparation. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (p≤0.05). Results: concentration of the antimicrobial at 22°C presented a reduction (T0-T8) and a subsequent increase (T24); hydrogenionic potential decreased significantly over time. At 37°C, the concentration increased up to T3 and decreased at T24, with a reduction of hydrogenionic potential up to 24 hours. Concentration of the vancomycin hydrochloride and heparin sodium solutions varied with a reduction at 22°C, accompanied by increased hydrogenionic potential. Precipitate formation was observed by visual inspection of the vancomycin hydrochloride-heparin sodium association (T3). Conclusion: pharmacological stability of vancomycin hydrochloride (5 mg/mL) and physical incompatibility with heparin sodium (100 IU/mL) were evidenced after three hours of association in the antimicrobial seal solutions studied.

Resumen Objetivo: verificar la estabilidad del clorhidrato de vancomicina en soluciones de sellado antimicrobiano solo y combinado con heparina sódica según la temperatura y el tiempo de combinación. Método: estudio experimental diseñado para analizar el potencial de hidrógeno y la concentración por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución de soluciones de clorhidrato de vancomicina (n=06) y de clorhidrato de vancomicina y heparina sódica (n=06). Las soluciones estudiadas fueron sometidas a ausencia de luz, 22°C y 37°C. Se realizaron análisis por triplicado (n=192) en el momento inicial (T0), a las tres (T3), ocho (T8) y 24 horas (T24) después de la preparación. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza (p≤0,05). Resultados: la concentración de antimicrobiano a 22°C mostró una reducción (T0-T8) y un posterior aumento (T24); el potencial de hidrógeno disminuyó significativamente con el tiempo. A 37°C, la concentración aumentó hasta T3 y disminuyó en T24, el potencial de hidrógeno disminuyó hasta las 24 horas. La concentración de las soluciones de clorhidrato de vancomicina y heparina sódica mostró variación con la reducción a 22°C acompañada de un aumento del potencial de hidrógeno. Mediante inspección visual se observó la formación de un precipitado al combinar clorhidrato de vancomicina y heparina sódica (T3). Conclusión: el clorhidrato de vancomicina (5 mg/ml) presentó evidencia de estabilidad farmacológica e incompatibilidad física con la heparina sódica (100 UI/ml) después de las tres horas de haberse realizado la combinación en las soluciones de sellado antimicrobiano estudiadas.

Evaluation of physicochemical and microbiological stability of liquid preparation from tizanidine hydrochloride tablets - a Hospital concern

Tizanidine hydrochloride is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, used in the management of spasticity. This drug is commercially available only as tablets, which highlights the need to develop oral liquid formulations. In the hospital environment, this aspect is circumvented by the preparation of suspensions, to allow administration to children and adults with impaired swallowing, but there are no data regarding their stability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical andmicrobiological stability of liquid dosage forms prepared in the hospital environment from tizanidine hydrochloride tablets, applying high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and microbiological analysis. A simple and stability-indicating HPLC method was developed and validated for specificity, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, precision, accuracy and robustness. The liquid formulations were placed in amber PET and glass bottles, which were stored under three different conditions: at room temperature, under refrigeration and at 40 ºC. The liquid formulations were analyzed and demonstrated chemical stability for 56 days, allowing their use for long periods. However, the determination of microbiological stability showed that these formulations are prone to microbial contamination, which has dramatically reduced its stability to 7 days, in both bottles and at all evaluated temperatures

Desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas semissólidas contendo o extrato aquoso obtido das cascas do Anacardium occidentale L. e realização do estudo de estabilidade acelerado / Development of semissolid pharmaceutical forms containing aqueous extract from the cases of Anacardium occidentale L. and implementation of the accelerated stability study / Desarrollo de formas farmacéuticas semesólidas contiene el extracto aquoso obtenido de las cascas del Anacardium occidentale L. y realización del estudio de estabilidad acelerada

Introdução: A Anacardium occidentale (cajueiro), é uma árvore tropical frutífera nativa do Brasil. Suas cascas são ricas em taninos, com ação anti-inflamatória e cicatrizante. Objetivo: Desenvolver formulações semissólidas: gel de carbopol, creme e pomada de lanovaselina contendo o extrato aquoso das cascas de Anacardium occidentale nas concentrações de 2,5 %, 5 % e 7 %, e realizar estudos de estabilidade acelerada, avaliando as características organolépticas, pH, viscosidade e densidade relativa, nos tempos T(0) na data da produção, em temperatura ambiente, e T(30), T(60) e T(90) dias em estufa à 40ºC , afim de determinar a formulação mais estável. Resultados e conclusões: A formulação de creme apresentou melhor estabilidade em todas as concentrações do extrato e quanto a todos os parâmetros avaliados, no entanto, é necessário um estudo posterior para a padronização das formulações.(AU)

Introduction: The Anacardium occidentale (cashew tree) is a tropical fruit tree native to Brazil. Their peels are rich in tannins, with anti-inflammatory and healing action. Aim: To develop semi-solid formulations: carbopol gel, cream and ointment containing the aqueous extract of the barks of Anacardium occidentale at concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 7%, and to perform accelerated stability studies, evaluating the organoleptic characteristics, pH, viscosity and relative density, at T (0) times at the production date, at room temperature, and T (30), T (60) and T (90) days at 40ºC in order to determine the most stable. Results and conclusions: The cream formulation presented better stability at all concentrations of the extract and for all the evaluated parameters, however, a further study is necessary for the standardization of the formulations.(AU)

Introducción: el Anacardium occidentale (anacardo) es un árbol frutal tropical originario de Brasil. Sus cáscaras son ricas en taninos, con acción antiinflamatoria y curativa. Objetivo: Desarrollar formulaciones semisólidas: gel de carbopol, crema y pomada que contengan el extracto acuoso de las cortezas de Anacardium occidentale en concentraciones de 2.5%, 5% y 7%, y realizar estudios de estabilidad acelerados, evaluando las características organolépticas, pH, viscosidad y densidad relativa, en T (0) veces a la fecha de producción, a temperatura ambiente, y T (30), T (60) y T (90) días a 40ºC para determinar el máximo estable Resultados y conclusiones: La formulación en crema presentó una mejor estabilidad en todas las concentraciones del extracto y para todos los parámetros evaluados, sin embargo, es necesario un estudio adicional para la estandarización de las formulaciones.(AU)

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanocápsulas poliméricas contendo carvacrol para inibição de Salmonella enteritidis / Development and characterization of polymeric nanocapsules containing carvacrol for inhibition from Salmonella enteritidis

Avaliou-se caracterização físico-química, ação bactericida e estabilidade de nanocápsulas poliméricas de Eudragit contendo carvacrol preparadas utilizando técnica de deposição interfacial do polímero pré-formado. As nanocápsulas apresentaram diâmetro médio de 146 nm, PDI de 0,181 e potencial zeta de + 23,44 mV e a concentração bactericida mínima necessária para inativar Salmonella Enteritidis foi de 0,331 mg/mL. A solução contendo nanocápsulas manteve suas características físico-químicas e atividade bactericida inalteradas durante os 45 dias do teste de estabilidade, demonstrando características promissoras para o desenvolvimento de um sanitizantes para uso em indústria produtora de ovos e frigorífico de aves.

Development of stability-indicating LC method assisted by Design of Experiment for fenticonazole cream analysis in presence of degradation product

Fenticonazole is an antifungal drug widely used in a cream formulation including as a generic medicine. Stability studies of fenticonazole in a cream formulation are very scarce. In this research, we intent to contribute to generic medicines quality control and provide reliable data seeking for insertion of fenticonazole monograph in official compendia. Therefore, in this work it was studied the behavior of fenticonazole under several conditions and developed a stability-indicating LC method to separate the degradation products and quantify the drug in presence of them, using the Design of Experiments (DoE) as tool to achieve robust and easy transferable method. Fenticonazole stability was evaluated under aqueous, alkaline (0.1 M NaOH), acidic (0.1 M HCL) and oxidative (3% v/v, H2O2) at ambient temperature and heating at 90°C, over 6 hours. The drug shows to be unstable under all stressed test conditions. It was completely degraded under acid medium with arising of degradation products. The robust and stability indicating LC method was validated. It is able to reveal the fenticonazole instability and to separate its degradation product with accuracy and precision (CV ˂ 2%) and without any placebo interferences.(AU)

Forced degradation of gliquidone and development of validated stability-indicating HPLC and TLC methods

Forced degradation studies of gliquidone were conducted under different stress conditions. Three degradates were observed upon using HPLC and TLC and elucidated by LC-MS and IR. HPLC method was performed on C18 column using methanol-water (85:15 v/v) pH 3.5 as a mobile phase with isocratic mode at 1 mL.min-1 and detection at 225 nm. HPLC analysis was applied in range of 0.5-20 µg.mL-1 (r =1) with limit of detection (LOD) 0.177 µg.mL-1. TLC method was based on the separation of gliquidone from degradation products on silica gel TLC F254 plates using chloroform-cyclohexane-glacial acetic acid (6:3:1v/v) as a developing system with relative retardation 1.15±0.01. Densitometric measurements were achieved in range of 2 -20 µg /band at 254 nm (r = 0.9999) with LOD of 0.26 µg /band. Least squares regression analysis was applied to provide mathematical estimates of the degree of linearity. The analysis revealed a linear calibration for HPLC where a binomial relationship for TLC. Stability testing and methods validation have been evaluated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Moreover, the proposed methods were applied for the analysis of tablets and the results obtained were statistically compared with those of pharmacopeial method revealing no significant difference about accuracy and precision.

Desenvolvimento e validação de método analí­tico indicativo de estabilidade por CLAE-DAD-CAD para besilato de anlodipino e seus produtos de degradação / Development and validation of analytical method indicative of stability by HPLC-DAD-CAD for amlodipine besylate and its degradation products

O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de se desenvolver e validar uma metodologia analítica indicativa de estabilidade para separação e quantificação de anlodipino e seus produtos de degradação no medicamento besilato de anlodipino 5 mg por comprimido. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo de degradação forçada, como forma de identificar os principais produtos de degradação, que podem vir a formar num estudo de estabilidade, bem como estabelecer possíveis rotas de degradação. Foi utilizada a técnica instrumental de separação, cromatografia a líquido (CL), com dois tipos de detectores: arranjo de diodos (DAD) e corona CAD (Detector de aerossol carregado), coluna cromatográfica Zorbax SB-Phenyl 1,8µm 4,6 x 50 mm Agilent® e fase móvel constituída por tampão pH3,0, metanol e acetonitrila sob condições de gradiente (75% de tampão pH 3,0, 15% de metanol e 10% de acetonitrila; no tempo de 10 minutos tem-se 20% de tampão pH3,0, 60% de metanol e 20% de acetonitrila; no tempo de 13 minutos tem-se 75% de tampão pH3,0, 15% de metanol e 10% de acetonitrila; e no tempo de 15 minutos tem-se 75% de tampão pH3,0, 15% de metanol e 10% de acetonitrila); fluxo de 1,0mL/min até 10 minutos; de 10,1 a 13 minutos tem-se fluxo de 0,5 mL/min; e de 13,1 a 15 minutos volta ao fluxo de 1,0 mL/min; e detecção em 238 nm. O método apresentou-se linear, preciso, exato, robusto e seletivo, e proporcionou resultados confiáveis, sem interferência de degradantes e impurezas

This study was conducted in order to develop an analytical methodology indicative of stability for separation and quantification of the antihypertensive amlodipine and its degradation products in the drug amlodipine besylate 5 mg per tablet. For this development was performed a forced degradation study, in order to identify the main degradation products that may form in a stability study, as well as establish possible degradation routes. It was used the instrumental separation technique, liquid chromatography (LC) with two types of detectors: diode array (DAD) and corona CAD (Charged Aerosol Detector), chromatographic column Zorbax SB-Phenyl 4.6 x 50 mm 1,8µm Agilent® and mobile phase of buffer pH3,0, methanol and acetonitrile under gradient conditions (75% buffer pH3,0, 15% methanol and 10% acetonitrile; 10 minutes has 20% buffer pH3,0, 60% methanol and 20% acetonitrile; 13 minutes has become 75% of buffer pH3,0, 15% methanol and 10% acetonitrile; and 15 minutes has become 75% of buffer pH3,0, 15% methanol and 10% acetonitrile); flow 1.0 mL/ min up to 10 minutes; a flow 0,5 mL/min is obtained from 10,1 to 13 minutes; and from 13,1 minutes the flows returns to 1,0 mL/min; and detection in 238 nm. The method is linear, precise, accurate, robust and selective, and provided reliable results without interference from degradation products and impurities

Determination of compatibility and stability of haloperidol and morphine mixtures used in palliative care

Abstract With the aim of controlling various symptoms, possible to use mixtures of different drugs within infusion devices. This should take into account the compatibility of the mixture. Factors influence the compatibility and stability of the mixtures are: drug type, concentration, solvent, temperature and light. When evaluating the compatibility of the mixtures for infusion for subcutaneous via is important to consider infusion devices used and the conditions of light and temperature should simulate as far as possible the conditions in practice assistance. There are diverse studies that analyze the compatibility of drug mixtures, but there are still many possible combinations of drugs for which evidence is not available. The objective of this work is to study the compatibility and stability of several mixtures of haloperidol and morphine that can be used in solution for subcutaneous infusion.

Estabilidad de la vacuna Candid#1 para prevenir la fiebre hemorrágica Argentina / Stability of Candid#1 vaccine to prevent Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever

Candid#1 es la primera vacuna a virus vivo atenuado producida y registrada en Argentina. Se produce en el INEVH desde 2003 para prevenir la fiebre hemorrágica argentina y se obtiene mediante cosecha de sobrenadantes de cultivos de células diploides infectadas con una cepa atenuada del virus Junín, formulación y posterior liofilización. Su estabilidad es crucial para asegurar su efectividad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la estabilidad de Candid#1 exponiéndola a distintas condiciones de temperatura y tiempo. Tres lotes producidos en 2003 fueron sometidos al siguiente esquema de almacenamiento: (a) vacuna reconstituida conservada entre 2 °C y 8 °C durante 8 días, (b) vacuna liofilizada conservada entre 2 °C y 8 °C durante 6 meses, y (c) vacuna liofilizada conservada entre -18 °C y -20 °C durante 10 años. La potencia fue evaluada en monocapa de células Vero bajo agar. Los resultados fueron: (a) Candid#1 reconstituida fue estable 8 días entre 2 °C y 8 °C, (b) Candid#1 liofilizada fue estable 2 meses entre 2 °C y 8 °C y (c) Candid#1 liofilizada fue estable 9 años entre -18 °C y -20 °C manteniendo todos sus atributos. Estos resultados permitieron establecer las siguientes condiciones de almacenamiento: reconstituida 12 horas entre 2 °C y 8 °C, liofilizada 30 días entre 2 °C y 8 °C y 9 años entre -18 °C y -20 °C. A la luz de estos resultados, se generaron cambios favorables en las condiciones de transporte, almacenamiento y distribución de la vacuna. Se implementó la instalación de freezers domésticos en centros estratégicamente distribuidos, permitiendo preservar stocks de vacuna y distribuir las dosis necesarias a vacunatorios.

Candid#1 is the first live attenuated vaccine produced and registered in Argentina. Produced since 2003 at the INEVH to prevent Argentine hemorrhagic fever, it is obtained by harvesting supernatants of diploid cells infected with an attenuated strain of Junin virus and subsequent lyophilization. The stability of this vaccine is crucial to ensure its effectiveness. This study was aimed to evaluate the stability of Candid#1 by exposing it to different time and temperature conditions. Three vaccine batches produced in 2003 were analysed according to the following storage scheme: (a) reconstituted vaccine at 2 °C to 8°C for 8 days; (b) lyophilized vaccine at 2 °C to 8 °C for 6 months; (c) lyophilized vaccine at -18 °C to -20 °C for 10 years. The potency was assessed in Vero cell monolayers under agar. The results were: (a) reconstituted vaccine was stable between 2 °C and 8 °C for 8 days, (b) lyophilized vaccine was stable between 2 °C and 8 °C for 2 months, and (c) lyophilized vaccine was stable 9 years between -18 °C and -20 °C, keeping all its properties. These results allowed us to establish the following storage conditions and expiration times for Candid#1: (a) reconstituted: 12 hours between 2 °C and 8 °C, (b) lyophilized: 30 days between 2 °C and 8 °C and (c) lyophilized: 9 years between -18 °C and -20 °C. Based on our results, favorable changes were made in the conditions of transport, storage and distribution of the vaccine. Domestic freezers in strategically located centers were installed, allowing the preservation of vaccine stocks for distribution to secondary vaccination centers.

Preparation and characterization of alginate and gelatin microcapsules containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus

ABSTRACT This paper describes the preparation and characterization of alginate beads coated with gelatin and containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Capsules were obtained by extrusion method using CaCl2 as cross linker. An experimental design was performed using alginate and gelatin concentrations as the variables investigated, while the response variable was the concentration of viable cells. Beads were characterized in terms of size, morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), moisture content, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), thermal behavior and cell viability during storage. The results showed that the highest concentration of viable cells (4.2 x 109 CFU/g) was obtained for 1 % w/v of alginate and 0.1 % w/v of gelatin. Capsules were predominantly spherical with a rough surface, a narrow size distribution ranging from 1.53 to 1.90 mm and a moisture content of 97.70 ± 0.03 %. Furthermore, FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis indicated an interaction between alginate-gelatin. Cell concentration of alginate/gelatin microcapsules was 105 CFU/g after 4 months of storage at 8 oC.

Quality of bevacizumab (Avastin®) repacked in single-use glass vials for intravitreal administration / Avaliação da qualidade do bevacizumabe (Avastin®) fracionado em frascos de vidro de dose única para administração intravítrea

ABSTRACT Purpose: Avastin® (bevacizumab) is an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody given as an off-label drug by intravitreal administration for treatment of ocular diseases. The drug's clinical application and its cost-benefit profile has generated demand for its division into single-use vials to meet the low volume and low-cost doses necessary for intraocular administration. However, the safety of compounding the drug in single-use vials is still under discussion. In this study, the stability and efficacy of Avastin® repacked in individual single-use glass vials and glass ampoules by external compounding pharmacies were evaluated. Methods: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and turbidimetry were selected to detect the formation of aggregates of various sizes. Changes in bevacizumab biological efficacy were investigated by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Repacked and reference bevacizumab showed similar results when analyzed by PAGE. By SEC, a slight increase in high molecular weight aggregates and a reduction in bevacizumab monomers were observed in the products of the three compounding pharmacies relative to those in the reference bevacizumab. A comparison of repacked and reference SEC chromatograms showed that the mean monomer loss was ≤1% for all compounding pharmacies. Protein aggregates in the nanometer- and micrometer-size ranges were not detected by DLS and turbidimetry. In the efficacy assay, the biological function of repacked bevacizumab was preserved, with <3% loss of VEGF binding capacity relative to that of the reference. Conclusion: The results showed that bevacizumab remained stable after compounding in ampoules and single-use glass vials; no significant aggregation, fragmentation, or loss of biological activity was observed.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avastin® (bevacizumabe) é um anticorpo monoclonal inibidor do fator de crescimento endotelial de vasos (VEGF) utilizado "off-label" por meio de administração intravítrea para o tratamento de doenças oculares. A sua aplicação clínica associada ao custo-benefício do medicamento gerou uma demanda para seu fracionamento em frascos de dose única para utilização pela via intraocular. No entanto, a segurança do fracionamento do anticorpo em frascos de dose única ainda é alvo de discussão. Neste trabalho, a estabilidade e a eficácia do Avastin® fracionado em frascos ou ampolas de vidro de dose unitária por farmácias de manipulação do mercado foram avaliadas. Métodos: As técnicas de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE), cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho (SEC), espalhamento dinâmico da luz (DLS) e turbidimetria foram empregadas para avaliar a formação de agregados de diferentes tamanhos. Alterações na atividade biológica do bevacizumabe foram estudadas utilizando ELISA. Resultados: Amostras referência e do bevacizumabe fracionado apresentaram resultados semelhantes quando analisado por gel de poliacrilamida. Por cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho, um pequeno aumento na quantidade de agregados de alta massa molar seguido de uma redução nos monômeros do bevacizumabe foram observados para as amostras das três farmácias de manipulação quando comparado ao referência. A comparação dos cromatogramas mostrou uma quantidade de redução do monômero inferior a 1% para todas as amostras fracionadas. Por espalhamento dinâmico da luz e turbidimetria, não foram detectados agregados de proteína na faixa de tamanho de micrômetro e nanômetro. No ensaio de eficácia, o bevacizumabe fracionado preservou sua função biológica pois apresentou menos de 3% de perda na capacidade de ligação ao VEGF quando comparado ao referência. Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que o bevacizumabe se mantem estável após fracionamento em ampolas e frascos de vidro de dose unitária pois não foram observadas agregação e/ou fragmentação de proteínas e perda de atividade biológica em quan tidades significativas.

Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of gatifloxacin and dexamethasone in binary combination

Abstract In this study, conditions were optimized for development of a simple RP-HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of gatifloxacin and dexamethasone in different matrices like pharmaceuticals, human serum and urine. Good separation of gatifloxacin and dexamethasone from the induced degradation products was accomplished using C8 as stationary phase; 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) and methanol (42:58 v/v) as mobile phase. The concentration was measured with DAD at 270 nm. Linearity was observed in the range of 0.000040-0.000280 mol/L for gatifloxacin (r2≥0.999) and 0.000013-0.000091 mol/L for dexamethasone (r2≥0.999). Both the analyte peaks were completely separated from the peaks of induced degradation products as indicated by the peak purity index (≥0.9999 for both analytes). The optimized method is recommended to be used for concurrent analysis of gatifloxacin and dexamethasone in different matrices.

Prednisone raw material characterization and formulation development

ABSTRACT Solid dosage forms for oral use, particularly tablets, are the most highly used dosage forms in therapy because they are easily administered, have high productivity and relatively low cost and provide a more stable drug to form a semi-solid net. Numerous parameters influence the quality of the final dosage form. In this study, the dissolution profile of 20-mg prednisone tablets bioequivalent to the reference product and three test formulations were evaluated using stability testing. During the study, prednisone tablets and the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) prednisone from two different manufacturers were characterized with respect to their physical and physicochemical properties. The results showed that the dissolution profiles of the test batches and the reference product did not retain pharmaceutical equivalence throughout all the stability study. Notably, both samples of API prednisone were of the same crystal form, and any phase transition that occurred during the study could not be attributed to dissolution variation during stability.

Controle de perdas evitáveis de imunobiológicos na rede de frio da instância local: uma reflexão acerca do processo de trabalho da enfermagem / Control of preventable losses of immunobiologicals in the cold chain of the local instance: a reflection on the nursing work process

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a ocorrência de perdas evitáveis de imunobilógicos notificadas no período de 2011 a 2015 em um município da 2ª RS - Metropolitana do Paraná. Com esta informação o seguinte passo, foi conhecer o processo de trabalho da Enfermagem nas atividades relacionadas à rede de frio de imunobiológicos na instância local (sala de vacina) assim como as estratégias de enfrentamento à estas perdas. Trata-se de um estudo de caso do tipo exploratório documental (fase I) com abordagem quantitativa, e de campo (fase II) com abordagem qualitativa com análise do discurso para compreensão dos dados. O município de Colombo foi identificado na base de dados por ter apresentado a maior quantidade de perdas evitáveis de imunobiológicos notificados no período estudado. Porém devido a transição dos sistemas de informação em imunização a maioria dos municípios não transmitiu a informação contendo as doses de vacinas desprezadas por causas evitáveis. Das ocorrências de perdas evitáveis de imunobiológicos a que mais se destacou foi a perda por validade vencida com mais de 87 mil doses desprezadas. Em campo, os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicadas à 54 profissionais de enfermagem que exercem atividades na sala de vacinação, sendo que destes, nove são enfermeiros, 40 são técnicos de enfermagem e 5 são auxiliares de enfermagem. A análise do discurso foi realizada em três etapas, sendo que na primeira emergiram oito figuras: organização da sala de vacinas, aplicação de vacinas, quebra de frasco, falta de energia elétrica, procedimento inadequado, falha no equipamento de refrigeração, depredação do patrimônio, validade vencida. Na segunda elaboramos as frases temáticas que geraram duas grandes categorias: Processo de Trabalho e Perdas Evitáveis de Vacinas. A partir da categorização das frases temáticas podemos identificar que a perda de vacinas por validade vencida se sobressaiu em relação às demais, com relato de 46% dos entrevistados, e que segundo os profissionais, isto acontece devido ao fato do recebimento dos imunobiológicos ser com data de validade próxima ao vencimento, fator que não está sob responsabilidade da instância local. Sendo o profissional de Enfermagem responsável pelas ações de imunização, desde a conservação até a administração das vacinas, foi extremamente relevante conhecer de que forma a prática cotidiana da equipe de Enfermagem enfrenta as perdas evitáveis de imunobiológicos, tanto para análise do processo de trabalho, como para subsidiar os gestores da rede de frio no que tange a capacitação de pessoal em sala de vacinação. Neste caso, podemos observar que o processo de trabalho da equipe de Enfermagem nas salas de vacinas do município, pode não estar relacionado com o número de doses desprezadas por validade vencida. Concluímos que são necessários novos estudos neste domínio, uma vez que o mesmo é de responsabilidade integral da equipe de Enfermagem e há escassez de literatura a respeito de perdas vacinais, o que dificultou a discussão dos achados por meio de um amplo diálogo com o estado da arte.

This study objectified to identify the occurrence of preventable losses of immunobiologicals reported in the period between 2011 and 2015 in a municipality from the 2nd Metropolitan Health Region of Paraná State, Brazil. With this information, the following step was to know Nursing work process on the related activities to the cold-chain for immunobiologicals at local level (vaccination room), as well as the strategies to cope with those losses. It is an exploratory documented (phase 1) case study with quantitative approach, and qualitative field approach (phase 2) by means of discourse analysis for data understanding. The municipality of Colombo, Paraná State (Brazil) was identified in the Sistema de Informação de Apuração de Imunobiológicos (Immunobiologicals Investigation Information System) database as the one with the largest amount of preventable vaccine losses reported during the studied period. However, due to the transition of vaccination information systems, most municipalities did not report information on discarded vaccination doses for preventable causes. From the occurrences of preventable immunobiological losses, expiration date of over 87 thousand doses stood out. Field data were gathered by means of semi-structured interviews applied to 54 Nursing professionals performing tasks in the vaccination room. Among those, 9 are nurses, 40 are nursing technicians and 5 are nursing assistants. Discourse analysis was held in three steps, with 8 figures emerging from the first one: organization of the vaccination room, vaccine administration, bottle break, power outage, inadequate procedure, cooling equipment failure, facility depredation, expiration date. In the second step, we elaborated thematic phrases, which generated two large categories: Work Process and Preventable Vaccine Losses. From the categorization of the thematic phrases, we can identify that vaccine losses for expiration date stood out of the others, reported by 46% of the participants, and according to the professionals, that is due to the fact that immunobiologicals are received near the expiration date, not being under local level responsibility. As Nursing professionals are held responsible for the immunization tasks, from vaccine storage to administration, it was extremely relevant to know the way that Nursing team's daily practice copes with preventable losses of vaccines, not only for the analysis of the work process, but also for grounding cold chain managers in relation to staff qualification for the vaccination room. In this case, we can observe that Nursing team's work process in the vaccination room of the municipality may not be associated with the number of discarded doses due to the expiration date. We concluded that further studies are deemed necessary in this realm, as the Nursing team is held totally responsible, and literature is scarce on vaccine losses, which made discussion of the findings difficult for scarcity of current studies.

Evaluación del desempeño de los métodos analíticos aplicados en el diclofenaco sódico 100 mg retard de producción nacional / Evaluation of the performance of the analytical methods applied to Cuban-made 100mg retard sodium diclofenac

Introducción: el diclofenaco sódico es un derivado del ácido fenilácetico y pertenece al grupo de los antinflamatorios no esteroideos con propiedades antinflamatorios, analgésicas y antipiréticas pronunciadas. En la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos (USP 36, 2013) aparece reportado los métodos analíticos para el control de calidad del diclofenaco sódico en el ingrediente farmacéutico activo y en las tabletas. Objetivos: evaluar el desempeño de los métodos analíticos que se emplean en el control de la calidad de cuantificación y los estudios de estabilidad del ingrediente farmacéutico activo; así como los ensayos de disolución de las tabletas de diclofenaco sódico 100 mg retard de producción nacional. Métodos: en la evaluación del desempeño del método analítico potenciométrico para la cuantificación del ingrediente farmacéutico activo se analizaron los parámetros de linealidad y de precisión (repetibilidad y precisión intermedia). Para el método cromatográfico aplicable a la cuantificación del ingrediente farmacéutico activo en el producto terminado se analizaron los parámetros de especificidad, precisión y exactitud. En el método espectrofotométrico empleado en el ensayo de disolución se tuvo en cuenta la especificidad, la precisión, la linealidad, la influencia del filtrado y la estabilidad de las soluciones analíticas. Resultados: la evaluación del desempeño realizada a los diferentes métodos analíticos, fueron satisfactorias, demostrando que son lineales, precisos y específicos en el rango de concentraciones estudiadas. Conclusiones: se demostró la confiabilidad de los métodos empleados en el control de la calidad y los estudios de estabilidad del ingrediente farmacéutico activo y de las tabletas de diclofenaco sódico 100 mg retard de producción nacional(AU)

Introduction: sodium dicloflenac is a phenylacetic acid derivate included in the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory group, with marked analgesic and antipyretic properties. The US Pharmacopeia (USP 36, 2013) reports the analytical methods for the quality control of sodium diclofenac in the active ingredient and in tablets. Objectives: to evaluate the performance of the analytical methods used in the quality control of quantitation and the stability studies of the active ingredient as well as the dissolution tests of the Cuban-made 100 mg retard sodium diclofenac. Methods: the evaluation of the performance of the potentiometric analytical method for quantitation of the active ingredient analyzed the parameters called linearity and precision (repeatability and intermediate precision). For the chromatographic method applicable to quantitation of the active ingredient in the finished product, parameters such as specificity, precision and accuracy were analyzed. The spectrophotometric method used in the dissolution test took into account specificity, precision, linearity, filtering effect and stability of the analytical solutions. Results: the evaluation of the performance of the different analytical methods was satisfactory and they proved to be linear, precise and specific in the range of studied concentrations. Conclusions: the reliability of the methods for the quality control and of the stability studies of the active ingredient and of Cuban-made 100 mg retard sodium diclofenac was demonstrated(AU)

ADME studies and preliminary safety pharmacology of LDT5, a lead compound for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

This study aimed to estimate the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties and safety of LDT5, a lead compound for oral treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia that has previously been characterized as a multi-target antagonist of α1A-, α1D-adrenoceptors and 5-HT1A receptors. The preclinical characterization of this compound comprised the evaluation of its in vitro properties, including plasma, microsomal and hepatocytes stability, cytochrome P450 metabolism and inhibition, plasma protein binding, and permeability using MDCK-MDR1 cells. De-risking and preliminary safety pharmacology assays were performed through screening of 44 off-target receptors and in vivo tests in mice (rota-rod and single dose toxicity). LDT5 is stable in rat and human plasma, human liver microsomes and hepatocytes, but unstable in rat liver microsomes and hepatocytes (half-life of 11 min). LDT5 is highly permeable across the MDCK-MDR1 monolayer (Papp ∼32×10-6 cm/s), indicating good intestinal absorption and putative brain penetration. LDT5 is not extensively protein-bound and is a substrate of human CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 but not of CYP3A4 (half-life >60 min), and did not significantly influence the activities of any of the human cytochrome P450 isoforms screened. LDT5 was considered safe albeit new studies are necessary to rule out putative central adverse effects through D2, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B receptors, after chronic use. This work highlights the drug-likeness properties of LDT5 and supports its further preclinical development.

The use of the software JST-XRD for identification of crystalline phases in pharmaceutical raw materials and tablets / Uso do software JST-XRD para identifcação de fases cristalinas em insumos farmacêuticos e medicamentos

Study of polymorphism is of great importance for the pharmaceutical industry once polymorphs may display different physicochemical properties, which, in turn, may result in stability differences that can bring problems for the manufacturing stages and the quality of fnal products. Although research on organic polymorphs has greatly increased in the last decades, it still does not cover all needs for the pharmaceutical market. Techniques such as spectroscopy in the infrared region, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, etc., can be used to identify polymorphism. The polymorphism is a property of the crystalline solid state, and can be evaluated by X-ray diffraction once each polymorph exhibits one specifc X-ray diffraction pattern. The JST-XRD program is a tool designed to help the identifcation of crystalline phases (including polymorphs) present in pharmaceutical ingredients and tablets by using X-ray diffraction data obtained from scientifc articles and patents. This paper presents new implementations for the JST-XRD and describes its use in the analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredient and marketed tablets of norfloxacin, mebendazole and atorvastatin calcium. By the means of comparison, JSTXRD allowed identifying the crystalline phases in the diffraction patterns of the analyzed drugs, showing the program suitability for polymorphism research, pre-formulation and quality control in pharmaceutical industries. JST-XRD can also be used for educational purposes in undergraduate and graduate programs in order to show the potentiality of X-ray powder diffraction in polymorphism analysis.(AU)

O estudo do polimorfsmo é de grande importância na indústria farmacêutica porque os polimorfos podem apresentar diferentes propriedades físico-químicas, podendo resultar em diferenças na estabilidade e desse modo causar problemas nas etapas de manufatura e no produto fnal. Embora a pesquisa de moléculas orgânicas que apresentam polimorfsmo tenha aumentado bastante nas últimas décadas, ainda não contempla todas as necessidades do mercado farmacêutico. Para a identifcação de polimorfsmo podem ser utilizadas técnicas como espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, ressonância nuclear magnética, análise térmica (DSC), difração de raios X, etc. O polimorfsmo, por ser uma propriedade do estado sólido e cristalino, pode ser avaliado através da difração de raios X, já que cada polimorfo apresenta um padrão de difração de raios X único. O programa JST-XRD é uma ferramenta projetada para auxiliar a identifcação de fases cristalinas, incluindo polimorfos, presentes em insumos farmacêuticos e comprimidos, usando dados de difração de raios X obtidos em artigos científcos e patentes. Esse trabalho apresenta novas implementações no JST-XRD e descreve seu uso na análise de amostras de princípio ativo e comprimidos comerciais de norfloxacino, mebendazol e atorvastatina cálcica. Através das comparações realizadas, JSTXRD permitiu identifcar todas as fases cristalinas dos difratogramas dos fármacos analisados, mostrando que o programa é adequado para pesquisa em polimorfsmo; na pré-formulação e controle de qualidade em indústrias farmacêuticas, assim como para uso didático em cursos de graduação e pós-graduação a fm de mostrar as potencialidades da difração de raios X na análise de polimorfsmo.(AU)

Caracterização no estado sólido e compatibilidade farmacêutica de cloridrato de ziprasidona / Solid-state characterization and pharmaceutical compatibility of ziprasidone hydrochloride

O cloridrato de ziprasidona foi físico-quimicamente caracterizado pelas técnicas de Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Termogravimetria (TG), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), Difração de Raios X de Pó (DRX) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). O estudo de compatibilidade foi realizado com 5 excipientes farmacêuticos diferentes (amido pré-gelatinizado, estearato de magnésio, celulose microcristalina, manitol e polivinilpirrolidona ­ PVP) . Amostras de misturas binárias fármaco: excipiente 1:1 m/m foram estocadas por 3 meses em câmara de estabilidade (75% ± 5% de umidade relativa e 40 ºC ± 1 ºC), e então analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) para avaliar o efeito de cada excipiente na estabilidade química e, consequentemente, no teor do fármaco, em cada amostra . Os resultados de DRX e FT-IR identificaram a forma polimórfica F, correspondente ao cloridrato de ziprasidona monohidrato. A análise térmica demonstrou que o fármaco apresentou uma perda de massa de 4%, até 100ºC, correspondente à saída de uma molécula de água. A próxima perda de massa ocorreu a partir da temperatura de fusão (297ºC), e o fármaco foi totalmente degradado até 600ºC. Os resultados de CLAE demonstraram que o estearato de magnésio foi o único, entre os 5 excipientes testados, que provocou uma redução significativa de teor do fármaco na amostra (teor encontrado = 77% ± 3%). Dessa forma, o fármaco foi compatível com amido pré-gelatinizado, celulose microcristalina, manitol e PVP; e incompatível com estearato de magnésio nas condições estudadas.

Ziprasidone hydrochloride was fully characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The stability study was carried out with 5 different pharmaceutical excipients (pregelatinized starch, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, polyvinylpyrrolidone ­ PVP). Binary mixtures of the drug-excipient were prepared in a 1:1(w/w) ratio and stored for 3 months in stability chamber (75% ± 5% of relative humidity and temperature of 40 ºC ± 1 ºC), then these samples were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to evaluate the effect of each excipient on chemical stability and, consequently, on amount of drug in each sample. Data obtained by FT-IR and PXRD shown the polymorphic form F, corresponding to monohydrate ziprasidone hydrochloride. The thermal analysis demonstrated a mass loss of 4% until 100ºC, corresponding to a water molecule. The following mass loss occurred from melting temperature (297ºC) to 600ºC, with total sample degradation. The HPLC results shown that, between 5 tested excipients, only magnesium stearate caused significant amount reduction of drug in the sample (amount found = 77% ± 3%). Then, the drug was compatible with pregelatinized starch, microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol and PVP; and incompatible with magnesium stearate, in these work conditions.

Estratégias utilizadas para o incremento da solubilidade do fármaco antiretroviral classe II: Efavirenz / Strategies used to improve the solubility of a class ii antiretroviral drug: Efavirenz

O efavirenz (EFZ) é considerado um dos fármacos anti- HIV mais utilizados, porém, como a grande maioria dos antirretrovirais, é classificado como fármaco de classe II, segundo o Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica (SCB), por apresentar baixa solubilidade e alta permeabilidade. É bem conhecido que a solubilidade aquosa de um fármaco constitui requisito prévio à absorção e, assim, se faz uma das mais importantes barreiras à eficácia do medicamento. Desta forma, o aumento, através de tecnologias farmacêuticas, da dissolução aquosa e, conseqüentemente, da biodisponibilidade de fármacos pouco solúveis em água é considerado como um dos mais desafiantes aspectos no desenvolvimento moderno de fármacos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento da literatura cientifica e discussão sobre as principais técnicas aplicadas no melhoramento da dissolução do EFZ, dentre elas: dispersões sólidas, complexos de inclusão, sistemas multicomponentes e sistemas particulados nos últimos 10 anos (2004 ? 2014). Após levantamento bibliográfico, verificou-se maior número de publicações empregando a técnica de dispersões sólidas, provavelmente, porque a mesma é considerada uma técnica simples e de baixo custo. Desta forma, ficou claro que há grande interesse, por parte dos pesquisadores, de desenvolver métodos eficientes e econômicos que visam o melhoramento da dissolução aquosa deste fármaco e que o desenvolvimento de dispersões sólidas é, sem dúvida, uma solução interessante.(AU)

Efavirenz (EFZ) is considered one of the most used anti-HIV drugs. However, like the others anti-retroviral drugs, it is classified as a class II drug, according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), due to its low solubility and high permeability. It is well-known that the aqueous solubility of a drug is the prerequisite for its absorption and becomes one of the major barriers to the effectiveness of it. Thus, the improvement of the aqueous dissolution and, therefore, the bioavailability of drugs that are poorly soluble in water, is pursued by the pharmaceutical technology, once they are challenging aspects in the modern drug development. This paper aims, besides discussing, to perform a systematic review of the scientific literature regarding the main techniques applied in improving the dissolution of EFZ, including: solid dispersions, inclusion complexes, systems and multicomponent particulate systems; in the last 10 years (2004-2014). A greater number of publications using the technique of solid dispersions (SD) were found, probably because it is considered a simple and inexpensive technique. Therefore it is clear that there is great interest from researchers to develop efficient and economical methods aimed at improving the aqueous dissolution of EFZ and that the development of SD is, with no doubt, an interesting solution.(AU)