Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 28
Filtrar
1.
Psicol. ciênc. prof ; 43: e256598, 2023.
Artigo em Português | LILACS, Index Psicologia - Periódicos | ID: biblio-1529209

RESUMO

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre arte e vida segundo Vigotski. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise conceitual dos capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 e 11 da Psicologia da Arte, do capítulo 13 da Psicologia Pedagógica e do texto O significado histórico da crise da Psicologia: Uma investigação metodológica. A pesquisa conceitual consiste na análise semântica dos principais conceitos de uma teoria com o intuito de elucidar seus sentidos ocultos ou confusos e desvendar possíveis contradições e ambiguidades no quadro teórico. Podemos observar que a arte é um fenômeno dialético tanto em sua criação como em seus efeitos. A influência da vida, isto é, da realidade sócio-histórica, na criação artística é indireta, pois ela é sempre mediada pelo psiquismo particular do artista. Já o efeito da arte sobre a vida possibilita que o ser humano se conscientize de sua realidade social e se engaje para mudá-la. A arte é, portanto, transformadora, pois reorganiza o psiquismo e possibilita uma mudança nas condições materiais dos seres humanos.(AU)


This study aims to analyze the relationship between art and life according to Vygotsky. Therefore, a conceptual analysis of chapters 1, 7, 9, 10, and 11 of Psychology of Art, chapter 13 of Educational Psychology and the text The Historical meaning of the Crisis of Psychology: A Methodological Investigation was carried out. Conceptual research consists of the semantic analysis of the main concepts of a theory to elucidate its hidden or confused meanings and to reveal possible contradictions and ambiguities in the theoretical framework. Results show that art is a dialectical phenomenon both in its creation and its effects. The influence of life, that is, of socio-historical reality, on artistic creation is indirect since it is always mediated by the artist's particular psyche. The effect of art on life, on the other hand, allows human beings to become aware of their social reality and engage to change it. Art is, therefore, transformative, as it reorganizes the psyche and enables a change in the material conditions of human beings.(AU)


Este proyecto tuve como objetivo analizar la relación entre el arte y la vida, según Vigotski. Para esto, fue realizado un análisis de los capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 y 11 de Psicología del arte, del capítulo 13 de Psicología Pedagógica y del texto Él significado histórico de la crisis de la Psicología: una investigación metodológica. La pesquisa conceptual consiste en la analice semántica de los conceptos de una teoría, para aclarar sus significados ocultos o confusos y desvendar contradicciones y ambigüedades em el cuadro teórico. Pudimos observar que, el arte es un fenómeno dialéctico en su creación tanto como en sus efectos. La influencia de la vida, esto es, de la realidad socio-histórica, en la creación artística es indirecta, pues es mediada por el psiquismo particular de lo artista. Así, el efecto del arte sobre la vida habilita que lo ser humano adquiera conciencia de su realidad social y que se comprometa a cambiarla. El arte, consiguientemente, transformadora, pues reorganiza lo psiquismo y habilita un cambio en las condiciones materiales de los seres humanos.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Arte , Psicologia , Vida , Representação Social , Pintura , Percepção , Personalidade , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Filosofia , Arquitetura , Princípio do Prazer-Desprazer , Política , Psicologia Social , Agitação Psicomotora , Rejeição em Psicologia , Religião , Associação , Pesquisa , Papel (figurativo) , Sensação , Meio Social , Espiritualismo , Pensamento , Transferência Psicológica , Inconsciente Psicológico , Comportamento , Humanos , Simbolismo , Adaptação Psicológica , Atitude , Catarse , Repertório: Seção Psiquismo , Comentário , Competência Mental , Cognição , Comunismo , Conflito Psicológico , Congressos como Assunto , Emoções Manifestas , Psicologia do Self , Processos Psicoterapêuticos , Desenho , Criatividade , Sinais (Psicologia) , Cultura , Dança , Capitalismo , Características Humanas , Ab-Reação , Drama , Impulso (Psicologia) , Educação , Emoções , Estética , Existencialismo , Competência Cultural , Resiliência Psicológica , Poesia , Prazer , Normas Sociais , Ciência nas Artes , Liberdade , Terapia do Comportamento Dialético , Egocentrismo , Processos Grupais , História , Individualidade , Inteligência , Relações Interpessoais , Literatura , Métodos , Antropologia , Modelos Teóricos , Moral , Filmes Cinematográficos , Motivação , Música
2.
Rev. iberoam. psicol. (En línea) ; 13(3): 109-118, 2020.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1224677

RESUMO

La sensibilidad se refiere a la capacidad del cuidador para percibir las señales del niño, interpretarlas correctamente y responder a ellas de manera contingente y apropiada. El Q Set del Comportamiento Materno (MBQS) fue creado a partir de descripciones teóricas y empíricas de la sensibilidad. Los Q-sorts se asocian con la metodología cuantitativa debido a que asignan puntajes; además, combinan la metodología cualitativa al hacer un estudio sistemático de la subjetividad. Son pocos los artículos que se ocupan de explorar el análisis, la validez interna, la confiabilidad o la replicabilidad externa de los Q-sorts. Usualmente los datos se reducen por medio de un análisis de componentes principales o análisis factorial. Sin embargo, en los Q-sorts se correlacionan los participantes para dilucidar las relaciones entre ellos en lugar de correlacionar las variables. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue encontrar evidencia respecto a la validez basada en la estructura interna del MBQS con el apoyo del software R y el paquete qmethod. Colaboraron 37 díadas mexicanas mamá-bebés, 35 colombianas y 24 uruguayas. En el 2002, Posada y colaboradores propusieron siete escalas. Las escalas en las que nuestro modelo factorial presentó un buen ajuste son las que tienen menos ítems, lo cual puede ser indicativo de que la falta de ajuste tiene que ver con la identificación del modelo debido a que se cuenta con pocas observaciones. Consideramos que tanto el uso del MBQS para evaluar la sensibilidad como del paquete qmethod para realizar el análisis resulta novedoso, relevante y pertinente


Sensitivity refers to the caregiver's ability to perceive infant's cues, interpret them correctly, and respond to them in a contingent and appropriate way. The Maternal Behavior Q Set (MBQS) was created from theoretical and empirical descriptions of sensitivity. Q-methodology is associated with the quantitative methodology because it assigns scores; in addition, it combines qualitative methodology by making a systematic study of subjectivity. Few papers are concerned with exploring the analysis, internal validity, reliability, or external replicability of Q studies. Usually analyses reduce data to a few summarizing factors, based on principal component analysis or centroid factor analysis. Q-factor analysis method was developed especially for q-sorted data; it is a by-person factor analysis which is used to identify groups of participants who make sense of a pool of items in comparable way. The aim of this study was to find evidence regarding the validity based on the internal structure of the MBQS using the R software and the qmethod package. Thirty-seven Mexican, 35 Colombian and 24 Uruguayan mother-baby dyads collaborated. In 2002, Posada et al. proposed seven scales. The scales in which our factorial model presented a good fit are those with the fewest items, which may be indicative that the lack of fit has to do with the identification of the model because there are few observations. We consider that both the use of the MBQS to assess sensitivity and the qmethod package to perform the analysis is novel, relevant and pertinent.


Assuntos
Humanos , Cuidadores , Comportamento Materno , Aptidão , Uruguai , Comportamento , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Colômbia , Sinais (Psicologia) , México , Mães
3.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 38(5): 362-369, Nov. 2015. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-772131

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a care program designed according to a comprehensive ambulatory care model (CACM) on the appearance of new cardiovascular/coronary events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: Participants in this quasi-experimental intervention study included acute coronary syndrome patients 30-70 years old. The intervention group (n = 165) received care under the CACM, guided by an interdisciplinary team. The CACM included transitional care, risk stratification by severity, physiological profiling (impedance cardiography), and a treatment plan in accordance with current guidelines. The control group (n = 277) received conventional, recommended care in an ambulatory cardiac rehabilitation program. During one year of follow-up, the use of emergency and hospital services related to new cardiovascular and coronary events was evaluated. RESULTS: Differences in the numbers of cardiovascular events (P = 0.003) and coronary events (P = 0.006) experienced by patients were found between the control group and the intervention group. The instantaneous risk of a cardiovascular event (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-2.75; P = 0.007) and of a coronary event (HR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.13-2.90; P = 0.013), after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and compromised coronary arteries, was higher in the control group than the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: Provision of care under the CACM to patients who had experienced an acute coronary event reduced emergency room visits and rehospitalizations related to new cardiovascular and coronary events by 40%. The average "number needed to treat" (NNT) under the CACM to have an impact on one person (in this case, the prevention of one cardiovascular or coronary event), was 9 and 11 respectively, indicating it is cost-effective.


OBJETIVO:Evaluar el efecto de un programa de atención diseñado según un modelo integral de atención ambulatoria (MIAA) en la aparición de nuevos episodios cardiovasculares o coronarios en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. MÉTODOS: Como participantes en este estudio de intervención cuasiexperimental se incluyó a pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo de 30 a 70 años de edad. El grupo de intervención (n = 165) recibió atención mediante el MIAA, guiada por un equipo interdisciplinario. El MIAA incluyó la atención transitoria, la estratificación del riesgo según la gravedad, la realización de pruebas fisiológicas (cardiografía de impedancia) y un plan de tratamiento conforme con las directrices actuales. El grupo de referencia (n = 277) recibió la atención convencional recomendada en un programa ambulatorio de rehabilitación cardíaca. Durante el año en que se llevó a cabo el seguimiento, se evaluó el uso de los servicios de urgencia y hospitalarios relacionados con nuevos episodios cardiovasculares y coronarios. RESULTADOS: Se observaron diferencias en el número de episodios cardiovasculares (P = 0,003) y episodios coronarios (P = 0,006) experimentados por los pacientes del grupo de referencia y el grupo de intervención. El cociente de riesgo instantáneo de un episodio cardiovascular (HR = 1,80; IC de 95%: 1,17-2,75; P = 0,007) y de un episodio coronario (HR = 1,81; IC de 95%: 1,13-2,90; P = 0,013), tras ajustar para la edad, el sexo, el tabaquismo y las arterias coronarias afectadas, fue mayor en el grupo de referencia que en el grupo de intervención. CONCLUSIONES: La prestación de atención mediante el MIAA a los pacientes que habían experimentado un episodio coronario agudo redujo en 40% las visitas a servicios de urgencia y las rehospitalizaciones relacionadas con nuevos episodios cardiovasculares y coronarios. El número promedio de pacientes "que es necesario tratar" mediante el MIAA para que tenga repercusión en uno de ellos (en este caso, la prevención de un episodio cardiovascular o coronario), fue de 9 y 11 respectivamente, lo que indica que la intervención es eficaz en función de los costos.


Assuntos
Humanos , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Percepção Social , Sinais (Psicologia) , Emoções , Empatia , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Meio Social , Teoria da Mente
4.
Rev. bras. enferm ; 68(2): 244-252, Mar-Apr/2015. tab
Artigo em Português | LILACS, BDENF - Enfermagem | ID: lil-752512

RESUMO

RESUMO Objetivo: estudo descritivo, exploratório, de corte transversal, cujo objetivo foi identificar a vulnerabilidade de famílias de idosos assistidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Método: foi desenvolvido por meio de entrevistas domiciliárias realizadas com uma amostra de 500 famílias de idosos assistidas por 32 equipes da ESF da cidade de Dourados, MS. O Índice de Desenvolvimento da Família (IDF) foi adaptado para classificá-las em função da situação de vulnerabilidade. Resultados: os resultados revelaram a presença de famílias multigeracionais, com baixa escolaridade entre os indivíduos com idade superior a 20 anos e alta taxa de analfabetismo entre os idosos. Identificaram-se 403 famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade aceitável, 95 em vulnerabilidade grave e duas famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade muito grave. As dimensões mais críticas do IDF foram os acessos ao conhecimento e ao trabalho. Conclusão: conclui-se que há necessidade de mais investimentos no cuidado a esses idosos e suas famílias na Atenção Básica. .


RESUMEN Objetivo: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, transversal, con el objetivo de identificar la vulnerabilidad de familias adultos mayores asistidas por la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF). Método: fue desarrollado mediante entrevistas a una muestra de 500 familias de adultos mayores bajo la responsabilidad de 32 equipos de ESF en la ciudad de Dourados, MS, Brasil. El Índice de Desarrollo de la Familia (IDF) fue adaptado para clasificar las familias de acuerdo a la situación de vulnerabilidad. Resultados: los resultados revelaron la presencia de familias multigeneracionales con bajo nivel de educación entre las personas mayores de 20 años y las altas tasas de analfabetismo entre los adultos mayores. Se identificaron 403 familias en situación de vulnerabilidad aceptable, 95 con vulnerabilidad grave y dos familias en situación de vulnerabilidad muy grave. Las dimensiones más críticas en el IDF fueron el acceso al conocimiento y al trabajo. Conclusión: se concluye que existe la necesidad de una mayor inversión, con un enfoque en la atención primaria, con el fin de atender a las personas mayores y sus familias. .


ABSTRACT Objective: the present descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional study aimed to identify the vulnerability of families of elderly citizens cared for by the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Method: the research employed home interviews and was developed with a sample of 500 families of aged people cared for by 32 FHS teams in the city of Dourados, MS, Brazil. The Family Development Index (FDI) was adapted in order to classify the families according to their degree of vulnerability. Results: the results revealed the presence of multigenerational families with low educational levels among individuals over the age of 20 and high illiteracy rates among elderly citizens. There were 403 families whose vulnerability was acceptable, 95 in severe vulnerability, and two families in a condition of very severe vulnerability. The most critical dimensions of the FDI were the access to knowledge and to work. Conclusion: the study identifi ed that there is still a need for further investments that can assist these aged people and their families in the Primary Health Care. .


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Sensibilidades de Contraste/fisiologia , Percepção de Forma/fisiologia , Macaca mulatta/fisiologia , Córtex Visual/fisiologia , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Sinais (Psicologia) , Iluminação , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Imagem Óptica , Estimulação Luminosa , Córtex Visual/anatomia & histologia
5.
Rev. biol. trop ; 62(4): 1535-1548, oct.-dic. 2014. graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-753709

RESUMO

Green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, are grazers influencing the distribution of seagrass within shallow coastal ecosystems, yet the drivers behind C. mydas patch use within seagrass beds are largely unknown. Current theories center on food quality (nutrient content) as the plant responds to grazing disturbances; however, no study has monitored these parameters in a natural setting without grazer manipulation. To determine the morphological and physiological responses potentially influencing seagrass recovery from grazing disturbances, seagrasses were monitored for one year under three different grazing scenarios (turtle grazed, fish grazed and ungrazed) in a tropical ecosystem in Akumal Bay, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Significantly less soluble carbohydrates and increased nitrogen and phosphorus content in Thalassia testudinum were indicative of the stresses placed on seagrasses during herbivory. To determine if these physiological responses were the drivers of the heterogeneous grazing behavior by C. mydas recorded in Akumal Bay, patches were mapped and monitored over a six-month interval. The abandoned patches had the lowest standing crop rather than leaf nutrient or rhizome soluble carbohydrate content. This suggests a modified Giving Up Density (GUD) behavior: the critical threshold where cost of continued grazing does not provide minimum nutrients, therefore, new patches must be utilized, explains resource abandonment and mechanism behind C. mydas grazing. This study is the first to apply GUD theory, often applied in terrestrial literature, to explain marine herbivore grazing behavior.


Las tortugas verdes, Chelonia mydas, son herbívoros que influencian la distribución de pastos marinos en sistemas costeros someros, sin embargo los factores que hay detrás del uso de un parche de pastos marinos por C. mydas son desconocidos. Teorías actuales se centran en calidad de alimento (contenido de nutrientes en tejido) conforme la planta responde a la alteración causada por el pastoreo; sin embargo no hay estudios que hayan monitoreado estos parámetros en un diseño natural sin manipulación del herbívoro. Para deter minar las respuestas morfológicas y fisiológicas (productividad, morfología y almacenamiento de nutrientes) que potencialmente influencian la recuperación de los pastos de la alteración por pastoreo, los pastos fueron monitoreados por un año en tres escenarios diferentes de pastoreo (pastoreo por tortuga, pastoreo por peces, sin pastoreo) en el sistema tropical Bahía de Akumal, Quintana Roo, México. Significativamente menos carbohidratos solubles y mayor contenido de nitrógeno y fósforo fueron indicativos del estrés causado por el pastoreo en los pastos. Para determinar si estas respuestas fisiológicas de los pastos son las causantes del heterogéneo comportamiento de pastoreo de C. midas, reportado en Akumal, se mapearon y monitorearon parches de pastos en intervalos de seis meses. Los parches abandonados tuvieron menor biomasa, en vez de bajo contenido de nutrientes en hoja, o de carbohidratos en raíces. Estos resultados sugieren un comportamiento modificado de renunciamiento por densidad: el umbral crítico donde el costo de pastoreo continuo no provee los nutrimentos mínimos, por lo tanto nuevos parches deberán ser utilizados, explicando así el abandono del recurso y mecanismo detrás del comportamiento de pastoreo por C. mydas. Este es el primer estudio en aplicar la teoría de renuncia por densidad, frecuentemente utilizada en la literatura terrestre, para explicar el comportamiento de pastoreo de herbívoros.


Assuntos
Animais , Alismatales/anatomia & histologia , Alismatales/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Tartarugas/fisiologia , Alismatales/classificação , Sinais (Psicologia) , México , Estações do Ano , Tartarugas/classificação
6.
Psychol. neurosci. (Impr.) ; 6(3): 247-251, July-Dec. 2013. graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-703087

RESUMO

Previous research has shown that visual spatial attention can be modulated by emotional prosody cues, but it is not known whether such crossmodal modulation of visual attention is associated with the engagement or disengagement of attentional resources. To test this, we employed a modified spatial cueing task, where participants indicated whether a visual target appeared either on the left or the right, after hearing a spatially non-predictive peripheral sound. Prior studies using prosody cues have found that modulation of visual attention by emotional auditory cues was lateralized, but this may have been due to the speech content of the stimuli; here instead we used non-speech environmental sounds. The sound was either emotional (pleasant, unpleasant) or neutral, and was presented either on the same side as the visual target ('valid' trial) or on the opposite side ('invalid' trial). For the cue validity index (RT to invalid cue minus RT to valid cue), we found differences between emotional and neutral cues, but only for visual targets presented in the right hemifield; here the cue validity index was lower for unpleasant compared to neutral and pleasant cues. Absolute RTs for targets on the right were faster for invalid trials following unpleasant cues, compared to pleasant and neutral cues, indicating that the reduced cue validity effect was due to faster disengagement from unpleasant auditory cues. Further, our results show that the laterality effect is related to the emotional nature of the cues, rather than the speech content of the stimuli...


Assuntos
Humanos , Atenção , Sinais (Psicologia) , Emoções
7.
Psychol. neurosci. (Impr.) ; 6(3): 383-390, July-Dec. 2013. graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-703101

RESUMO

The ability to process environmental cues and make advantageous choices has been fundamental during human evolution. Discounting future rewards is a capacity of our evolved mind and could be useful for understanding career decisions. This paper investigated the relationship between real-life plans, career choices, and income indicators based on an evolutionary approach of future discounting. Study 1 analyzed the plans of 200 senior high school students, and Study 2 analyzed a database of 46,649 applicants to a Brazilian public university. The results demonstrated that lower income subjects made career decisions with quicker returns and smaller investments. They included a job in immediate plans more frequently than higher income students who planned to go to a university. Analyzing the applicants' choices, higher income subjects sought courses with greater entrance difficulty. We suggest that individuals adjust career plans and choices according to their socioeconomic conditions and assume different discounting rates by considering risks of failure and future gains...


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Escolha da Profissão , Ciência Cognitiva , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Sinais (Psicologia)
8.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 45(5): 425-435, May 2012. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-622767

RESUMO

This study investigated the influence of cueing on the performance of untrained and trained complex motor responses. Healthy adults responded to a visual target by performing four sequential movements (complex response) or a single movement (simple response) of their middle finger. A visual cue preceded the target by an interval of 300, 1000, or 2000 ms. In Experiment 1, the complex and simple responses were not previously trained. During the testing session, the complex response pattern varied on a trial-by-trial basis following the indication provided by the visual cue. In Experiment 2, the complex response and the simple response were extensively trained beforehand. During the testing session, the trained complex response pattern was performed in all trials. The latency of the untrained and trained complex responses decreased from the short to the medium and long cue-target intervals. The latency of the complex response was longer than that of the simple response, except in the case of the trained responses and the long cue-target interval. These results suggest that the preparation of untrained complex responses cannot be completed in advance, this being possible, however, for trained complex responses when enough time is available. The duration of the 1st submovement, 1st pause and 2nd submovement of the untrained and the trained complex responses increased from the short to the long cue-target interval, suggesting that there is an increase of online programming of the response possibly related to the degree of certainty about the moment of target appearance.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Sinais (Psicologia) , Condicionamento Psicológico/fisiologia , Movimento/fisiologia , Estimulação Luminosa/métodos , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia
9.
Trends psychiatry psychother. (Impr.) ; 33(3): 181-188, 2011. tab
Artigo em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-625450

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Tem-se observado um aumento da prevalência de dependentes de crack em amostras clínicas, o que torna necessária a realização de pesquisas quanto a estratégias de tratamento direcionadas a essa clientela. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o caso de um dependente de crack internado no qual foram utilizados o tratamento de exposição a estímulos (TEE) e o treinamento de habilidades (TH) como coadjuvantes ao tratamento tradicional. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: O paciente é do sexo masculino, 29 anos de idade, solteiro, ensino médio completo. Era dependente de crack e de maconha e fazia uso nocivo de álcool. O paciente já estava internado havia 2 semanas e tinha passado por um protocolo de quatro sessões com entrevista motivacional e prevenção à recaída. Foram feitas seis sessões, ao longo de 2 semanas, de TEE e TH, nas quais o paciente foi exposto in vivo e pela imaginação a estímulos evocadores de fissura, como cachimbo de crack, isqueiro, pedras simuladas, lembranças de locais e amigos associados ao uso da droga. Ele também foi treinado para utilizar estratégias de manejo da fissura. Após 3 meses da alta hospitalar, foi realizado screening toxicológico para avaliar a manutenção de abstinência. O paciente avaliou o uso das técnicas como importante para a manutenção da abstinência após 3 meses da alta e para sua baixa média de fissura pelo crack. COMENTÁRIOS: Talvez o TEE e o TH para manejo da fissura possam ser úteis como coadjuvantes no tratamento de dependentes de crack. Tal uso deve ser avaliado em ensaios clínicos para demonstrar seu real benefício (AU)


OBJECTIVE: An increased prevalence of crack cocaine users has been observed in clinical samples over the past years, underscoring the need for conducting research and developing treatment strategies aimed at this population. The objective of this study was to describe the case of a crack cocaine addict (inpatient) submitted to cue exposure treatment (CET) and coping skills training (CS) as adjuvant approaches to the conventional addiction treatment. CASE DESCRIPTION: A male patient, 29 years old, single, with complete high school, was dependent on crack cocaine and marijuana and also had a diagnosis of harmful alcohol use. The patient had been hospitalized for 2 weeks and had undertaken a protocol comprising four motivational interview and relapse prevention sessions. Six sessions of CET and CS were carried out over 2 weeks, including both in vivo and imaginal exposure to stimuli evoking craving for crack cocaine, such as a crack pipe, a lighter, and simulated crack cocaine rocks (in vivo exposure), or remembering places and friends associated with drug use (imaginal exposure). The patient was also trained to use strategies for the management of craving. Three months after hospital discharge, toxicological screening was performed to assess abstinence. CET and CS were considered by the patient to be important techniques for the maintenance of abstinence and of a low level of craving 3 months after discharge. COMMENTS: These findings suggest that the two techniques may be useful as adjuvant therapies in the treatment of crack cocaine dependents. CET and CS should be assessed in clinical trials in order to demonstrate their real benefits (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Cocaína Crack , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/terapia , Fissura , Terapia Implosiva , Adaptação Psicológica , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/psicologia , Sinais (Psicologia)
10.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 43(10): 914-919, Oct. 2010. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-561227

RESUMO

Infant rats must learn to identify their mother’s diet-dependent odor. Once learned, maternal odor controls pups’ approach to the mother, their social behavior and nipple attachment. Here we present a review of the research from four different laboratories, which suggests that neural and behavioral responses to the natural maternal odor and neonatal learned odors are similar. Together, these data indicate that pups have a unique learning circuit relying on the olfactory bulb for neural plasticity and on the hyperfunctioning noradrenergic locus coeruleus flooding the olfactory bulb with norepinephrine to support the neural changes. Another important factor making this system unique is the inability of the amygdala to become incorporated into the infant learning circuit. Thus, infant rats appear to be primed in early life to learn odors that will evoke approach responses supporting attachment to the caregiver.


Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Ratos , Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Aprendizagem por Discriminação/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Locus Cerúleo/fisiologia , Odorantes , Bulbo Olfatório/fisiologia , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Norepinefrina/fisiologia
11.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 82(2): 313-321, June 2010. graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-548412

RESUMO

Megalopae of many decapod crab species accelerate their development time to metamorphosis (TTM) when exposed to natural physical and/or chemical cues characteristic of the parental habitat. In the present study, the influence of natural settlement cues on the moulting rates and development TTM in megalopae of the fiddler crab Uca vocator was investigated. The effects of mud from different habitats (including well-preserved and degraded-polluted mangrove habitats) and conspecific adult 'odours' (seawater conditioned with crabs) on the induction of metamorphosis were compared with filtered pure seawater (control). 95 to 100 percent of the megalopae successfully metamorphosed to first juvenile crab stage in all treatments, including the control. However, the development TTM differed significantly among treatments. Settlement cues significantly shortened development, while moulting was delayed in their absence. The fact that megalopae responded to metamorphosis-stimulating cues originating from both adult and non-adult benthic habitats demonstrates that settlement in this species may occur in a wider range of habitats within the mangrove ecosystem, including impacted areas.


Megalopas de muitas espécies de caranguejos decápodes aceleram seu período de desenvolvimento até a metamorfose (TOM) quando são expostas a estímulos naturais físicos e/ou químicos característicos do habitat parental. No presente estudo, a influência de estímulos naturais sobre as taxas de muda e sobre o PDM foi investigada nas megalopas do caranguejo violinista Uca vocator. Os efeitos da (i) lama de diferentes habitats (incluindo habitats de um manguezal bem preservado e de um degradado e poluído) e (ii) 'odores' dos adultos conspecíficos (água do mar acondicionada com caranguejos) sobre a indução da metamorfose foram comparados com (iii) água do mar pura e filtrada (controle). 95 a 100 por cento das megalopas realizaram a metamorfose com sucesso para o primeiro estágio de caranguejo juvenil em todos os tratamentos, incluindo o controle. No entanto, o PDM diferiu significativamente entre os tratamentos. Os estímulos encurtaram significativamente o desenvolvimento, enquanto que a muda foi retardada na ausência deles. O fato de que as megalopas responderam aos estímulos indutores da metamorfose oriundos de ambos os habitats bentônicos dos adultos e de habitats onde eles são ausentes, demonstra que o assentamento nesta espécie pode ocorrer em uma grande variedade de habitats dentro do ecossistema de manguezal, incluindo áreas impactadas.


Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Braquiúros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ecossistema , Metamorfose Biológica/fisiologia , Odorantes , Braquiúros/fisiologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Água do Mar , Fatores de Tempo
12.
Biol. Res ; 41(4): 405-412, Dec. 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-518396

RESUMO

The anteromedial extrastriate complex has been proposed to play an essential role in a spatial orientation system in rats. To gain more information about that possible role, in the present work, two questions were addressed: 1. Are allocentric visual cues relevant for acquisition of the orientation task in the Lashley III maze? 2. Is this integration of allocentric inputs in the anteromedial visual complex relevant in the retention of this test? While a control group of rats was trained keeping the maze in the same position, the experimental group was trained with the maze rotated counterclockwise by 144 degrees from session to session. Control rats reached learning criterion significantly earlier and with less errors than the experimental ones (p<.05). After 11 sessions, rats of both groups received stereotaxic injections of ibotenic acid in the anteromedial complex. In the retention test one week after surgery, the control group, which had been able to learn using egocentric and allocentric visual cues, showed a greater deficit than the experimental animals (p<.05). These results confirm the role of the anteromedial complex in the processing of visuospatial orientation tasks and demonstrate the integration of allocentric visual cues in the solution of those tasks.


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Orientação/fisiologia , Retenção Psicológica/fisiologia , Córtex Visual/fisiologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Ácido Ibotênico/farmacologia , Córtex Visual/efeitos dos fármacos
13.
Biol. Res ; 41(4): 473-479, Dec. 2008. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-518402

RESUMO

Twelve rats were trained to perform a two-choice visual detection task in which a right or left light was presented and the animals were required to press the lever located under the illuminated light for a food reward. In seventy percent of the trials the target light was preceded by presentation of a neutral cue (a central light). Relevance of the neutral cue for detection of the target was analyzed by comparing behavioral indices of attention in its presence and absence. Accuracy was significantly higher in presence than in absence of the neutral cue, while mean response latencies were lower in presence than in absence of the neutral cue. These results indicate that the animals allocated attentional resources on the target detection during a high expectancy period after the onset of the neutral cue. This could facilitate target detection and improve the performance in the presence of the neutral cue.


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Atenção/fisiologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Campos Visuais/fisiologia , Estimulação Luminosa , Ratos Long-Evans , Tempo de Reação , Esquema de Reforço
14.
Univ. psychol ; 6(2): 451-463, mayo.-ago. 2007. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-571871

RESUMO

El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de variar la posición temporal de estímulos intrusivos durante el intervalo de demora, y de la consistencia e inconsistencia en la relación muestra-reforzador en una tarea de igualación de la muestra demorada. Para tres palomas, el estímulo intrusivo mantuvo una relación consistente con la relación muestra-reforzador, mientras que para otras tres, el estímulo intrusivo mantuvo una relación inconsistente con la que guardaban el estímulo muestra y el reforzador. En ambos grupos se varió la posición del estímulo intrusivo durante la demora (inicio, mitad y final). Se encontró que el índice de discriminación fue más bajo en la posición final y mitad en ambos grupos. Los resultados se discuten en términos de la relación que tienen las variables temporales sobre las diferentes propiedades que desarrollan los estímulos.


The present study evaluated the effect of varying the temporary position of intruded stimuli during the delay intervaland the consistency and inconsistency in the relationship sample-reinforcer in a delayed matching to sample task. Forthree pigeons the intruded stimulus maintained a consistent relationship with the sample-reinforcer relationship,while for other three pigeons the intruded stimulus maintained a inconsistent relationship with the sample stimulusreinforcer correlation. In both groups the position of the intruded stimulus was varied during the delay (begin, half and final). The discrimination index was lower in the final and half position in both groups. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship that have the temporary variables about the different properties that develop the stimuli.


Assuntos
Animais , Reforço Psicológico , Condicionamento Operante , Experimentação Animal , Sinais (Psicologia)
15.
Univ. psychol ; 6(2): 441-450, mayo.-ago. 2007. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-571872

RESUMO

Se llevó a cabo un experimento en el que diez palomas fueron entrenadas en una tarea de discriminación condicional de su propia conducta. Los sujetos aprendían que cuando la muestra había consistido en responder a la izquierda (derecha) ante dos teclas blancas, debían elegir la comparación roja (verde) para ser reforzados. Una vez que los animales habían aprendido esta tarea, se les pasaba a una fase de prueba. En concreto, cinco palomas fueron entrenadas en una transferencia positiva, ya que si la muestra era ahora la tecla roja (verde) tenían que elegir la comparación izquierda (derecha) para llegar al reforzador. Por el contrario, las otras cinco palomas recibían un entrenamiento de transferencia negativa, ya que la tarea consistía en que ante una muestra roja (verde) debían elegir la comparación derecha (izquierda) para ser reforzados. Los datos obtenidos indican que la ejecución de los sujetos del grupo en el que había coherencia entre las fases fue superior a la de los sujetos del grupo en el que no había dicha coherencia. Los resultados son interpretados en relación con la importancia que la discriminación de la propia conducta tiene en la derivación de relaciones bidireccionales.


An experiment was carried out in which 10 pigeons were trained in a task of conditional discrimination of their ownbehavior. The birds learned that when the sample had consisted on responding to the left (right) with two white keys,they should choose the red (green) comparison to be reinforced. Once the animals had learned this task, they werepassed to a test phase. In short, 5 pigeons were trained in a positive transfer, where the sample was now the red (green) key they had to choose the left (right) comparison to obtain the reinforcer. On the contrary, the other 5 pigeons received a training of negative transfer, where the task consisted in that with a red (green) sample they should choose the right (left) comparison to be reinforced. The obtained data indicate that the performance of those subjects of the group in which there was coherence among the phases went superior to that of those subjects of the group where there was not this coherence. The results are interpreted in connection with the importance that the discrimination of the own behavior has in the derivation of bidirectional relationships.


Assuntos
Animais , Experimentação Animal , Condicionamento Operante , Reforço Psicológico , Sinais (Psicologia)
16.
Rev. mal-estar subj ; 7(1): 137-161, mar. 2007.
Artigo em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-484936

RESUMO

A dicotomia entre conhecimento e prática ensejada pela modernidade e pelo paradigma científico a ela associado tem sido debatida no cenário contemporâneo a partir de leituras denominadas modernas e pós-modernas. O modo de produzir subjetividade e conhecimento que predomina no cenário contemporâneo produz, por um lado, subjetividade que se acreditam constituídas por uma consciência capaz de expurgar os afetos e controlar o entorno e a si própria. Por outro lado, temos a produção da ciência calcada no pressuposto do saber absoluto e verdadeiro. Problematizar temas releventes a esses debates e subjacentes a essas leituras se revela fundamental ao exercício da prática do profissional que se preocupa com a sua inserção crítica, já que as concepções em pauta subsumem o debate sobre o homem simbólico, as narrativas e a concepção sobre o real. Neste artigo, o objetivo específico é analisar o pressuposto antirealista e o pressuposto da dissolução das referências identidárias concomitante às reverberações na produção subjetiva e social. De forma específica, focalizamos a concepão sobre o ato de conhecer e sobre o sujeito que conhece e as suas relações com a constituição subjetiva e cognoscente. Ato contínuo, essas análises são ilustradas a partir de recortes do trabalho realizado com grupos em uma instituição escolar e são estabelecidas relações entre as práticas psicológicas e as leituras acerca da constituição subjetiva do conhecimento.


The dichotomy between knowledge and practice desired by modernity and by its associated scientific paradigm has been discussed in the contemporary scenery taking as a starting point the so-called modern and pos-modern readings.The predominant form of producing subjectivity and knowledge in the contemporary sceney constructs, on the one hand, subjectivities that are believed to be constituted by a conscience capable of purging the affections and controliling the surroundings and itself. On the order hand, we have the production of sciense based on the assumption of the absolute and true knowledge. To problematize themes that are relevant to these debates and subjacent to those readings is fundamental for the professional practice that is concerned with its critical insertion, since the conceptions mentioned subsume the debate about the symbolic man, the narratives and the conception abouth the real. In this article, the specific objective is to anlyze the anti-realistic and the dissolution assumptions of the identy references concomitant with their reverberations in the subjective and social. Specifically, we have focused the conception about the knowledge act and about the knowing subject and his/her relations to the subjective and cognoscente constitution. Henceforth, those analyses are illustrated from parts of the work carried out with groups in a school and relations are established between the psychological practices and the readings on the subjective constitution and on the knowing subject.


Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adulto , História do Século XXI , Conhecimento , Ego , Estresse Psicológico , Narração , Sinais (Psicologia) , Prática Psicológica , Psicanálise
17.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 39(7): 957-968, July 2006. ilus, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-431565

RESUMO

The influence of a peripheral cue represented by a gray ring on responsivity to a subsequent target varies. When a vertical line inside a ring was a go target and a white small ring inside a ring was a no-go target, reaction time was shorter at the same location relative to a different location. However, no reaction time difference between the two locations occurred when a white cross inside the ring, instead of the white vertical line inside the ring, was the go target. We investigated whether this last finding was due to a forward masking influence of the cue, a requirement of low attention for the discrimination or a lack of attention mobilization by the cue. In Experiment 1, the intensity of the cue was reduced in an attempt to reduce forward masking. In Experiment 2, the vertical line and the cross were presented in the same block of trials so as to be dealt with a common attentional strategy. In Experiments 3 and 4, the no-go target was a 45° rotated cross inside a ring to increase the difficulty of the discrimination. No evidence was obtained that the cross was forward masked by the cue nor that it demanded less attention to be discriminated from the small ring. There was a facilitation of responsivity by the cue when the small ring was replaced by the rotated cross. The results suggest that when the discrimination to be performed is too easy the cue does not mobilize attention.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Atenção/fisiologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Mascaramento Perceptivo/fisiologia , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia
18.
Biol. Res ; 39(2): 259-267, 2006. graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-432428

RESUMO

Relevance of a neutral cue for performance in a two-choice visuospatial detection task was examined. Nine rats were trained, 5 with short intertrial interval (ITI) and 4 with long ITI, to detect a target (lateral lights) presented after a neutral-cue (central light). The removal of the neutral-cue decreased accuracy and increased response latencies and omissions. These results demonstrate that a neutral-cue, preceding the target, is relevant for the performance, suggesting that rats are highly expectant during the neutral-cue and reallocate attentional resources during ITI. Furthermore, latencies were higher, omissions were lower and the fall of accuracy was greater for rats with long than with short ITI, which could indicate that the neutral-cue was more relevant for the former group.


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Atenção/fisiologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Ratos Long-Evans , Tempo de Reação , Esquema de Reforço
19.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 37(7): 1063-1069, July 2004. graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-360942

RESUMO

Previous studies have shown that saccadic eye responses but not manual responses were sensitive to the kind of warning signal used, with visual onsets producing longer saccadic latencies compared to visual offsets. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of distinct warning signals on manual latencies and to test the premise that the onset interference, in fact, does not occur for manual responses. A second objective was to determine if the magnitude of the warning effects could be modulated by contextual procedures. Three experimental conditions based on the kind of warning signal used (visual onset, visual offset and auditory warning) were run in two different contexts (blocked and non-blocked). Eighteen participants were asked to respond to the imperative stimulus that would occur some milliseconds (0, 250, 500 or 750 ms) after the warning signal. The experiment consisted in three experimental sessions of 240 trials, where all the variables were counterbalanced. The data showed that visual onsets produced longer manual latencies than visual offsets in the non-blocked context (275 vs 261 ms; P < 0.001). This interference was obtained, however, only for short intervals between the warning and the stimulus, and was abolished when the blocked context was used (256 vs 255 ms; P = 0.789). These results are discussed in terms of bottom-up and top-down interactions, mainly those related to the role of attentional processing in canceling out competitive interactions and suppressive influences of a distractor on the relevant stimulus.


Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Sinais (Psicologia) , Fixação Ocular , Estimulação Luminosa , Tempo de Reação , Movimentos Sacádicos
20.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 37(4): 533-538, Apr. 2004. ilus, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-357105

RESUMO

Simple manual reaction time (MRT) to a visual target (S2) is shortened when a non-informative cue (S1) is flashed at the S2 location shortly before the onset of S2 (early facilitation). Afterwards, MRT to S2 appearing at the S1 location is lengthened (inhibition of return - IOR). Similar results have been obtained for saccadic reaction time (SRT). Moreover, when there is a temporal gap between offset of the fixation point (FP) and onset of a target (gap paradigm), SRT is shorter than SRT in an overlap paradigm (FP remains on). In the present study, we determined SRT to S2 (10º) after presenting S1 at the same eccentricity (10º) or at a parafoveal position (2º) in the same or in the opposite hemifield. In addition, we employed both gap and overlap paradigms. Twelve subjects were asked not to respond to S1 (2º or 10º) to the right or to the left of FP, but to respond by making a saccadic movement in response to S2. We obtained the following results: 1) a 40-ms gap effect, 2) an interaction between gap effect and IOR, 3) a 39-ms delay (IOR) when S2 appeared at the cued (S1) position, and 4) a smaller (17 ms) but significant inhibition when S1 occurred at 2º in the ipsilateral hemifield. Thus, a parafoveal (2º) S1 elicits an inhibition of SRT towards ipsilateral peripheral targets. Since an inhibition of the ipsilateral hemifield by a 1º eccentric cue has been reported to occur when manual responses are employed, we suggest that the postulated functional link between covert and overt orienting of attention is also valid for parafoveal cues.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Atenção , Tempo de Reação , Movimentos Sacádicos , Campos Visuais , Sinais (Psicologia) , Percepção Visual
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA
...