Mala colocación de electrodos: un desafío diagnóstico aún presente / Malposition of ECG electrodes; a continuing challenge

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se revisan los principales errores en la colocación de los electrodos para el registro del ECG. Se ilustran algunos de ellos y se comenta sobre los errores en los informes que pueden tener repercusiones en el diagnóstco clínico.

ABSTRAC: The main mistakes in the placement of electrodes during the recording of an ECG are reviewed. Some of them are illustrated and the consequences for clinical diagnosis are discussed.

Voltammetric Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Modified Iodine-Coated Platinum Electrode / Determinación voltamétrica del ácido ascórbico en formulaciones farmacéuticas utilizando un electrodo de platino modificado recubierto de yodo

Background: Despite the high reactivity of the platinum electrode, the iodine-coated platinum electrode shows obvious inertness toward adsorption and surface processes. For that, iodine-coated platinum electrodes accommodate themselves to interesting voltammetric applications. Objectives: This study reports using the modified iodine-coated polycrystalline platinum electrode as a voltammetric sensor for ascorbic acid determination in pharmaceutical formulations. Methods: The developed voltammetric method based on recording cyclic voltammograms of ascorbic acid at iodine-coated electrode The optimized experimental parameters for the determination of ascorbic acid were using 0.1 M KCl as a supporting electrolyte with a scan rate of 50mV/s. Results: The anodic peak related to ascorbic acid oxidation was centered at nearly 0.28V. An excellent and extended linear dependence of the oxidative peak current on the concentration of ascorbic acid was observed in the range 2.84x10-3 - 5.68 mM. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 1.0 µM and 3.01 µM, respectively, attesting to the method's sensitivity. The investigation for the effect of potential interference from multivitamin tablet ingredients (vitamins B1, B6, B12, folic acid, citric acid, sucrose, glucose, and zinc) indicated specific selectivity toward ascorbic acid and the absence of any electrochemical response toward these components. Recovery results in the range 98.93±2.78 - 99.98±5.20 for spiked standard ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical formulations further confirmed the potential applicability of the developed method for the determination of ascorbic acid in real samples. Conclusions: The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the obtained results were in good agreement with the labeled values; besides, the statistical tests indicated no significant difference at p=0.05 with a 95% confidence level

Antecedentes: A pesar de su alta reactividad, el electrodo de platino recubierto de yodo muestra una inercia evidente hacia la adsorción y los procesos superficiales. Por ello, los electrodos de platino recubiertos de yodo se adaptan a interesantes aplicaciones voltamétricas. Objetivos: Este estudio informa sobre el uso del electrodo de platino policristalino recubierto de yodo modificado como sensor voltamétrico para la determinación del ácido ascórbico en formulaciones farmacéuticas. Métodos: El método voltamétrico desarrollado se basa en el registro de voltamperogramas cíclicos del ácido ascórbico en el electrodo recubierto de yodo Los parámetros experimentales optimizados para la determinación del ácido ascórbico fueron utilizando KCl 0,1 M como electrolito de soporte con una velocidad de barrido de 50mV/s. Resultados: El pico anódico relacionado con la oxidación del ácido ascórbico se centró en casi 0,28V. Se observó una excelente y extendida dependencia lineal de la corriente del pico oxidativo con respecto a la concentración de ácido ascórbico en el rango 2,84x10-3 - 5,68 mM. El límite de detección (LOD) y el límite de cuantificación (LOQ) fueron 1,0 µM y 3,01 µM, respectivamente, lo que demuestra la sensibilidad del método. La investigación del efecto de la interferencia potencial de los ingredientes de las tabletas multivitamínicas (vitaminas B1, B6, B12, ácido fólico, ácido cítrico, sacarosa, glucosa y zinc) indicó una selectividad específica hacia el ácido ascórbico y la ausencia de cualquier respuesta electroquímica hacia estos componentes. Los resultados de recuperación en el rango de 98,93±2,78 - 99,98±5,20 para el ácido ascórbico estándar adicionado en formulaciones farmacéuticas confirmaron además la potencial aplicabilidad del método desarrollado para la determinación del ácido ascórbico en muestras reales. Conclusiones: El método desarrollado se aplicó con éxito al análisis de ácido ascórbico (vitamina C), y los resultados obtenidos coincidieron con los valores etiquetados; además, las pruebas estadísticas no indicaron diferencias significativas a p=0,05 con un nivel de confianza del 95%

Incidencia, tasa de éxito, complicaciones y factores predictores de empleo de la vía femoral en procedimientos percutáneos de extracción de electrodos / Incidence, success rate, complications and predictive factors of the use of the femoral route for the removal of the electrodes after percutaneous procedures

Resumen Introducción: en los procedimientos de extracción de electrodos, la vía femoral se usa cuando la vía superior ha fracasado. Objetivo: describir la incidencia, el éxito, las complicaciones y los predictores de uso de la vía femoral. Métodos: se realizó un análisis de la incidencia del uso de la vía femoral y los factores predictores en pacientes a quienes se les realizó extracción de electrodos entre noviembre de 2011 y noviembre de 2017. Resultados: se incluyeron 85 pacientes, con edad media de 62,36 ± 11,15 años. El 38,9% de los dispositivos eran marcapasos. Se extrajeron 135 electrodos, 59,3% de fijación pasiva. La mediana de tiempo desde el implante fue de 102 (60-174) meses. Se empleó la ruta femoral en el 25,9% de los procedimientos. Se obtuvo éxito clínico en el 92,9% de los pacientes. La extracción no fue exitosa en el 22,7% de los procedimientos cuando se usó la vía femoral, en comparación con el 1,6% cuando se usó la vía superior (p 0,004). La extracción no fue completa en el 36,4% de los procedimientos cuando se empleó la vía femoral en comparación con el 9,5% por vía superior (p 0,007). Los factores que predijeron el empleo de la ruta femoral fueron la presencia de electrodos de fijación pasiva [OR IC 95% 13,69 (3,06-62,5) p 0,001] y el tiempo desde el implante del electrodo [OR IC 95% por cada 10 meses 1,04 (1,00-1,09) p 0,044]. Conclusiones: se empleó la ruta femoral en el 25,9% de los procedimientos. No fue eficaz en el 22,7% de las intervenciones. Los factores que predijeron su utilización fueron la presencia de electrodos de fijación pasiva y el tiempo desde el implante del electrodo.

Abstract Introduction: The femoral route is used in electrode removal procedures when the upper route has failed. Objective: To describe the incidence, success rate, complications and predictive factors for the use of the femoral route. Methods: An analysis was performed on the incidence of use of the femoral route and the predictive factors in patients in whom electrode removal was carried out between November 2011 and November 2017. Results: The study included 85 patients with a mean age of 62.36 ± 11.5 years. Pacemakers made up 38.9% of the devices. A total of 135 electrodes, 59.3% of passive fixation, were removed. The median time since the implant was 102 (60-174) months. The femoral route was used in 25.9% of the procedures. Clinical success was achieved in 92.9% of the patients. The removal was not successful in 22.7% of the procedures when the femoral route was used, compared to 1.6% when the upper route was used (P = .004). The removal was not completed in 36.4% of the procedures when the femoral route was used, compared to 9.5% with the upper route (P = .007). The factors that predicted the use of the femoral route were the presence of passive-fixation electrodes (OR = 13.69: 95% CI; 3.06 - 62.5, P = .001), and the time since the electrodes were implanted (OR = 1.04, 95% CI; 1.00 - 1.09, P = .044, for every 10 months). Conclusions: The femoral route was employed in 25.9% of the procedures. It was not effective in 22.7% of the interventions. The factors that predicted its use were the presence of passive-fixation electrodes and the time since the electrode implant.

Reconocimiento de tres patrones básicos de movimiento de la mano utilizando electromiografía de superficie y algoritmos inteligentes / Identification of three basic hand movement patterns by surface electromyography and smart algorithms

Introducción: este artículo presenta la predicción de tres tipos de movimientos básicos de la mano mediante un algoritmo inteligente para extraer características imprescindibles para el reconocimiento de patrones de movimiento a partir del análisis de señales electromiográficas superficiales adquiridas con el dispositivo Myo. Objetivo: reconocer y predecir patrones básicos de movimiento de la articulación del brazo utilizando electromiografía de superficie para aplicarlo sobre un prototipo de prótesis. Métodos: se tomaron datos de 13 estudiantes de 22 y 23 años de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, cada uno de los cuales ejecutó tres tipos de agarre: cilíndrico, pinza y pinza planar. Se trabajó con una frecuencia de 10 Hz y se tomaron 5 muestras por tipo de agarre durante 60 segundos. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se utilizó la herramienta Anova, estableciendo un valor de significancia mayor a 0,65. Resultados: En ciertos voluntarios hay una mayor reacción en el electrodo 1 debido a que su antebrazo es mayor. El tiempo de respuesta para el reconocimiento varía dependiendo del número de variables que se tenga que comparar. Cuando se analiza un solo movimiento es de 2,6 segundos, en cambio, cuando se analizan los 3 movimientos el tiempo de respuesta incrementa a 7,8 segundos por la cantidad de electrodos que se quieran analizar. Conclusiones: la respuesta del sistema propuesto empieza a ser más lenta a medida que se analizan más movimientos a la vez y por tanto, es menos efectiva. El tiempo de ejecución y respuesta de nuestro sistema, en comparación al estado del arte, es más alto, debido a que se utilizan menos métodos de caracterización de la señal. Adicionalemtne, una limitante del proyecto es la frecuencia de muestreo del dispositivo Myo (200Hz)(AU)

Introduction: the paper presents the prediction of three basic hand movement types by means of a smart algorithm to draw characteristics indispensable for identification of movement patterns based on the analysis of surface electromyographic signals obtained with the Myo device. Objective: recognize and predict basic movement patterns of the arm joint using surface electromyography with a view to applying them over a prosthesis prototype. Methods: data were taken from 13 students aged 22 and 23 years from the Salesian Polytechnic University, each of whom performed three types of grasp: cylindrical, pincer and palmar pincer. A 10 Hz frequency was used and 5 samples were taken of each grasp type during 60 seconds. Statistical analysis was performed with the tool ANOVA, establishing a significance value > 0.65. Results: in certain volunteers a greater reaction was observed in electrode 1, due to their larger forearms. Response time for identification varies with the number of variables to be compared. When only one movement is analyzed, response time is 2.6 seconds, but when the three movements are examined it rises to 7.8 seconds by the number of electrodes intended to be studied. Conclusions: the response of the system proposed starts to slow down as more movements are analyzed simultaneously, which makes it less effective. The performance and response time of our system is higher than in state-of-the-art systems, since fewer signal characterization methods are used. On the other hand, a limitation of the project is the sampling frequency of the Myo device (200 Hz)(AU)

History and Evolution of Epilepsy Surgery

The surgical treatment for epilepsy has a worldwide historical relevance for centuries. There are archaeological reports that date it back to ancient Egypt; however, the year 1886 is considered a landmark in the surgical treatment for epilepsy in theModern Age, when the first surgery for the treatment of focal epileptic events was performed successfully. Since then, innumerable related articles have been published evoluonarily. Over the last centuries, new techniques and technologies provided better understanding, diagnosis and management for this disease. Thus, historical and evolutionary knowledge becomes important to let us better understand the current position of the surgery for epilepsy treatment and control.

Does the type of electrode affect the electromyoneurographic parameters in rats?

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate if the type of electrode (needle vs. surface) affects the electromyoneurography parameters in rats. Methods: Twenty male rats were anesthetized, then compound muscle action potential were recorded using a Neuropack S1 MEB- 9400©. All animals were submitted to two electroneuromyography analysis: first with surface electrode and then by needle electrode. We evaluated the latency, amplitude, duration and area of the negative peak of the gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in the mean of duration, latency, amplitude or area of the negative peak in gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles. Conclusion: The type of electrode does not affect the electroneuromyography parameters.

Estimulação cardíaca provisória com eletrodo de marcapasso definitivo: Uma alternativa segura? / Temporary cardiac pacing using permanent pacing leads: a safe alternative?

Introdução: A estimulação cardíaca temporária eventualmente é necessária por mais de 15 dias. Este contexto clínico está associado a complicações como o deslocamento de eletrodo e perfuração cardíaca, havendo a necessidade de reposicionamento ou troca de eletrodo. Além disto, os eletrodos e geradores convencionais para estimulação cardíaca temporária impõem ao paciente a restrição ao leito e suas consequências. Objetivo: avaliar um método previamente estudado de estimulação temporária relacionado à menor incidência de complicações e que permite a deambulação do paciente. Método: foram estudados 24 pacientes, entre janeiro de 2015 e dezembro de 2017, submetidos a implante de marcapasso provisório com o uso de eletrodo de fixação ativa. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 68,9 anos, e predominantemente do sexo masculino. O tempo médio de uso do marcapasso (MP) provisório foi de 9,7 dias, variando de dois a 28 dias. Durante um tempo total de 233 pacientes/ dia, não houve deslocamento de eletrodos, falhas de estimulação ou necessidade de revisão do sistema. Conclusão: a estimulação provisória utilizando eletrodos de MP definitivo de fixação ativa foi segura e impactou positivamente na qualidade de vida dos pacientes

Introduction: Temporary cardiac pacing is eventually required for more than 15 days. This clinical context is associated with complications such as electrode displacement and cardiac perforation, requiring repositioning or electrode replacement. In addition, conventional electrodes and generators for temporary cardiac stimulation force patients to stay in bed with its consequences. Objective: to evaluate a previously studied method of temporary stimulation related to a lower incidence of complications which allows patient to walk. Method: 24 patients were studied between January 2015 and December 2017, who underwent temporary PM implantation with the use of an active fixation electrode. Results: mean age was 68.9 years, and patients were predominantly male. The mean time of use of the temporary pacemaker (PM) was 9.7 days, ranging from two to 28 days. During a total time of 233 patients/ day, there was no electrode displacement, no stimulation failures or a need for system revision. Conclusion: Temporary stimulation using definitive PM fixation active electrodes was safe and had a positive impact on patients' quality of life

Bloqueio atrioventricular total congênito - características de 34 pacientes submetidos a implante ou troca de marcapasso definitivo / Congenital complete heart block - characteristics of 34 patients submitted to definitive pacemaker implant or replacement

Objetivos: Descrever as características de pacientes menores de 18 anos com bloqueio atrioventricular total congênito submetidos a implante ou troca de marcapasso definitivo. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente 34 pacientes que foram submetidos a implante ou troca de marcapasso entre janeiro de 2011 e maio de 2017 em um único centro. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos (grupo I: implante e grupo II: troca) e avaliados de acordo com o sexo, idade, cardiopatia congênita, indicação do implante, técnica utilizada, complicações e mortalidade. Resultados: 47,1% eram do sexo feminino. A mediana para idade no momento do implante foi de 2 anos e 6 meses e para peso foi de 17,5Kg. Cardiopatia congênita teve prevalência de 52,9% nos pacientes. As indicações para implante de marcapasso definitivo foram: frequência cardíaca menor que 70 bpm com cardiopatia ou disfunção (44,1%), frequência cardíaca menor que 55 bpm sem cardiopatia (26,5%), sinais e sintomas de baixo débito cardíaco (20,6%) e disfunção ventricular (8,8%). A técnica epicárdica foi realizada em 73,5% e a endocárdica em 26,5% dos pacientes. Foi implantado marcapasso bicameral em 53% e monocameral em 47% deles. Complicações foram observadas em 23,5% e a mortalidade foi de 8,8%. Conclusões: A criteriosa avaliação desses pacientes permite uma adequada escolha do sistema e da técnica de implante. Pouco mais da metade dos pacientes tinham cardiopatia congênita, a técnica epicárdica foi a mais realizada, a maioria recebeu marcapasso bicameral, e as complicações e a mortalidade foram semelhantes as encontradas na da literatura

Aims: Describe the characteristics of 34 patients under 18, with congenital complete heart block submitted for definitive pacemaker implant or replacement. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent pacemaker implant or replacement between January 2011 and May 2017 at a single center. The patients were divided into 2 groups (group I: implant and group II: replacement) and evaluated according to gender, age, congenital heart disease, implant indication, technique used, complications and mortality. Results: Thirty-four patients underwent definitive pacemaker implant or replacement, 47.1% of which were female. The median age at the time of implantation was 2 years and 6 months and median weight was 17.5 kg. Congenital heart disease was found in 52.9% of the patients. The indications for definitive pacemaker implant were heart rate lower than 70 bpm with heart disease or dysfunction (44.1%), heart rate less than 55 bpm without heart disease (26.5%), signs and symptoms of low cardiac output (20.6%) and ventricular dysfunction (8.8%). The epicardial technique was performed in 73.5% and the endocardial technique in 26.5% of the patients. A bicameral pacemaker was implanted in 53% and monocameral ventricular pacemaker in 47% of the patients. Complications were observed in 23.5%, with a mortality of 8.8% of the patients. Conclusions: The careful evaluation of the characteristics of these patients allows an adequate choice of the system and the implant technique. Just over half of the patients had congenital heart disease, the epicardial technique was the most performed, most received bicameral pacemaker, and complications and mortality were similar to the literature

Abordaje de la pared lateral del ventrículo izquierdo a través de una vena posterior para terapia de resincronización cardiaca / Approach to the lateral wall of the left ventricle through a posterior vein for cardiac resynchronization therapy

Resumen Se presenta el caso de una paciente portadora de una miocardiopatía dilatada y marcapasos epicárdico unicameral im plantado por bloqueo atrioventricular completo, quien respondió favorablemente a la terapia de resincronización cardia ca; durante el seguimiento, requirió el implante de un nuevo electrodo del ventrículo izquierdo, el cual fue implantado a través de una vena posterior.

Abstract Dysautonomia and Chagas disease We present the case of a patient with a congenital dilated myocardiopathy and a single-chamber epicardic pacemaker, implanted by a complete atrioventricular block, who had a favorable response to cardiac resinchronisation therapy; during follow-up, she required a new left ventricle electrode which was implanted through a left posterior vein.

Terapias Inapropiadas por defecto del electrodo Sprint Fidelis 6948® en un paciente con miocardiopatía arritmogénica del ventrículo derecho (MAVD) en Costa Rica, reporte del primer caso / Inappropriate therapies by default of the electrode Sprint Fidelis 6948® in a patient with cardiomyopathy arrhythmogenic of the right ventricle (CARV) in Costa Rica, report of the first case

Resumen Los avances en los dispositivos de desfibrilación automática implantable para pacientes que requieren este tipo de terapia han llevado a los fabricantes a intentar manofacturar componentes cada vez más modernos. En este sentido la compañía Medtronic intentó fabricar un electrodo más versátil y delgado 6,6 Fr (2,2 mm) de la serie Sprint Fidelis en el pasado, pos teriormente se observó que este electrodo en las series 6930, 6931, 6948 y 6949 presentaban fallas en su diseño por lo que en marzo del 2007 la compañía Medtronic reportó fallas por fractura en dos localizaciones puntuales de estas series de electrodo, esto hizo que en el mes de octubre de ese mismo año se diera una retirada voluntaria de los electrodos del mercado ya que a nivel mundial habían sido implantados unos 268 000 pacientes con este tipo de cables . Este defecto condicionaban terapias inapropiadas que ponían en riesgo potencial la vida del paciente si no se hacía la detección tem prana y se adoptan las medidas necesarias (1) En este artículo se presenta el primer caso de falla de un electrodo Sprint Fidelis de la serie 6948 en Costa Rica tras 43 meses postimplante el cual descargaba terapias inapropiadas a un paciente implantado por una miocardiopatía arritmogénica del ventrículo (MAVD) por prevención secundaria.

Ressuscitação cardíaca pré-hospitalar. Do pré-hospitalar à sala de emergência: minutos que salvam uma vida - suporte básico / Prehospital cardiac ressuscitation. From prehospital to the emergency room: minutes that save a life - basic support

A incidência exata de parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) mesmo em países com registros clínicos bem estruturados ainda é desconhecida, mas as estimativas variam de 180.000 a mais de 450.000 mortes anuais. A etiologia mais comum da PCR é a doença cardiovascular isquêmica que ocasiona no desenvolvimento de arritmias letais. A sobrevivência decorrente da PCR apresenta desfechos divergentes. No cenário extra-hospitalar, os estudos relataram taxas de sobrevida de 1% a 6%. Três revisões sistemáticas de alta hospitalar sobre a PCR extra-hospitalar mostraram 5% a 10% de sobrevida entre aqueles tratados através de serviços médicos de emergência e 15% quando o distúrbio do ritmo era a fibrilação ventricular (FV). O suporte básico de vida consiste em ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP) e, quando disponível, desfibrilação com desfibrilador externo automático (DEA). As chaves para a sobrevivência após a PCR são reconhecimento e tratamento precoces, especificamente, início imediato de excelente RCP e desfibrilação precoce. O presente artigo discutirá os princípios do suporte básico de vida em adultos do pré-hospitalar à sala de emergência, conforme descritos nas Diretrizes de Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar e Atendimento Cardiovascular de Emergência do ILCOR e AHA, atualizadas em novembro de 2017

The exact incidence of cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) even in countries with well-structured clinical records is still unknown, but estimates range from 180,000 to over 450,000 annual deaths. The most common etiology of CRA is ischemic cardiovascular disease, resulting in the development of lethal arrhythmias. Survival of CRA shows divergent outcomes. In the out-of-hospital setting, studies have reported survival rates of 1% to 6%. Three systematic reviews of hospital discharge on extra-hospital CRA showed 5% to 10% survival between those treated by emergency medical services and 15% when the rhythm disorder was ventricular fibrillation (VF). Basic life support consists of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and, when available, defibrillation with an automatic external defibrillator (AED). The keys to survival of CRA are early recognition and treatment, specifically, immediate onset of excellent CPR and early defibrillation. This article will discuss the basics of adult life support from prehospital to emergency room, as outlined in the ILCOR and AHA Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care, updated in November 2017

Estimulação hissiana: o que sabemos até o momento? / His-bunble pacing: what do we know so far?

A estimulação artificial do feixe de His garante uma despolarização harmônica e sincronizada de ambos os ventrículos e já vem sendo estudada há mais de 50 anos. O aproveitamento e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas e cabos-eletrodos colaboraram para impulsionar o implante de marcapassos com estimulação hissiana de maneira rotineira em humanos, principalmente nos últimos 15 anos. Segundo as evidências atuais, essa modalidade de estimulação é promissora como alternativa à estimulação ventricular direita monossítica tradicional pela redução potencial dos prejuízos induzidos pela estimulação artificial, tais como queda da fração de ejeção, internações hospitalares por insuficiência cardíaca e até morte. O uso do marcapasso com estimulação hissiana também já foi descrito como alternativa para pacientes com indicação de terapia de ressincronização cardíaca, com resultados animadores. O limiar de comando mais elevado, as potenciais inibições ou perdas de captura ventricular por oversensing (far-field atrial), e os possíveis deslocamentos do cabo-eletrodo pela movimentação do folheto septal da valva mitral são problemas a serem considerados antes do implante de marcapasso com estimulação hissiana. Ensaios clínicos com grande número de participantes e alto poder estatístico ainda são necessários para a melhor compreensão dos benefícios da estimulação hissiana a médio e longo prazos, comparativamente à estimulação tradicional do ventrículo direito e às terapias de ressincronização cardíaca

His-bundle pacing provides a harmonic and synchronized depolarization of both ventricles. It has been studied for more than 50 years. The development of new tools and leads has helped improve the implantation of pacemakers with His-bundle pacing routinely, especially in the last 15 years. According to current evidences, this modality of pacing is a promising alternative to traditional single-site right ventricular pacing for a potential reduction of artificial pacing-induced damages, such as ejection fraction decrease, hospital admission due to heart failure and even death. The use of His-bundle pacing has also been described as an alternative to cardiac resynchronization therapy with encouraging results. Higher command threshold, inappropriate inhibitions or oversensing ventricular loss of capture (atrial far-field) and potential lead displacements by septal leaflet motion of the mitral valve must be considered before implantation of a His-bundle pacemaker. Large randomized clinical trials with high statistical power are still needed for a better understanding of the benefits of His-bundle pacing at medium and long-term in comparison to traditional right ventricle pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapies

Trombosis venosa subclavia asociada a electrodo de marcapasos y síndrome de la plaqueta pegajosa / Subclavian venous thrombosis associated with pacemaker electrode and sticky platelet syndrome

Resumen El síndrome de la plaqueta pegajosa en un trastorno cualitativo plaquetario en el que bajas concentraciones de epinefrina y adenosina difosfato producen hiperagregabilidad plaquetaria considerable. Se ha especulado mucho sobre la etiología de este trastorno sin que sean claros sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Desde el punto de vista clínico, se asocia a trombosis arteriales y venosas recurrentes en pacientes jóvenes, pérdidas gestacionales, otras complicaciones obstétricas y cefalea recurrente.En la literatura se ha descrito su presentación familiar, lo que hace sospechar su comportamiento hereditario autosómico dominante; también se ha reportado un fenotipo adquirido de la enfermedad en algunas poblaciones especiales como pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en terapia de reemplazo renal o posterior al trasplante renal y en pacientes con cuadros inflamatorios o inmunosupresión. Se expone el caso de una paciente con antecedente de cefalea de difícil manejo, síndrome hipertensivo asociado al embarazo y mortinato, con síndrome del nodo enfermo y disautonomía manejadas con implantación de marcapasos definitivo bicameral con sensor CLS, que desarrolló trombosis de la vena subclavia, asociada al electrodo de marcapasos, recurrente a pesar de anticoagulación con warfarina y rivaroxabán e incluso a pesar de antiagregación con ácido acetilsalicílico, con posterior diagnóstico de síndrome de la plaqueta pegajosa.

Abstract Sticky platelet syndrome is a qualitative platelet disorder in which low concentrations of adrenaline and adenosine diphosphate produce considerable platelet hyperaggregability. There has been much speculation on the origin of this disorder as its pathophysiological mechanisms of action are not yet clear. From a clinical point of view, it is associated with recurrent arterial and venous thrombosis in young patients, miscarriages, other obstetric complications and recurrent headaches.Its familial presentation has been described in the literature, suspecting that it is of a dominant autosomal hereditary nature. An acquired phenotype of the disease has also been reported in some particular patients, such as patients with chronic kidney disease on renal replacement therapy or after a kidney transplant, as well as in patients with inflammatory processes or immunosuppression. The case is presented of a patient with a history of difficult to manage headaches, a hypertensive syndrome associated with the pregnancy, and a foetal death. She also had sick sinus node syndrome and dysautonomia managed with a definitive dual-chamber pacemaker with a CLS sensor. There was then a thrombosis in the subclavian vein associated with the pacemaker electrode, being recurrent despite anticoagulation with warfarin and rivaroxaban, and even despite anti-aggregation treatment with acetyl salicylic acid. She was subsequently diagnosed with sticky platelet syndrome.

Bioelectrogenesis with microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using the microalga Chlorella vulgaris and bacterial communities

Background: Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology is used in various applications such as wastewater treatment with the production of electrical energy. The objective of this study was to estimate the biodepuration of oils and fats, the elimination of blue dye brl and bioelectro-characterization in MFCs with Chlorella vulgaris and bacterial community. Results: The operation of MFCs at 32 d showed an increase in bioelectrogenic activity (from 23.17 to 327.67 mW/m2 ) and in the potential (from 200 to 954 mV), with biodepuration of fats and oils (95%) in the microalgal cathode, and a removal of the chemical oxygen demand COD (anode, 71%, cathode, 78.6%) and the blue dye brl (73%) at the anode, here biofilms were formed by the bacterial community consisting of Actinobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria. Conclusions: These findings suggest that MFCs with C. vulgaris and bacterial community have a simultaneous efficiency in the production of bioelectricity and bioremediation processes, becoming an important source of bioenergy in the future.

Minitoracotomia direita para implante de marcapasso epicárdico definitivo dupla-câmara / Dual chamber epicardial pacing through right minithoracotomy

A cirurgia minimamente invasiva é segura e eficaz no tratamento de diversas afecções cardíacas, com evolução intra-hospitalar bastante positiva. Descrevemos aqui o caso de paciente do sexo masculino, com 72 anos de idade, portador de comunicação interatrial com shunt bidirecional e bloqueio atrioventricular avançado com síncope. Foi contraindicado o fechamento da comunicação interatrial e indicado marcapasso dupla-câmara com cabos-eletrodos epicárdicos em decorrência da presença do shunt. O procedimento foi realizado por meio de minitoracotomia direita, com implante de cabos-eletrodos atrial e ventricular direitos bipolares, com gerador implantado em loja subcutânea na região infraclavicular direita. O paciente apresentou boa evolução, recebendo alta no quarto dia de pós-operatório em boas condições

Minimally invasive cardiac surgery is safe and effective in the treatment of a wide range of cardiac diseases, with very positive in-hospital outcomes. We describe the case of a 72-year-old male patient, with atrial septal defect, bidirectional shunt and advanced atrioventricular block with syncope. The atrial septal defect closure was contraindicated and he was referred for a dual-chamber pacemaker and epicardial leads implantation due to the presence of shunt. The patient underwent a right minithoracotomy with the implantation of bipolar atrial and ventricular leads and placement of a pacemaker generator in a subcutaneous envelope in the right infraclavicular region. The patient evolved well and was discharged on the fourth postoperative day in good conditions

Deslocamento de cabos-eletrodos decorrente de síndrome de Twiddler em portadora de marcapasso bicameral / Lead displacement resulting from Twiddler's Syndrome in a patient with dual chamber pacemaker

Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com implante de marcapasso bicameral há dois meses por bloqueio atrioventricular total, que, dois dias após queda acidental em sua residência com trauma homolateral ao local do implante do marcapasso, apresentou pré-síncope, lipotimias e bradicardia. O eletrocardiograma evidenciava perda total de comando atrioventricular e a radiografia de tórax mostrava tracionamento, deslocamento e enovelamento dos cabos-eletrodos próximo ao gerador. A paciente foi diagnosticada como caso típico de síndrome de Twiddler

We report the case of a patient with a bicameral pacemaker implantation within the last two months due to total atrioventricular block, who presented pre-syncope, lipothymia and bradycardia two days after an accidental fall at home with a homolateral trauma to the pacemaker implantation site. The electrocardiogram showed a total loss of the atrioventricular command and chest x-ray evidence of traction, displacement and folding of the leads near the generator. The patient was diagnosed as a typical Twiddler's Syndrome case

Taponamiento cardíaco por retiro de electrodo epicárdico posterior a cirugía cardíaca / Cardiac tamponade by withdrawal epicardic electrode after a cardiac surgery

Se presenta un caso de Taponamiento Cardíaco como complicación por retiro de electrodo epicárdico posterior a cirugía cardiaca. Se describe el caso de un paciente masculino de 55 años sometido a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica sin circulación extracorpórea. El postoperatorio inmediato transcurrió sin incidencias, siendo extubado a las 6 horas de la llegada a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). No requirió uso de inotrópicos ni hemoderivados. Ninguna alteración electrocardiográfica. A las 72 horas se retiraron los tubos de drenaje, así como el electrodo de estimulación transitoria ventricular epicárdico. A las dos horas el paciente comenzó a inestabilizarse hemodinámicamente. Mediante ecocardiografía transtorácica se evidenció un hematoma que comprimía la cara anterior de ventrículo derecho. Requirió exploración quirúrgica, reapertura esternal encontrando sangrado activo correspondiente al área de implante del electrodo epicárdico transitorio. La evolución posterior fue satisfactoria y el paciente fue dado de alta hospitalaria a los tres días siguientes. Los electrodos transitorios de estimulación cardiaca (ETEC) como el epicárdico, son usados en exceso en cirugía cardíaca y no están exentos de graves y fatales complicaciones. La cirugía coronaria sin circulación extracorpórea podría ofrecer una oportunidad para seleccionar adecuadamente a aquellos pacientes que van a necesitar estimulación cardíaca postoperatoria. Estudios prospectivos aleatorizados son necesarios para poder precisar los pacientes que realmente se beneficiarían de usar marcapasos epicárdicos transitorios(AU)

A case of cardiac tamponade by withdrawal epicardic electrode after a cardiac surgery was presented. A 55 years old male who underwent to a coronary artery by pass whithout extracorporeal circulation. The right now post ­ surgery elapse no incidents, extubado at 6 hours after arriving in the intensive care unit., Did not receive inotropics ,nor blood products .There was not alteration electrocardiographic. At 72 hours drainage tubes was removed, as well as the electrode transient epicardial ventricular stimulation. 2 hours the patient to become unstable hemodynamically. Throug transtoracic echocardiography it was shown a bruises that compresses the anterior aspect of the right ventricle. Requiered surgical exploration,sternal reopening, finding active bleeding corresponding to the area of the transient epicardiac electrode implant. The subsequent evolution was satisfactory and the patient was discharged after 3 days . The transient electrodes of cardiac stimulation (ETEC) like the epicardical ,they are widely used in cardiac surgery and they are not exempt from serious complications. Coronary surgery without extracorporeal circulatión could offer an opportunity to select properly those patiente who are going to need postoperative cardiac stimulation. Prospective randomized studies are necessary to be able to determine the patients who would really benefit from using transien epicardial pacemakers(AU)