Small cell lung cancer: an overview of the targets

Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancer cases. Despite a frequently good response to first-line treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, early relapse occurs in the majority of patients and 5-year survival is only about 5%. This histological subtype of lung cancer is strongly associated with tobacco smoking. The behavior of SCLC is unique within solid tumors. Initially, it positively responds to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, at relapse, which occurs early in the majority of cases, the tumor is resistant to available therapy and eventually will cause the death of the patient. These results in an overall 5-year survival of approximately 5% for the entire population of patients diagnosed with SCLC. This dismal prognosis has not significantly changed in past years. There is an urgent need for discovery targets to select patients more prone to having a proper response to the treatment, avoiding to reduce their resistance and resulting the increase of overall and progression-free survivals.

O impacto das diversas formas de tabagismo nos acadêmicos da área da saúde / The impact of different forms of smoking on health academics

A Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT) define a Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) como um distúrbio progressivo e irreversível. Nessa patologia ocorre um processo inflamatório crônico frente a exposição a gases tóxicos, principalmente advindos do tabaco. O cigarro é responsável por matar mais de 8 milhões de consumidores por ano, isso corresponde a 50% dos usuários. Objetivo: estimar a prevalência do tabagismo e possíveis doenças no sistema respiratório entre acadêmicos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional do tipo transversal em que se aplicou questionários aos alunos da área da saúde da Universidade Cesumar. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e eram maiores de 18 anos. A amostra foi composta por 336 estudantes, desta foram excluídas 43 respostas preenchidas de forma incorreta, restando 293 participantes. Os dados foram submetidos à estatística analítica e teste do qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A prevalência do tabagismo foi de 26,96%, não fumantes são 62,46% e 10,58% são fumantes passivos. O dispositivo mais utilizado foi o cigarro eletrônico com 64,55% e o narguilé com 63,29%. Com relação a tentativa de suspender o uso, 36,71% relataram apresentar ansiedade. Os fumantes informaram ter infecções respiratórias frequentes, secreção, tosse e espirros com significância estatística (p<0,05). Pneumonia apresentou tendência crescente conforme maior tempo de tabagismo. Conclusão: Observou-se que a taxa de acadêmicos tabagistas é considerável, o tempo de uso varia de 3 a 5 anos e a maioria iniciou na adolescência sob influência de amigos

The Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT) defines Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) as a progressive and irreversible disorder. In this pathology, there is a chronic inflammatory process due to exposure to toxic gases, mainly from tobacco. Cigarettes are responsible for killing more than 8 million consumers a year, this corresponds to 50% of users. Objective: to estimate the prevalence of smoking and possible diseases of the respiratory system among students. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational research in which questionnaires were applied to students in the health area of the University Cesumar. All participants signed the Informed Consent Form and were over 18 years of age. The sample consisted of 336 students, from which 43 incorrectly filled answers were excluded, leaving 293 participants. Data were submitted to analytical statistics and the chi-square test with a significance level of 5%. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 26.96%, non-smokers are 62.46% and 10.58% are passive smokers. The most used device was the electronic cigarette with 64.55% and the hookah with 63.29%. Regarding the attempt to discontinue use, 36.71% reported having anxiety. Smokers reported having frequent respiratory infections, secretion, coughing and sneezing with statistical significance (p<0.05). Pneumonia showed an increasing trend with longer smoking time. Conclusion: It was observed that the rate of academic smokers is considerable, the time of use varies from 3 to 5 years and most started in teenage years under the influence of friends

Estrés oxidativo en saliva generado por el humo de tabaco: impacto en la periodontitis y perspectivas hacia el uso de farmacología redox / Oxidative stress in saliva induced by tobacco smoke: impact on periodontitis and perspectives with redox pharmacology / Estresse oxidativo na saliva gerado pela fumaça do tabaco: impacto na periodontite e perspectivas para o uso da farmacologia redox

Numerosos reportes demuestran la presencia de biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo en la saliva de fumadores y hay un creciente interés en correlacionar estos procesos moleculares con la etiología de algunas enfermedades orales, como la periodontitis, una enfermedad inmunoinflamatoria crónica relacionada con un desequilibrio de la homeostasis redox celular. Objetivo: realizar una revisión narrativa sobre la relación entre la disminución de la capacidad antioxidante salival inducida por humo de tabaco, la periodontitis y el potencial uso de farmacología redox para el tratamiento de esta patología. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos como PUBMED (NLM, NIH, NCBI) y SciELO. Resultados: existe evidencia que relaciona la baja capacidad antioxidante salival con un retraso en el restablecimiento de las condiciones normales en la cavidad oral ante el desarrollo de periodontitis. A su vez, el estado inflamatorio asociado colabora sinérgicamente, provocando un mayor daño tisular con pérdida de tejidos de soporte dentario, fenómeno que podría ser modulado por la acción de farmacología redox. Conclusiones: la intervención con farmacología redox, podría atenuar los biomarcadores de progresión de la enfermedad periodontal, constituyendo una herramienta prometedora para utilizar en conjunto con las estrategias de tratamiento tradicionales.

Numerous reports demonstrate the presence of oxidative stress biomarkers in the saliva of smokers and there is a growing interest in correlating these molecular processes with the etiology of some oral diseases, such as periodontitis, a chronic immunoinlammatory disease related to an imbalance of cellular redox homeostasis. Aims: achieve a narrative review on the relationship between the decrease in salivary antioxidant capacity induced by tobacco smoke, periodontitis, and the potential use of redox pharmacology for the treatment of this pathology. Methods: a bibliographic search was carried out in databases such as PUBMED (NLM, NIH, NCBI) and SciELO. Results: there is evidence that relates the low salivary antioxidant capacity with a delay in the reestablishment of normal conditions in the oral cavity before the development of periodontitis. In turn, the associated inflammatory state collaborates synergistically, causing greater tissue damage with loss of dental support tissues, a phenomenon that could be modulated by the action of redox pharmacology. Conclusions: intervention with redox pharmacology could attenuate the biomarkers of periodontal disease progression, constituting a promising tool to be used in conjunction with traditional treatment strategies.

Muitos artigos demonstram a presença de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo na saliva de fumantes e há um interesse crescente em correlacionar esses processos moleculares com a etiologia de algumas doenças bucais, como a periodontite, uma doença imunoinlamatória crônica relacionada a um desequilíbrio da redox celular homeostase. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão narrativa sobre a relaçã o entre a diminuiçã o da capacidade antioxidante salivar induzida pela fumaça do tabaco, periodontite e o uso potencial da farmacologia redox para o tratamento desta patologia. Métodos: uma pesquisa bibliográica foi realizada usando bases de dados como PUBMED (NLM, NIH, NCBI) e SciELO. Resultados: há evidências que relacionam a baixa capacidade antioxidante salivar com o retardo no restabelecimento das condições normais da cavidade oral antes do desenvolvimento da periodontite. Por sua vez, o estado inflamatório associado colabora sinergicamente, causando maior dano tecidual com perda de tecidos de suporte dentário, fenômeno que poderia ser modulado pela açã o da farmacologia redox. Conclusões: a intervençã o com a farmacologia redox poderia atenuar os biomarcadores de progressã o da doença periodontal, constituindo-se em uma ferramenta promissora para ser utilizada em conjunto com estratégias tradicionais de tratamento.

Smoking and loneliness in older adults: a population-based study in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil / Tabagismo e solidão em idosos: um estudo de base populacional em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil / Tabaquismo y soledad en adultos mayores: un estudio basado en población de Campinas, estado de São Paulo, Brasil

This study aims to analyze the relationship between social isolation and loneliness with smoking in older adults. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study performed with 986 individuals aged 60 years or older. Data were collected from the Health Survey of the Municipality of Campinas (ISACamp 2014/2015), state of São Paulo, Brazil. We estimated the prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation according to independent variables and tested the associations using the chi-square test, considering a 5% significance level. Adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated using simple and multiple Poisson regression. Smoking and smoking cessation were not associated with most variables that indicate objective social isolation. "Often or always" loneliness was related to a higher prevalence of smoking (PR = 2.25; 95%CI: 1.38-3.66) whereas loneliness accompanied of self-reported emotional problems or common mental disorders was strongly associated with smoking and with lower smoking cessation (PR = 6.24; 95%CI: 1.37-28.47 and PR = 0.46; 95%CI: 0.28-0.77, respectively). These findings indicate that loneliness is a psychosocial aspect related to tobacco use which hinders smoking cessation in older adults, emphasizing the importance of emotional problems in this association.

O estudo busca analisar a relação entre isolamento social, solidão e tabagismo entre idosos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional que incluiu 986 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais. Os dados foram obtidos do Inquérito de Saúde de Município de Campinas (ISACamp 2014/2015), São Paulo, Brasil. Foram estimadas as taxas de prevalência do tabagismo e da cessação do tabagismo de acordo com as variáveis independentes e testadas as associações através do teste de qui-quadrado, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Foram calculadas as razões de prevalência ajustadas com o uso de regressão de Poisson simples e múltipla. O tabagismo e a cessação do tabagismo não mostraram associação com a maioria das variáveis que indicam isolamento social objetivo, enquanto o relato da solidão muitas vezes ou sempre esteve relacionado a uma maior prevalência de tabagismo (RP = 2,25; IC95%: 1,38-3,66). A solidão, acompanhada pelo autorrelato de problemas emocionais ou a presença de transtornos mentais comuns, esteve fortemente associada com o tabagismo e com menor prevalência de cessação do tabagismo (RP = 6,24; IC95%: 1,37-28,47 e RP = 0,46; IC95%: 0,28-0,77, respectivamente). Os achados sustentam o papel da solidão enquanto aspecto psicossocial relacionado ao uso de tabaco e ao impedimento da cessação do tabagismo em idosos e destacam a importância de problemas emocionais nessa associação.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre el aislamiento social y la soledad con el hábito de fumar en adultos mayores. Se trata de un estudio transversal basado en población, realizado con 986 individuos con 60 años o mayores. Los datos se recogieron de la Encuesta de Salud de la Ciudad de Campinas (ISACamp 2014/2015), estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Estimamos la prevalencia del hábito de fumar y dejar de fumar según variables independientes y probamos las asociaciones usando el test chi-cuadrado, considerando un nivel de significancia de un 5%. Se calcularon las ratios de prevalencia usando una regresión simple y múltiple de Poisson. Fumar y dejar de fumar no estuvieron asociadas con la mayor parte de variables que indican aislamiento social objetivo, mientras que informar soledad a menudo o siempre estuvo relacionado con una más alta prevalencia de tabaquismo (RP = 2,25; IC95%: 1,38-3,66). Soledad acompañada de problemas emocionales autoinformados o la presencia de desórdenes mentales comunes estuvo fuertemente asociado con el tabaquismo y con una menor prevalencia de dejar de fumar (RP = 6,24; IC95%: 1,37-28,47 y RP = 0,46; IC95%: 0,28-0,77, respectivamente). Estos resultados apoyan el papel de la soledad como un aspecto psicosocial relacionado con el consumo de tabaco y el impedimento de dejar de fumar en adultos mayores, además de subrayar la importancia de problemas emocionales en esta asociación.

Factores asociados al síndrome de Wellens en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST / Factors associated to Wellens' syndrome in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation

Introducción: El síndrome de Wellens constituye un equivalente del síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST. Este incluye dos patrones electrocardiográficos que sugieren lesión crítica de la arteria descendente anterior. Objetivo: Evaluar probables factores asociados al síndrome de Wellens en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST y lesiones coronarias significativas en la arteria descendente anterior. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, transversal en pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST y lesión significativa en la arteria descendente anterior, comprobada mediante coronariografía, ingresados en la unidad de cuidados coronarios intensivos del Hospital Clínico-Quirúrgico Manuel Fajardo entre el 2016 y 2019. Resultados: La edad media fue de 66 años, predominó el sexo masculino (53,9 por ciento) y el antecedente de hipertensión arterial (89,5 por ciento). Los pacientes con síndrome de Wellens tuvieron un significativo menor porcentaje de antecedente de cardiopatía isquémica (58,1 por ciento vs. 84,8 por ciento; p = 0,012). Además, el síndrome arrojó asociación estadísticamente muy significativa con la condición de fumador activo (51,2 por ciento vs. 15,2 por ciento; p < 0,01). No se encontró relación estadística significativa entre el síndrome de Wellens y el resultado angiográfico. Conclusiones: La presencia de los patrones electrocardiográficos del síndrome de Wellens se asocia con el hábito tabáquico en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST y lesiones coronarias en la arteria descendente anterior, y su ausencia se asocia con el antecedente de cardiopatía isquémica en el mismo subgrupo de individuos(AU)

Introduction: Wellens' syndrome is equivalent to acute coronary syndrome with ST-segment elevation. It includes two electrocardiographic patterns suggesting a critical lesion in the anterior descending artery. Objective: Evaluate probable factors associated to Wellens' syndrome in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation and significant coronary lesions in the anterior descending artery. Methods: A cross-sectional observational analytical study was conducted of patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation and significant lesion in the anterior descending artery verified by coronary arteriography, admitted to the intensive coronary care unit at Manuel Fajardo Clinical Surgical Hospital in the period 2016-2019. Results: Mean age was 66 years, with a predominance of the male sex (53.9 percent) and a history of hypertension (89.5 percent). Patients with Wellens' syndrome had a significantly lower percentage of ischemic heart disease antecedents (58.1 percent vs. 84.8 percent; p = 0.012). A very significant statistical association was observed between the syndrome and active smoking (51.2 percent vs. 15.2 percent; p < 0.01). A significant statistical relationship was not found between Wellens' syndrome and angiographic results. Conclusions: The presence of electrocardiographic patterns of Wellens' syndrome is associated to smoking in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation and coronary lesions in the anterior descending artery, whereas their absence is associated to a history of ischemic heart disease in the same subgroup of individuals(AU)

Short- and mid- term impact of tobacco smoking on donor renal function following living kidney donation at a tertiary referral hospital

Background: The negative impact of tobacco smoking on renal function has been widely studied. However, there is limited knowledge about the effect of smoking on pre-operative and post-operative renal function in living kidney donors. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the short- and mid-term impact of smoking on donor renal function. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 308 patients who underwent living donor nephrectomy (LDN) at a tertiary referral hospital. We compared baseline characteristics as well as functional outcomes following LDN according to history of tobacco smoking. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with the modification of diet in renal disease equation in 6 time periods: pre-operative, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after surgery. We performed a Kaplan-Meier analysis for chronic kidney disease (CKD) outcome and binary logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors associated with CKD at 24 months of follow-up. Results: Among donors, 106 (34.4%) reported a smoking history before nephrectomy. Smoking donors had worse pre-operative eGFR than non-smokers (90 ± 26.3 mL/min/1.73m2 vs. 96 ± 27 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively; p = 0.02) and lower eGFR at 1 week (p = 0.01), 1 month (p ≤ 0.01), 6 months (p = 0.01), and 12 months (p = 0.01) after LDN. Tobacco smoking (OR 3.35, p ≤ 0.01) and age ≥ 40 years at donation (OR 6.59, p ≤ 0.01) were associated with post-operative development of CKD at 24 months after LDN. Conclusions: Living kidney donors with a tobacco smoking history had an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease following nephrectomy. Smoking-cessation strategies should be implemented.

Tobacco smoking and body composition in persons living with HIV/AIDS / Tagabismo e composição corporal em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS

Abstract This study aimed to assess the association between tobacco smoking and body composition in patients with HIV/AIDS in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This is a cross-sectional study with people of HIV followed in specialized care service for HIV patients located in the South of Brazil. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was used to assess smoking and other psychoactive substance use. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the ratio of body weight (in kilograms) to squared height (in meters). Patients also had their body composition evaluated with a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance (Bodystat® Quadscan 4000, RU) to estimate skeletal muscle index (SMI). In total, 320 subjects were included in the study. The prevalence of smoking was 54.7%. Tobacco smoking was associated with malnutrition, lower body mass index scores, and lower skeletal muscle mass index. It is concluded that there is a high prevalence of smoking among patients with HIV/AIDS and that this behavior is associated with worse body composition. Thus, it is suggested to implement strategies to support smoking cessation among people with HIV/AIDS.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre tabagismo e composição corporal em pacientes com HIV/AIDS em terapia antirretroviral combinada (TARVc). Trata-se de um estudo transversal com portadores de HIV acompanhados em um serviço de atendimento especializado localizado no Sul do Brasil. O instrumento Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) foi utilizado para avaliar o uso de tabaco e outras substâncias psicoativas. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como a razão do peso corporal (em quilogramas) pela altura ao quadrado (em metros). Os pacientes também tiveram sua composição corporal avaliada com uma impedância bioelétrica de múltiplas frequências (Bodystat® Quadscan 4000, RU) a fim de estimar o índice de massa muscular esquelética. No total, 320 sujeitos foram incluídos no estudo. A prevalência de tabagismo foi de 54,7%. O tabagismo foi associado à desnutrição, menores escores do índice de massa corporal e menor índice de massa muscular esquelética. Conclui-se que há uma alta prevalência de tabagismo entre pacientes com HIV/AIDS e que esse comportamento está associado a pior composição corporal. Assim, sugere-se a implementação de estratégias de apoio à cessação do tabagismo entre pessoas com HIV/AIDS.

Mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en Brasil, 2016 / Mortality attributed to tobacco consumption in Brazil, 2016

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Actualizar la estimación de la mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en Brasil en población de 35 y más años. Métodos: Se aplicó un método dependiente de prevalencia, basado en la fracción atribuida poblacional. Este método estima la mortalidad atribuida a partir de la mortalidad observada en Brasil (fuente: Sistema de Información de Mortalidad del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil-2016); de las prevalencias de fumadores, exfumadores y nunca fumadores (Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Brasil-2013) y del exceso de riesgo de morir (riesgo relativo) que tienen los fumadores y exfumadores en comparación con los nunca fumadores (5 estudios de cohortes norteamericanos). Se presentan estimaciones de mortalidad atribuida globales, por sexo, grupo de edad (35-54; 55-64; 65-74 y 75 años en adelante) y 3 grupos de enfermedades: tumores malignos, enfermedades cardiometabólicas y respiratorias. Resultados: En 2016, el consumo de tabaco causó con 163.831 muertes en Brasil, el 67% (109.369) fue en hombres y cuatro de cada diez (62.791) sucedieron antes de los 65 años. El 42% de la mortalidad atribuida se asocia a enfermedades cardiometabólicas, seguidas de respiratorias (34%) y tumorales (24%), sin diferencias por sexo. Conclusión: El 14% de las muertes que sucedieron en Brasil durante 2016 en población de 35 y más años se atribuye al consumo de tabaco. Realizar de forma periódica estimaciones de MA es necesario para valorar y fortalecer las leyes de control de tabaquismo implantadas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To update the estimation of tobacco attributable mortality (AM) in the Brazilian population aged 35 years old and older. Methods: A prevalence-dependent analysis was applied based on the population attributed fraction. This method estimates the tobacco AM taking into account the mortality observed in Brazil (source: Brazilian Mortality Information System - 2016); the prevalence of smokers, former smokers, and never smokers (National Health Survey Brazil - 2013) and the excess of risk of death (relative risk) of smokers and former smokers in comparison to never smokers (derived from 5 North American cohorts). Estimates of overall AM are shown by gender, age group (35-54; 55-64; 65-74; and 75 years old and older) and 3 groups: malignant tumors, cardiometabolic diseases, and respiratory diseases. Results: In 2016, tobacco consumption caused 163,831 deaths in Brazil, 67% (109,369) were in men and four out of ten (62,791) occurred before the age of 65. Without differences by gender, 42% of the AM is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, followed by respiratory diseases (34%) and malignant tumors (24%). Conclusion: During 2016, 14% of the deaths occurred in the Brazilian population aged 35 years old and older were attributed to tobacco consumption. Periodic tobacco AM estimations are mandatory to assess and strengthen smoking control strategies and policies.

Prevalence of active and passive smoking during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study / Prevalência de tabagismo ativo e passivo durante a gravidez: estudo transversal

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of active and passive smoking during pregnancy and its association with sociodemographic indicators, as well as perinatal and postnatal outcomes in newborns. Methods: This cross-sectional study was comprised of 431 pairs of mothers/ newborns. The study variables were: preterm birth, birth weight, oral mucosal lesions, sociodemographic indicators and smoking data. We collected data from medical records and through a self-administered questionnaire answered by mothers. A pediatric dentist examined the newborns for oral mucosal lesions. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between active and passive smoking and the other variables (α=5%). Results: The prevalence of active (9.5%) and passive smoking (4.2%) during pregnancy was low. Active smoking was statistically associated with low birth weight (OR: 2.4; 95%CI:1.1-5.3), lower schooling level (OR: 0.2; 95%CI:0.1-0.5) and mothers aged ≥36 years old (OR: 4.9; 95%CI:1.2-20.0). Passive smoking was not statistically associated with the other variables. There was no association between active or passive smoking during pregnancy and premature birth and oral lesions of the newborn. Conclusions: The prevalence of active and passive smoking were low. Active smoking was associated with low birth weight, maternal age and mother's schooling, suggesting a social influence of smoking behavior among a population with a lower educational level. There was no association between active and passive smoking and prematurity and oral lesions of the newborn. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de tabagismo ativo e passivo durante a gestação e a associação entre indicadores sociodemográficos, bem como desfechos pré e pós-parto em recém-nascidos. Metodologia: Este estudo transversal foi composto por 431 pares de mães/recém-nascidos. As variáveis estudadas foram: nascimento prematuro, peso ao nascer, lesões mucosas orais, indicadores sociodemográficos e dados sobre tabagismo. Coletamos dados por meio de prontuários e por questionário auto-aplicado respondido pelas mães. Um dentista pediátrico examinou os recém-nascidos para lesões mucosas orais. A regressão logística foi utilizada para a análise bivariada e multivariada dos dados (α=5%). Resultados: Prevalência de tabagismo ativo (9,5%) e tabagismo passivo (4,2%) durante a gravidez foi baixo. O tabagismo ativo foi estatisticamente associado ao baixo peso ao nascer (OR: 2,4; 95%CI:1,1-5,3), às mães com menor escolaridade (OR: 0,2; 95%CI:0,1-0,5), e mães com idade ≥36 anos (OR: 4,9; 95%CI:1,2-20,0); enquanto o tabagismo passivo não esteve estatisticamente associado a nenhuma variável. Não houve associação entre tabagismo durante a gestação com nascimento prematuro e lesões orais de recém-nascidos. Conclusões: As prevalências de tabagismos passivo e ativo foram baixas. O tabagismo ativo esteve associado ao baixo peso ao nascer, à idade materna e à escolaridade da mãe, sugerindo influência social do comportamento do tabagismo entre a população com menor escolaridade. Não houve associação entre tabagismo ativo e passivo com prematuridade e lesões de mucosa oral em recém-nascido. (AU)

The correlation between micronuclei count and smoking behavior: a hospital-based study / Correlación entre recuento de micronúcleos y hábito tabáquico: un estudio hospitalario

Background: Micronucleus is a microscopically visible cyto-plasmic chromatin mass in the extranuclear vicinity, originating from aberrant mitosis, which consists of eccentric chromosomes that have failed to reach spindle poles during mitosis. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare cytogenetic changes in the buccal mucosa of smokers and non-smokers based on the occurrence of micronuclei. The study aimed to determine the correlation between the micronuclei count and the frequency and duration of smoking habit. Materials and Methods: Two groups (smokers and non-smokers) of 34 individuals each were examined. Cytological buccal smears were taken from participants using a moistened wooden spatula and stained with standard Papanicolaou stain. Presence of micronuclei was assessed at 40X magnification using a light microscope and a count per 500 cells was determined. The results of the study were analyzed statistically using Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Student t-test. Result: Smears from smokers showed a significant increase in the total number of micronuclei per 500 cell count compared to non-smokers. There was a strong positive correlation between the occurrence of micronuclei and the frequency and duration of smoking. A age-related increase in older age groups was also observed. Conclusion: The study reveals a strong positive correlation between the occurrence of micronuclei and the frequency and duration of smoking. This observation is vital in the utilization of the micronuclei detection in smears as a prognostic, educational and interventional tool in the management of patients with smoking habits.

Antecedentes: El micronúcleo es una masa de cromatina citoplasmática microscópicamente visible en el área extranuclear, que se origina a partir de la mitosis aberrante, y que consiste en cromosomas excéntricos que no han podido alcanzar los polos del huso durante la mitosis. El presente estudio fue diseñado para evaluar y comparar los cambios citogenéticos en la mucosa bucal de fumadores y no fumadores en función de la aparición de micronúcleos. El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la correlación entre el recuento de micronúcleos y la frecuencia y duración del hábito de fumar. Materiales and Métodos: Se examinaron dos grupos (fumadores y no fumadores) de 34 individuos cada uno. Se tomaron frotis bucales citológicos de todos los participantes con una espátula de madera humedecida y se tiñeron con la tinción estándar de Papanicolaou. La presencia de micronúcleos se evaluó al microscopio óptico con un aumento de 40X y se determinó un recuento por 500 células. Los resultados del estudio se analizaron estadísticamente utilizando la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, el coeficiente de correlación de rango de Spearman y la prueba t de Student. Resultados: Los frotis de fumadores mostraron un aumento significativo en el número total de micronúcleos por 500 células en comparación con los no fumadores. Hubo una fuerte correlación positiva entre la aparición de micronúcleos y la frecuencia y duración del tabaquismo. También se observó un aumento relacionado con la edad en los grupos de mayor edad. Conclusión: el estudio revela una fuerte correlación positiva entre la aparición de micronúcleos y la frecuencia y duración del tabaquismo. Esta observación es vital en la utilización de la detección de micronúcleos en frotis como una herramienta pronostica, educativa e intervencionista en el manejo de pacientes con hábitos de fumar.

Efectos biológicos protectores del ejercicio en modelos experimentales de tabaquismo: más allá de la cesación y la abstinencia / Protectives biological effects of exercise in animals models of tobacco smoking: beyond tobacco cessation and withdrawal

El tabaquismo es considerado una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en la población general. En Chile la prevalencia de tabaquismo alcanza el 36,7% en hombres y 28,5% en mujeres. En este contexto, diversas estrategias farmacológicas y no farmacológicas han sido propuestas para promover la cesación de su consumo, así como para contrarrestar las comorbilidades asociadas al tabaquismo prolongado. Entre ellas, el ejercicio físico ha sido tradicionalmente considerado, por su impacto en la promoción de la cesación del hábito tabáquico, así como también por sus efectos en la reducción de las manifestaciones clínicas del síndrome de abstinencia post cesación. No obstante, estudios realizados en modelos animales durante los últimos 10 años han proporcionado datos contundentes para sustentar la hipótesis de que la práctica regular de ejercicio físico sería también efectiva para prevenir o modular el estrés oxidativo y la respuesta inflamatoria inducida por el tabaco, previniendo el deterioro orgánico de los sistemas fisiológicos expuestos. Esta revisión tiene por objetivo discutir la evidencia publicada respecto a los efectos biológicos inducidos por ejercicio físico y su impacto en la reversión de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que subyacen a las comorbilidades asociadas al hábito tabáquico, focalizando el análisis en los mecanismos de estrés oxidativo y respuesta inflamatoria del sistema respiratorio y cardiovascular.

Smoking is considered one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the general population. In Chile, the prevalence of smoking reaches 36.7% in men and 28.5% in women. In this context, several pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies have been proposed to promote the cessation of their use, as well as to counteract the comorbidities associated with prolonged smoking. Among them, physical exercise has been traditionally considered, due to its impact on the promotion of cessation of smoking, as well as its effects in reducing the clinical manifestations of withdrawal syndrome. However, studies conducted in animal models during the last 10 years have provided strong data to support the hypothesis that regular practice of physical exercise would also be effective in preventing or modulating oxidative stress and the inflammatory response induced by tobacco, preventing the organic deterioration of exposed physiological systems. The objective of this review is to discuss the published evidence regarding the biological effects induced by physical exercise and its impact on the reversion of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the comorbidities associated with smoking, focusing the analysis on the mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammatory response of the respiratory and cardiovascular system.

The effects of sexual violence experienced in childhood and adolescence on undergraduate students / Os impactos da violência sexual vivida na infância e adolescência em universitários

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of adolescents and young adults who were victims of sexual violence at some point in their lives and to compare the presence of depressive and anxious symptoms, quality of life, and use of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs among this population and those who were not abused. METHODS: Validated questionnaires and instruments were applied in a group of university students to assess: sexual profile and behavior, socioeconomic status, presence or not of sexual violence (Questionnaire on Exposure to Traumatizing Events), depressive (Beck Depression Inventory) and anxious symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory), quality of life (World Health Organization's Quality of Life Assessment) and the use or abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs (Smoking, Alcohol, and Substance Involvement Screening Test). RESULTS: Out of the 858 students who participated, 71 (8.3%) were victims of sexual violence, 52 girls (73.2%). In the victims of violence group there were more students who already had the first sexual intercourse (p = 0.029), students who already had become pregnant (p = 0.001), students with higher scores for depressive (p < 0.001) and anxious symptoms (p = 0.001), students with worse quality of life (p < 0.001), and who used more tobacco (p = 0.008) and marijuana (p = 0.025) as well as abused hypnotics or sedatives (p = 0.048) than in the non-victim group. CONCLUSION: The abuses are presented in several forms and affect, even in long term, the survivors' life. The sexual violence theme should be addressed and widely discussed in all spheres of society in order to mobilize, to sensitize, and provide society with knowledge, demystifying this subject and drawing attention to this important social issue.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência de adolescentes e adultos jovens que foram vítimas de violência sexual em algum momento da vida e comparar a presença de sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, qualidade de vida e uso de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas entre esta população e a que não sofreu abuso. MÉTODOS: Aplicaram-se questionários e instrumentos validados, em uma população de estudantes universitários, para avaliar: perfil e comportamento sexual, nível socioeconômico, presença ou não de violência sexual (Questionário sobre a Exposição a Eventos Traumatizantes), sintomas depressivos (Inventário de Depressão de Beck) e ansiosos (Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck), qualidade de vida (World Health Organization's Quality of Life Assessment) e o uso ou abuso de tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas (Teste para Triagem do Envolvimento com Fumo, Álcool e Outras Drogas). RESULTADOS: Dos 858 alunos que responderam à pesquisa, 71 (8,3%) foram vítimas de violência sexual, sendo 52 meninas (73,2%). No grupo vítima de abuso havia mais alunos que já tinham tido a coitarca (p = 0,029), alunas que já engravidaram (p = 0,001), estudantes com maiores escores para sintomas depressivos (p < 0,001) e ansiosos (p = 0,001), alunos com pior qualidade de vida (p < 0,001) e que usavam mais tabaco (p = 0,008) e maconha (p = 0,025) bem como abusavam de hipnóticos ou sedativos (p = 0,048) que no grupo não vítima. CONCLUSÃO: Os impactos causados pelo abuso são diversos e afetam, mesmo no longo prazo, a vida dos sobreviventes. Abordar o tema e o discutir, amplamente, em todas as esferas da sociedade é uma forma de mobilizar, sensibilizar e instrumentalizar o coletivo, desmistificando o assunto e chamando atenção para essa importante questão social.

A avaliação da sensibilidade à feniltiocarbamida em docentes de uma faculdade privada / The assessment of sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide in teachers of a private college / La evaluación de la sensibilidad a la feniltiocarbamida en profesores de un colegio privado

Avaliar a sensibilidade gustativa a proteína PTC nos docentes de uma faculdade privada de Goiás, associando esta sensibilidade gustativa à ingestão de alimentos que contém essa substância, hábitos socioculturais e alimentares. Método: A avaliação da sensibilidade ao composto PTC (Feniltiocarbamida) ocorreu junto a 40 docentes de uma faculdade privada do estado de Goiás após administração oral de uma gota da solução de concentração 0,01% do composto, seguida pela aplicação do questionário para avaliar à substância testada. Os dados foram analisados no programa EpiInfo versão 7.2.3.0. Para se verificar a associação entre a sensibilidade gustativa ao PTC e as variáveis dependentes. utilizou-se os testes do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: Observou-se que 65% dos docentes recrutados apresentam sensibilidade ao PTC. De 40 participantes, 47,5% eram do sexo feminino e 52,5% do sexo masculino. A população era da faixa etária entre 24 e 62 anos. Após a administração da solução do composto PTC (0,01%), a sensibilidade ao sabor amargo foi a mais relatada. Não houve associação entre a sensibilidade gustativa ao PTC e as variáveis estudadas. Conclusão: A inclusão na dieta de alimentos considerados saudáveis, associados ao sabor amargo, pode também ser influenciada pelo grau de sensibilidade e tolerância à esses alimentos.

To evaluate the taste sensitivity to PTC protein in the teachers of a private college in Goiás, associating this taste sensitivity to the ingestion of foods that contain this substance, sociocultural and eating habits. Method: The sensitivity assessment to the compound PTC (Phenylthiocarbamide) occurred with 40 teachers from a private college in the state of Goiás after oral administration of a drop of the 0.01% concentration solution of the compound, followed by the application of the questionnaire to evaluate the tested substance. The data were fulfilled using the EpiInfo program version 7.2.3.0. To verify an association between taste sensitivity to PTC and as dependent dependents. chi-square tests or Fisher's exact test are used. Results: It was observed that 65% of the recruited professors are sensitive to PTC. Of the 40 participants, 47.5% were female and 52.5% male. The population was between 24 and 62 years old. After administration of the PTC compound solution (0.01%), sensitivity to bitter taste was the most reported. There was no association between taste sensitivity to PTC and the variables studied. Conclusion: The inclusion in the diet of foods considered considered, associated with the bitter taste, can also be influenced by the degree of sensitivity and tolerance to these foods.

Evaluar la sensibilidad gustativa a la proteína PTC en los profesores de un colegio privado de Goiás, asociando esta sensibilidad gustativa a la ingestión de alimentos que contienen esta sustancia, hábitos socioculturales y alimentarios. Método: La evaluación de sensibilidad al compuesto PTC (Feniltiocarbamida) se realizó con 40 profesores de un colegio privado en el estado de Goiás luego de la administración oral de una gota de la solución de concentración al 0.01% del compuesto, seguida de la aplicación del cuestionario para evaluar la sustancia probada. Los datos se cumplieron utilizando el programa EpiInfo versión 7.2.3.0. Verificar una asociación entre la sensibilidad gustativa a PTC y como dependientes dependientes. Se utilizan pruebas de chicuadrado o la prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: Se observó que el 65% de los profesores reclutados son sensibles al PTC. De los 40 participantes, el 47,5% eran mujeres y el 52,5% hombres. La población tenía entre 24 y 62 años. Después de la administración de la solución del compuesto PTC (0,01%), la sensibilidad al sabor amargo fue la más notificada. No hubo asociación entre la sensibilidad gustativa al PTC y las variables estudiadas. Conclusión: La inclusión en la dieta de los alimentos considerados considerados, asociados al sabor amargo, también puede estar influenciada por el grado de sensibilidad y tolerancia a estos alimentos.

Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders associated with habits in Puducherry - a Cross-sectional study

Tobacco and betel quid are the most common cause of oral cancer in India. Very often oral cancers are preceded by a visible oral precursor lesion called as potentially malignant disorder (PMD). Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of oral PMDs associated with habits in urban and rural areas of Puducherry Union territory, India. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study in urban and rural areas of Puducherry was conducted. The study group comprised of 450 patients with positive history of oral habits. A standard structured questionnaire was designed to record information about demographic details, socioeconomic status, type, duration and frequency of habits followed by clinical oral examination by single trained and calibrated examiner to detect the presence of PMD. Statistical analysis used: EpiData software (version 3.1). Descriptive statistics were presented for all variables. Pearson's Chi-Square test and adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to estimate the suspected risk factors for PMD by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Prevalence of habit associated oral PMD was 64.2%. Females were more prone to develop PMDs (68.3%) as compared to males (62.8%). PMD was more common in the age group of 51-60 years (69.2%). Smoking with alcohol consumption was the most common oral habit. Habits, socio-economic status and diet were significantly associated with development of oral PMDs in our study population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that chronic betel quid chewing and smoking were significant risk factors for PMD. Increased frequency of vegetable consumption reduced the risk of PMD. Conclusions: Oral PMD were observed in more than half of the subjects with oral habits in Puducherry. Clearly, there is an increased risk of PMD with increased duration of tobacco and betel quid use in this region. Patients and public need to be educated regarding PMD and encouraged to quit habits so as to prevent high risk population from developing cancer

Fracturas vertebrales múltiples postsuspensión de denosumab: revisión del tema a partir de dos casos clínicos / Discontinuation of denosumab and multiple vertebral fractures: report of two cases and review of the literature

Los tratamientos para osteoporosis se indican por tiempo variable dependiendo del tipo de droga, anabólica o anticatabólica, y de la gravedad de la enfermedad. Denosumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal totalmente humano que inhibe a RANK-L evitando de esa manera la interacción entre RANKL-RANK, con la consiguiente inhibición de la formación de los osteoclastos, su activación y sobrevida. Disminuye la resorción ósea cortical y trabecular. Su administración subcutánea de 60 mg cada 6 meses al cabo de 3 años ha demostrado reducción de la resorción ósea, incremento de la densidad mineral ósea y disminución de las fracturas vertebrales, no vertebrales y de cadera. Está indicado para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis con alto riesgo de fractura. Su mecanismo de acción es reversible. Se han descripto pérdida de la DMO y elevación de los marcadores de remodelado óseo postsuspensión. Una situación clínica grave son las fracturas vertebrales múltiples postsuspensión. Este evento es infrecuente y se lo atribuye a un rebote del remodelado óseo, postulándose se postula una predisposición especial, probablemente relacionada con microRNA. Se escriben dos mujeres con osteoporosis que presentaron este cuadro. Las fracturas ocurrieron entre 7 y 10 meses posteriores a la última dosis de denosumab. Registraron elevación de C-telopéptidos y disminución de la DMO conjuntamente con las fracturas vertebrales agudas en cascada. (AU)

The duration of osteoporosis treatments depends on the drug type, anabolic or anticatabolic, and the severity of the disease. Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that inactivates RANK-L, inhibiting the RANKL-RANK interaction . This inhibits osteoclast formation, activation, and survival. It also reduces cortical and trabecular bone resorption. Subcutaneous administration of 60 mg every 6 months for 3 years has reduced bone resorption, increased bone mineral density (BMD) and decreased vertebral, non-vertebral and hip fractures. It is indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis with high risk of fracture. Denosumab mechanism of action is reversible. After discontinuation, loss of BMD and elevation of bone turnover markers have been observed. In addition, multiple vertebral fractures after the suspension of the drug have been reported. These rebound-associated vertebral fractures are rare. A special genetic predisposition related to miRNA has been proposed. Two women with this clinical presentation are described. Fractures occurred between 7 and 10 months respectively after the last dose of denosumab. They presented with an increase in circulating C-telopeptid levels and a decrease inBMD with acute multiple vertebral fractures. (AU)

Fresh Frozen Amniotic Membrane and Buccal Pad of Fat for Reconstruction of Oral Mucosal Defect After Surgical Excision of Leukoplakia

Objective: To compare the use of Fresh Frozen Amniotic Membrane (FFAM) and Buccal Pad of Fat (BPF) for reconstruction of oral mucosal defect after surgical excision of leukoplakia. Material and Methods: Twenty patients were randomly selected and divided into two groups. Group 1 use amniotic membrane graft and Group 2 BPF. Both groups were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. Incisal opening, epithelialization and fibrosis were evaluated after one month of surgery. Chi square and Student t tests were used. Results: According to the presence of smoking habits, the highest frequencies were for smoking (30%) and betel leaf areca nut with tobacco (30%). Regarding the diameter of oral leukoplakia, in 40% of the participants it was 2x3 cm2. In Group1, after one month of surgery preoperative and postoperative inter-incisal opening values were 44.20 ± 3.37 and 42.05 ± 3.47 (p<0.001). In Group 2, preoperative and postoperative inter-incisal opening values were 44.09 ± 3.32 and 43.01±3.38 (p>0.05). When FFAM was used complete epithelialization in 70% and incomplete epithelialization in 30% patients. When BPF was used the results were almost similar. Fibrosis occurred in 30% in Group 1. There were no complications like flap necrosis, infectiona and hematoma formation. Conclusion: Incisal opening was significantly better in Fresh Frozen Amniotic Membrane Group, epithelialization and fibrosis were almost same in both groups after surgical excision of oral leukoplakia.

Comportamentos em saúde e o controle da hipertensão arterial: resultados do ELSI-BRASIL / Comportamientos de salud y control de la hipertensión arterial: resultados de ELSI-BRASIL / Health behaviors and hypertension control: the results of ELSI-BRASIL

Resumo: O objetivo foi quantificar a contribuição de comportamentos em saúde selecionados para a prevalência do controle da hipertensão junto a adultos brasileiros com 50 ou mais anos de idade. Foram analisados os dados do ELSI-Brasil. Foram incluídos, no estudo, 4.318 indivíduos com 50 anos ou mais, que relataram ter recebido diagnóstico médico de hipertensão arterial e faziam tratamento medicamentoso para ela. Os comportamentos em saúde selecionados foram: prática de atividade física, adoção de dieta saudável, não consumir de forma excessiva bebida alcoólica e nunca ter fumado. A contribuição de cada comportamento em saúde estudado para a prevalência do controle da hipertensão arterial foi estimada pelo método da atribuição, por meio do ajuste do Modelo Binomial de Riscos Aditivos, estratificado por sexo. A prevalência do controle da hipertensão foi de 50,7% (IC95%: 48,2; 53,1). De maneira geral, os comportamentos em saúde tiveram uma maior contribuição para o controle da hipertensão nas mulheres (66,3%) do que nos homens (36,2%). O consumo moderado de álcool foi o que mais contribuiu em ambos os sexos (52,7% em mulheres; 19% em homens), sendo destacada a sua contribuição para as mulheres. A prática de atividade contribuiu com 12,6% em mulheres e 10,7% em homens. Os demais comportamentos apresentaram maior relevância entre os homens: nunca ter fumado (3,4%) e consumo regular de verduras, legumes e frutas (3,1%). Esses resultados reforçam a necessidade de medidas que promovam a adoção de comportamentos saudáveis entre hipertensos para reduzir os níveis pressóricos, melhorar o efeito dos anti-hipertensivos e diminuir o risco cardiovascular.

Resumen: El objetivo fue cuantificar la contribución de comportamientos de salud, seleccionados para la prevalencia del control de la hipertensión, entre adultos brasileños con 50 o más años de edad. Se analizaron los datos de ELSI-Brasil. Se incluyeron en el estudio a 4.318 individuos, con 50 años o más, que informaron haber recibido un diagnóstico médico de hipertensión arterial y contaban con un tratamiento médico para la misma. Los comportamientos de salud seleccionados fueron: práctica de actividad física, adopción de una dieta saludable, no consumir de forma excesiva bebidas alcohólicas y no haber fumado nunca. La contribución de cada comportamiento de salud estudiado para la prevalencia del control de la hipertensión arterial se estimó mediante el método de la atribución, a través del ajuste del modelo binomial de riesgos añadidos, estratificado por sexo. La prevalencia del control de la hipertensión fue de un 50,7% (IC95%: 48,2; 53,1). De manera general, los comportamientos de salud tuvieron una mayor contribución para el control de la hipertensión en las mujeres (66,3%) que en los hombres (36,2%). El consumo moderado de alcohol fue lo que más contribuyó en ambos sexos (52,7% en mujeres; 19% en hombres), siendo destacada su contribución en el caso de las mujeres. La práctica de actividad contribuyó con un 12,6% en mujeres y un 10,7% en hombres. Los demás comportamientos presentaron mayor relevancia entre los hombres: no haber fumado nunca (3,4%) y consumo regular de verduras, legumbres y frutas (3,1%). Esos resultados refuerzan la necesidad de medidas que promuevan la adopción de comportamientos saludables entre hipertensos para reducir los niveles presóricos, mejorar el efecto de los antihipertensivos y disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular.

Abstract: This study aimed to measure the contribution of selected health behaviors to the prevalence of hypertension control in Brazilian adults 50 years or older, based on data from the ELSI-Brasil study. The study included 4,318 individuals 50 years or older who reported having received a medical diagnosis of hypertension and were taking antihypertensive medication. The selected health behaviors were: physical activity, healthy diet, not consuming excessive alcohol, and never having smoked. The contribution of each health behavior to prevalence of hypertension control was estimated by the attribution method, via adjustment of the binomial additive hazards model, stratified by sex. Prevalence of hypertension control was 50.7% (95%CI: 48.2; 53.1). Overall, health behaviors made a larger contribution to hypertension control in women (66.3%) than in men (36.2%). Moderate alcohol consumption made the largest contribution in both sexes, but particularly in women (52.7% in women versus 19% in men). Physical activity contributed 12.6% in women and 10.7% in men. The other behaviors were more relevant in men: never having smoked (3.4%) and regular consumption of vegetables, legumes, and fruits (3.1%). These results underline the need for measures to promote the adoption of healthy behaviors by hypertensive individuals to reduce blood pressure levels, improve the effectiveness of antihypertensive medication, and decrease their cardiovascular risk.

Diseño de Intervención Educativa sobre efectos nocivos del tabaco. Consultorio No. 10. Policlínico Manuel Piti Fajardo. Cárdenas. 2016 / Design of educational intervention on noxious effects of the tobacco. Medical Consultation nr. 10. Policlínic Manuel Piti Fajardo. Cárdenas. 2016

RESUMEN Introducción: el tabaquismo es la principal causa de muerte evitable en el mundo. Se considera la mayor epidemia en el siglo XX, favorecida por la diversidad de factores complejos que estimulan el hábito constituyendo un reto de la Salud Pública mundial el lograr disminuirlo. Objetivo: diseñar una intervención educativa para incrementar conocimientos sobre los efectos nocivos del tabaco. Materiales y métodos: investigación de Desarrollo en Sistema y Servicios de Salud que clasifica como un estudio, observacional, descriptivo, transversal, que se inserta en el Programa Ramal Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles. El universo de estudio144 pacientes fumadores comprendidos en las edades de 19 años y más, la muestra 48 pacientes, seleccionada por muestreo simple aleatorio. Resultados: incidencia de fumadores en edades de 60 años y más en el sexo masculino y los grupos de edades de 30 a 39 años del femenino, predominan los niveles técnico medio y preuniversitario, la edad de comienzo en edades de 15 a menos de 20 años correspondiéndose la presencia del hábito familiar con la edad de comienzo. Es significativa la asociación de hipertensión arterial en ambos sexos, en el sexo femenino el comportamiento de la hipertensión arterial, la cardiopatía isquémica y la enfermedad obstructiva crónica ocupan lugares relevantes. Los motivos que condicionan el hábito de fumar son: la reducción de tensión, la manipulación y el esparcimiento y los conocimientos acerca de los efectos nocivos del tabaco son adecuados. Conclusiones: los pacientes no tienen percepción de riesgo aunque solicitan ayuda profesional. Se diseñó la propuesta de intervención educativa (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: tobacco smoking is the main cause of avoidable death in the world. It is considered the biggest epidemics in the XX century favored by the diversity of complex factors stimulating the habits; its reduction is a challenge for the Public Health around the world. Objective: to design an educational intervention for improving knowledge on the noxious effects of tobacco. Materials and methods: research of Development in Health Systems and Services that classifies as a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study inserted in the Branch Program on Chronic, Non-communicable Diseases. The universe was 144 smoking patients aged 19 years and more, and the sample 48 patients chosen by simple randomized sampling. Results: the incidence was higher in male smokers aged 60 years and more, and in female ones aged 30-39 years; the predominant scholarship was technicians and senior high school; the age of beginning smoking was in the range from 15 and 20 years, corresponding the age of beginning smoking with the presence of the habit in the family context. The association to arterial hypertension is significant, and the behavior of arterial hypertension, ischemic hearth disease and obstructive chronic disease occupy relevant places among female patients. The motives conditioning the smoking habit are the reduction of tensions, manipulation and leisure; knowledge on tobacco noxious effects is appropriate. Conclusions: patients do not have risk perception, although they ask for professional help. The proposal of educative intervention was designed (AU).

Evaluación nutricional y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes universitarios / Nutritional assessment and cardiovascular risk factors in university adolescents / Avaliação nutricional e fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes universitários

En los últimos años algunos autores han ampliado la evidencia de cómo la malnutrición puede convertir al estudiante universitario en futuro blanco directo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se relacionó el estado nutricional antropométrico y la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) de los estudiantes universitarios del primer año de Bioanálisis, Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela (2016-2017). El estudio fue descriptivo, correlacional, de campo y de corte transversal en 90 adolescentes de ambos sexos. Se evaluaron las variables antropométricas, clínicas, bioquímicas, el consumo de alcohol y tabaco, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y la actividad física. Se emplearon las pruebas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t de Student, U de Mann Whitney, Chi2, Pearson y Spearman. En orden descendente de frecuencias, los FRCV presentes fueron alteración de las concentraciones de al menos un componente del perfil lipídico (72,2%), actividad física baja (54,4%), dieta de baja calidad (26,7%), hábito tabáquico (22,2%), obesidad abdominal (13,3%), hipertensión arterial (5,6%) y alteración de la glicemia en ayuno (1,1%). Adicionalmente, el estado nutricional no se asoció con los FRCV antes mencionados. Sin embargo, la circunferencia de cintura se correlacionó con la tensión arterial sistólica (r=0,444; p=0,000), pero no con el resto de los FRCV estudiados (p>0,05). En los adolescentes universitarios estudiados se observó la presencia de FRCV así como también el déficit de peso, lo cual reflejaría la situación económica por la que el país transitó durante el tiempo que duró la investigación.

In recent years some authors have broadened the evidence of how poor nutrition can turn the university student into a direct target of suffering from cardiovascular disease, the result of which can lead to early death. Therefore, the objective of this research was to relate the anthropometric nutritional status and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors of the university students of the first year of Bioanalysis, University of Carabobo, Venezuela (2016-2017). The study was descriptive, correlational, field and cross-sectional in 90 adolescents of both sexes. Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical variables, the alcohol and tobacco consumption, as well as adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the physical activity were evaluated. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student’s t, Mann Whitney U, Chi2, Pearson and Spearman tests were used. In descending order of frequencies, the cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) present were dyslipidemia (72.2%), low physical activity (54.4%), low quality diet (26.7%), smoking (22.2%), abdominal obesity (13.3%), hypertension (5.6%) and impaired fasting glycemia (1.1%). Additionally, the nutritional status was not associated with the aforementioned CVRF. However, the waist circumference was correlated with the systolic blood pressure (r=0.444; p=0.000), but it did not correlate with the rest of the CVRF studied (p>0.05). In the studied university adolescents, the presence of CVRF was observed as well the weight deficit, which would reflect the economic situation that the country went through during the time the investigation lasted.

Nos últimos anos, alguns autores ampliaram a evidência de como uma nutrição fraca pode transformar o estudante universitário em um futuro alvo direto de doenças cardiovasculares. Foi relacionado o estado nutricional antropométrico e a presença de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) dos estudantes universitários do primeiro ano de Bioanálise, da Universidade de Carabobo, Venezuela (2016-2017). O estudo foi descritivo, correlacional, de campo e de corte transversal em 90 adolescentes de ambos os sexos. As variáveis antropométricas, clínicas, bioquímicas, consumo de álcool e tabaco, bem como a adesão à dieta mediterrânea e a atividade física foram avaliadas. Foram utilizados os testes Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t de Student, U de Mann Whitney, Chi2, Pearson e Spearman. Na ordem decrescente de frequências, os FRCV presentes foram alteração das concentrações de no mínimo um componente do perfil lipídico (72,2%), baixa atividade física (54,4%), dieta de baixa qualidade (26,7%), tabagismo (22, 2%), obesidade abdominal (13,3%), hipertensão arterial (5,6%) e alteração da glicemia em jejum (1,1%). Além disso, o estado nutricional não foi associado aos FRCV acima mencionada. No entanto, a circunferência da cintura foi correlacionada com a pressão arterial sistólica (r=0,444, p=0,000), mas não correlacionou com o resto dos FRCV estudados (p>0,05). Nos adolescentes universitários estudados, observou-se a presença de FRCV bem como o déficit de peso, o que refletiria a situação econômica que o país atravessou durante o período da pesquisa.

Farmacogenética, tabaco, alcohol y su efecto sobre el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer / Pharmacogenetics, tobacco, alcohol and its effect on the risk development cancer

El cáncer es la segunda causa de muerte en el mundo, según datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en el año 2015 ocasionó 8,8 millones de muertes. Dentro de los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de cáncer se encuentran el tabaquismo y el consumo de alcohol. En Chile el 33,6% de la población fuma y un 21,2 % de los jóvenes. El consumo de alcohol en la población chilena es de 74,5 % y en los jóvenes de un 12,2 %. Entre los factores fisiológicos que influyen en el desarrollo de cáncer, el factor genético juega un rol relevante, habiéndose demostrado que la presencia de polimorfismos genéticos alteran la capacidad del organismo de eliminar contaminantes y aumentan el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer. Lo mismo ocurre con polimorfismos que impiden la reparación de ADN debido a daños producidos por efecto de contaminantes ambientales como el humo de cigarrillo. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar el estado del arte de la relación entre farmacogenética, tabaco y alcohol como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de cáncer. Los resultados sugieren que la presencia de po limorfismos que alteran la función de enzimas de biotransformación fase I (CYP1A1, CYP1E1) y fase II (GST), además de polimorfismos en enzimas de reparación del ADN (ERCC1/ERCC2) aumentan el riesgo de cáncer inducido por el hábito tabáquico y alcohólico. Esta asociación es importante, si consideramos que en la población chilena el hábito de fumar y beber alcohol es altamente prevalente.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world, causing 8.8 million deaths in 2015 according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Risk factors for cancer include smoking and alcohol con sumption. In Chile, 33.6% of the population and 21.2% of young people smokes. Alcohol consump tion in the Chilean population is 74.5% and 12.2% in young people. Among the physiological factors that influence the development of cancer, the genetic factor plays a relevant role. It has been shown that the presence of genetic polymorphisms that alter the ability of the body to eliminate contami nants increase the risk of developing cancer. The same applies to polymorphisms that prevent DNA repair due to damage caused by environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke. The objective of this review is to analyze the state of the art of the relationship between pharmacogenetics, smoking, and alcohol consumption as risk factors for the development of cancer. In conclusion, the results suggest that the presence of polymorphisms that alter the function of biotransformation enzymes phase I (CYP1A1, CYP1E1) and phase II (GST), as well as polymorphisms in DNA repair enzymes (ERCC1 / ERCC2), increase the risk of cancer induced by smoking and alcohol consumption. This association is important considering that smoking and drinking alcohol are highly prevalent among the Chilean population.