Cursos en línea abiertos y masivos: oportunidad de aprendizaje sobre salud global en Latinoamérica / Massive open online courses: learning opportunities about global health for Latin American countries

Introducción. Los cursos en línea, masivos y abiertos, brindan la oportunidad de formar profesionales e investigadores en Latinoamérica sobre salud global. Objetivos. Determinar la oferta global de los cursos en línea, masivos y abiertos, sobre salud global y conocer las características de su contenido. Materiales y métodos. Se examinaron las plataformas especializadas en cursos en línea, masivos y abiertos, para recopilar aquellos sobre salud global. La búsqueda no tuvo restricción de tiempo y se realizó por última vez en noviembre de 2021. La estrategia de búsqueda solo incluyó el descriptor "global health". Posteriormente, se obtuvieron las características del curso, su contenido y el dominio abordado de salud global. Estos datos fueron analizados descriptivamente, y se reportaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados. La estrategia de búsqueda identificó 4.724 cursos en línea, masivos y abiertos. De ellos, solo 92 estaban relacionados con salud global. La mayoría de estos cursos (n=44; 47,8 %) se ofrecieron mediante la plataforma Coursera. Más de la mitad de los cursos (n=50; 54,4 %) fueron realizados por instituciones de Estados Unidos y en idioma inglés (n=90; 97,8 %). La mayor parte de los cursos se centró en la "globalización de la salud y la asistencia sanitaria" (n=24; 26,1 %), seguido de los dominios "fortalecimiento de capacidades" (n=16; 17,4 %), "carga global de enfermedad" y "determinantes sociales y ambientales de la salud" (n=15; 16,3 %). Conclusiones. Se encontró una importante oferta de cursos en línea, masivos y abiertos, sobre salud global. Estos cursos abordaron las competencias de la salud global que se requieren para los profesionales sanitarios.

Introduction. Massive open online courses provide the opportunity to train health professionals and researchers from Latin America in global health. Objective. To determine the global offer of massive open online courses in global health and the characteristics of their content. Material and methods. We examined massive open online course platforms to compile the global health offerings. The search had no time restriction and was last conducted in November, 2021. The search strategy only included the descriptor "global health". We obtained the characteristics of the courses, their content, and the global health domain covered. These data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, reporting absolute and relative frequencies. Results. Our search strategy identified 4,724 massive open online courses. Of these, only 92 were related to global health. Most of these courses (n=44; 47.8%) were offered through Coursera. More than half (n=50; 54.4%) of the MOOCs were conducted by U.S.A. institutions and in English language (n=90; 97.8%). Most courses focused on "globalization of health and healthcare" (n=24; 26.1%), followed by the domains "capacity building" (n=16; 17.4%), "global burden of disease" and "social and environmental determinants of health" (n=15; 16.3%). Conclusions. We found a high offer of massive open online courses on global health. These courses covered the global health competencies required for health professionals.

Evaluación de un curso online de educación sexual integral escolar de autoaprendizaje para público en general: curso MOOC / Evaluation of a comprehensive scholar sexual education course self-learning online to general population: MOOC course

Introducción: La educación sexual integral escolar es recomendada por la UNESCO, la OMS, la UNICEF y las NN.UU. Objetivo: Evaluación de un curso de educación sexual integral escolar on line de autoaprendizaje para público general, tipo MOOC (Massive Online Open Course), gratuito. Método: Constituido por 17 capítulos, 17 conferencias, 213 preguntas, 14 videos/talleres con 76 preguntas, curso en radio FM 102.5 UCH y 3 películas originales. Sin fecha de término. Resultados: Se inscribieron voluntariamente 230 estudiantes: el 88% provenientes de Chile, el 6% del extranjero y el 6% sin identificación. El 93% eran menores de 29 años, el 60% de sexo femenino y el 94% con educación media o universitaria. El tiempo de ejecución del curso fue menos de 50 días en el 6%, de 100 a 300 días en el 78,7%, y de 301 a 399 días en el 15%. De los 751 inscritos a diciembre de 2021, terminaron el primer módulo 230 (30,6%), el segundo 207 (28%), el tercero 199 (26%), el cuarto 184 (25%) y el quinto 177 (24%). De los 230 que iniciaron el primer módulo terminaron el curso 177 (77%). La evaluación final del cumplimiento de los objetivos de los cinco módulos del curso como bueno/excelente fue la siguiente: primero 89%, segundo 91%, tercero 92%, cuarto 93% y quinto 94%; para los cinco módulos fue 92% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 90,9-92,7). La evaluación final de la calidad del desarrollo del curso como buena/excelente fue la siguiente: primero 92% (IC95%: 90,5-94,0) segundo 92% (IC95%: 90,1-93,9%), tercero 93% (IC95%: 91,2-94,9%), cuarto 94% (IC95%: 91,8-95,4%) y quinto 96% (IC95%: 92,0-98,4%); para los cinco módulos fue 93% (IC95%: 92,1-93,7%). Conclusiones: La evaluación de los participantes en el Cumplimiento de los Objetivos y en la Calidad del Desarrollo, en los 19 temas temas del curso alcanza un promedio de 92% y 93%, respectivamente.

Introduction: The comprehensive scholar sexual education is recommended by UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF and UN. Objective: Evaluation of comprehensive scholar sexual education course for general public, MOOC free. Method: On line course with 17 chapters, 17 conferences, 213 questions, 14 videos/workshops with 76 questions, course FM Radio 102.5 and 3 original films. Without date of term. Results: 230 free and voluntary student inscriptions: 88% were coming from Chile, 6% from other countries and 6% without identification. 93% were 29 years old or less, 60% were women and 94% with high school or university education. The periods of course execution were: 50 days or less in 6%, between 100 and 300 days in 78.7% and between 301 and 399 days in 15% on. From the 751 initial inscriptions at December/2021, 230 complete the first module (30,6%), 207 (28%) the second module, 199 (26%) the third module, 184 (25%) the fourth module and 177 (24%) the fifth module. From 230 initial of first module, finish 177 (77%). The final evaluation of the mastery of course objectives as good and excellent were: first module 89%, second module 91%, third module 92%, fourth module 93% and fifth module 94%; for the total course was 92% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 90.9-92.7). The course development quality were qualified as good and excellent in 92% (95%CI: 90.5-94.0) first module, 92% (95%CI: 90.1-93.9%) second module, 93% (95%CI: 91.2-94.9%) third module, 94% (95%CI:91.8-95.4%) fourth module and 96% (95%CI: 92.0-98.4%) fifth module; for the total course 93% (95%CI: 92.1-93.7%). Conclusions: The participants evaluation of the course, was 92% and 93% for the Mastery and Development Quality, respectively.

Licentîa hypomnema: reflections and perceptions in teacher education / Licentîa hypomnema: reflexões e percepções na formação de educadoras(es) / Licentîa hypomnema: reflexiones y percepciones en la formación del profesorado

Student protagonism is paramount in the knowledge construction process. In this paper, we discuss a didactic-pedagogical resource called licentîa hypomnema (LH), inspired in portfolios and learning diaries in which student-teachers record their understandings and reflections regarding pedagogical topics learned at University in a meta-learning process on learning about teaching. The initial context of the research was a Psychological Development and Teaching course, offered in the Teacher Education program at Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Two of the authors, then Literacy and Languages Teaching students, produced their LH and peer assessed each other during the course. In their annotations, the student-authors recorded two pedagogical situations related to the use of LH in their own teaching practices, causing an impact on their formative path. These materials consist of the data for analysis and discussion. Moreover, we discuss possible uses of reflexive writing in teacher education and other learning contexts. Producing a LH supports knowledge production and allows students to connect theory and practice, which consequently influences the student's teaching practice. Since LH is a didactic-pedagogical resource and not a close-ended tool, both the context and individuals who use it should be considered.(AU)

O protagonismo de estudantes tem grande importância no processo de construção do conhecimento. Neste artigo, discutimos um recurso didático-pedagógico chamado licentîa hypomnema (LH), inspirado em portfólios e diários de aprendizagem, isto é, estudantes de licenciatura escrevem suas compreensões e reflexões acerca de assuntos pedagógicos vistos na universidade em um processo de meta-aprendizagem sobre aprender a ensinar. O contexto inicial da pesquisa foi um curso de Desenvolvimento Psicológico e Ensino, ministrado em cursos de Licenciatura da Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Duas das autoras eram estudantes do curso de Letras, elas produziram seus LH, realizando avaliação por pares entre si durante o curso. As estudantes-autoras trouxeram em seus registros duas situações pedagógicas relacionadas ao uso desse recurso em suas próprias práticas de ensino que causaram um impacto em suas trajetórias formativas. São esses relatos que compõem os dados para análise e discussão. Além disso, procuramos discutir possíveis desdobramentos para o uso do recurso da escrita reflexiva na formação docente e em outros contextos de aprendizagem. A produção do LH fornece suporte para a produção de conhecimento e permite ao aluno conectar teoria e prática, o que, consequentemente, reverbera na prática de ensino do aluno. O LH é um recurso didático-pedagógico e não uma ferramenta fechada, portanto, tanto o contexto quanto as pessoas que o utilizam devem ser considerados.(AU)

El protagonismo de los estudiantes tiene gran importancia en el proceso de construcción del conocimiento. En este trabajo, discutimos un recurso didáctico-pedagógico llamado licentîa hypomnema (LH), que se inspira en diarios de aprendizaje, es decir, estudiantes de profesorado escriben sus comprensiones y reflexiones sobre temas pedagógicos aprendidos en la universidad, produciendo un proceso de meta-aprendizaje sobre aprender a enseñar. El contexto inicial de la investigación fue un curso de Desarrollo Psicológico y Enseñanza, impartido en el programa de Formación de Profesores de la Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Dos de las autoras eran alumnas de la carrera de Letras que produjeron sus LH y realizaron una evaluación por pares mutua durante el curso. Las estudiantes autoras plantearon en su LH dos situaciones pedagógicas relacionadas con el uso de este recurso en sus propias prácticas de enseñanza, causando un impacto en su trayectoria formativa. Estos materiales constituyen los datos para el análisis y la discusión en esta investigación. Buscamos discutir posibles desdoblamientos para el uso del recurso de la escritura reflexiva en la formación docente y en otros contextos de aprendizaje. La producción de este recurso da soporte a la producción de conocimiento y permite al estudiante conectar teoría y práctica, lo que consecuentemente repercute en su práctica docente. El LH es un recurso didáctico-pedagógico y no una herramienta cerrada, por lo tanto, se debe considerar tanto el contexto como las personas que lo utilizan.(AU)

Autoetnografia colaborativa em tempos de pandemia: uma experiência de ensinoaprendizagem terapêutica e decolonial / Autoetnografía colaborativa en tiempos de pandemia: una experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje terapéutica y decolonial / Collaborative autoethnography in pandemic times: a therapeutic and decolonial teachinglearning experience

Esta Autoetnografia colaborativa teve como objetivo compreender a experiência de três estudantes em disciplina de Autoetnografia no programa de pós-graduação na Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais durante o período inicial da pandemia de Covid-19. Para tal, os diários de campo e as produções autoetnográficas dos estudantes - textos, poemas, fotografias, arquivos em áudio e arquivos em vídeo com performances ou dança - foram analisados. Destacaram-se os diversos aspectos terapêuticos e decoloniais que a Autoetnografia oportuniza pelo exercício metacognitivo. A disciplina humanizou o ambiente acadêmico proporcionando interconexão das ciências convencionais com as artes e a cultura. Este trabalho aponta os benefícios da Autoetnografia para a formação de profissionais de saúde críticos e reflexivos, especialmente os farmacêuticos, por promover competências apropriadas ao cuidado centrado na pessoa. (AU)

Esta autoetnografía tuvo el objetivo de comprender la experiencia de tres estudiantes de la asignatura de Autoetnografía en el programa de postgrado en la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais durante el período inicial de la pandemia de Covid-19. Para ello, se analizaron los diarios de campo y las producciones autoetnográficas de los estudiantes: textos, poemas, fotografías, archivos de audio y archivos de video con performances o danza. Se destacaron los diversos aspectos terapéuticos y decoloniales a los que la Autoetnografía da oportunidad a partir del ejercicio metacognitivo. La asignatura humanizó el ambiente académico, proporcionando interconexión de las ciencias convencionales con las artes y la cultura. Este trabajo señala los beneficios de la Autoetnografía para la formación de profesionales de salud críticos y reflexivos, especialmente los farmacéuticos, por promover competencias apropiadas al cuidado centrado en la persona. (AU)

This collaborative autoethnography aimed to understand the experience of three students in an Autoethnography course in a graduate program at the Minas Gerais Federal University School of Pharmacy during the initial stages of the Covid-19 pandemic. To this end, the students' field journals and autoethnographic data - such as texts, poems, photographs, audio and video files with performances or dance - were analysed. The study highlighted multiple therapeutic and decolonial facets of autoethnography that arise from its metacognitive practice. This course humanized the academic environment, providing interconnectivity of conventional sciences with arts and culture. This research points out the benefits of including autoethnography in the training of health professionals as its critical and reflective features promote cultural and humanistic competences useful to person-centered care, which are very relevant to pharmacists. (AU)

El reto de la Educación 4. 0 a nivel universitario de cara a la emergencia por COVID-19 / The challenge of Education 4. 0 at the university level in the face of the COVID-19 emergency

El cierre de universidades, generado por la pandemia de la COVID-19, ha llevado a los países del mundo entero a enfrentar el desafío de la educación remota de emergencia. En latinoamérica, las acciones implementadas para prevenir la propagación del virus obligaron a los ministerios de Educación de la región al cierre de los centros educativos, dejando en marzo de 2020 más de 165 millones de estudiantes sin educación presencial. A partir de las realidades expuestas, una educación 4.0 que promueve al aprendizaje no sólo de habilidades y conocimientos. Bajo el modelo pedagógico aula inversa presencial y a distancia, se evaluo el aprendizaje autodirigido global y por dominios, sobre sobre las enfermedades infectocontagiosas y precauciones de aislamiento en la atención hospitalaria, en los estudiantes universitarios de enfermería, se valoran por los dominios de la Escala de Preparación para el Aprendizaje Autodirigido. De 144, estudiantes la edad fue de 21,73± 1,27 años, para ambos grupos AIP y AID, de los cuales, el 61,81% (n=89) son del sexo femenino, la EPAD para AIP fue de 3,64 ± 0,84 y para AIP de 3,89± 0,93 y un el alfa de Cronbach de 0,89. El nivel de aprendizaje autodirigido de los estudiantes en un aula invertida en ambas modalidades fue similar, se explica porque de la enseñanza interactiva, sincrónica y orientada a la resolución de problemas, y desarrollar las habilidades blandas son capacidades comunicativas, de trabajo en equipo, adaptabilidad, empatía, proactividad, autocrítica y flexibilidad frente a situaciones cambiantes(AU)

The closure of universities, generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has led countries around the world to face the challenge of emergency remote education. In Latin America, the actions implemented to prevent the spread of the virus forced the Ministries of Education in the region to close educational centers, leaving in March 2020 more than 165 million students without face-to-face education. Based on the exposed realities, a 4.0 education that promotes learning not only of skills and knowledge. Under the face-to-face and distance learning inverse classroom pedagogical model, global and domain self-directed learning was evaluated on infectious and contagious diseases and isolation precautions in hospital care, in ursing university students, the domains of the Scale were evaluated. Preparation for Self-Directed Learning. Of 144 students, the age was 21.73± 1.27 years, for both AIP and AID groups, of which 61.81% (n=89) were female, the EPAD for AIP was 3 0.64 ± 0.84 and for AIP 3.89 ± 0.93 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.89. The level of self-directed learning of the students in a flipped classroom in both modalities was similar, it is explained because of the interactive, synchronous and problem-solving oriented teaching, and the development of soft skills are communicative abilities, teamwork, adaptability, empathy, proactivity, self-criticism and flexibility in the face of changing situations(AU)

El estudio y trabajo independientes en la mira de la educación médica superior cubana / Independent study and homework in the spotlight of cuban medical higher education

Introducción: El estudio y trabajo independientes como unidad dialéctica en el proceso pedagógico desarrollan la actividad cognoscitiva del estudiante. Objetivo: Identificar las aproximaciones teóricas sobre el estudio y el trabajo independientes del estudiante en el contexto de las ciencias médicas en Cuba. Métodos: La gestión de información se enmarcó en la biblioteca virtual electrónica de las revistas médicas cubanas durante 2011-2018, a partir de los descriptores: estudio independiente y "trabajo independiente". El análisis de la información se realizó con los siguientes indicadores: autor, año, propósitos, muestra, medición, intervención, resultados y hallazgos. La unidad de análisis tuvo en cuenta al estudiante y al profesor en la formación inicial y continua. Para el tratamiento matemático de la información se empleó el cálculo porcentual. Resultados: Se consultaron en total 28 artículos sobre ambas categorías: el 78,5 por ciento referidos al trabajo independiente y el resto al estudio independiente. Estos se centraron en la dirección del trabajo independiente y las orientaciones metodológicas, fundamentalmente, en la carrera de medicina (31,8 por ciento). Los principales resultados se revelaron a nivel descriptivo (45,4 por ciento) y de transformación social (18,1 por ciento). Los hallazgos se enfocaron en la efectividad de ambas categorías en el rendimiento académico, la motivación, la independencia, la creatividad y responsabilidad ante las tareas docentes de carácter profesional, problematizador e integral, así como en la preparación docente para su dirección. Conclusiones: Ambas categorías mostraron limitaciones en la formación inicial y continua, lo cual significó un reto pedagógico, ante la necesidad de preparar al docente para que forme a un profesional con la calidad requerida(AU)

Introduction: Independent study and homework as a dialectical unit in the pedagogical process develop the student's cognitive activity. Objective: To identify the theoretical approaches about independent study and homework developed by the student in the context of medical sciences in Cuba. Methods: Information management was framed within the electronic virtual library of Cuban medical journals during 2011-2018, using the descriptors estudio independiente [independent study] and trabajo independiente [independent homework]. Information analysis was carried out using the following indicators: author, year, purposes, sample, measurement, intervention, results and findings. The unit of analysis took into account both the student and the professor in initial and continuing training. The mathematical processing of the information was carried out using percentage calculation. Results: A total of 28 articles on both categories were consulted: 78.5 percent referred to independent homework and the rest to independent study. These focused on the direction of independent homework and methodological orientations, mainly in the medical major (31.8 percent). The main results were observed at the descriptive level (45.4 percent) and the level of social transformation (18.1 percent). The findings focused on the effectiveness of both categories in academic performance, motivation, independence, creativity and responsibility for teaching tasks with a professional, problematizing and comprehensive character, as well as on the professor's preparation for their direction. Conclusions: Both categories showed limitations in initial and continuous training, which meant a pedagogical challenge, given the need to prepare the professor to train a professional with the required quality(AU)

Self-directed learning among primary health care doctors: an analysis in light of the theory of social representations / Representações sociais da aprendizagem autodirigida entre médicos da atenção primária à saúde

Abstract: Introduction: In a scenario of a great information availability, the production of scientific knowledge in medicine has been increasingly accelerated. The way the medical professional perceives and directs their acquisition of knowledge still lacks national studies, particularly in times of easily accessible internet. Objective: To analyze the social representations of physicians working in Primary Health Care (PHC) teams about self-directed learning. Method: This is a qualitative-quantitative study based on Moscovici's Social Representations Theory, with a structural approach to Abric's Central Core Theory, conducted in three municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on the subject, which were recorded and transcribed. The freely evoked words that emerged from the inducing term "medical self-learning" were analyzed with the aid of EVOC® software through the four-quadrant chart and CHIC® software analyzed the similarity. Content analysis was performed for the participants' speeches. Results: Fifty interviews were carried out and the freely evoked words that possibly constitute the core of the representations were "knowledge", "dedication", "study", "reading", "need", contrasting "research" and "book". Conclusion: The results showed that the learners' characteristics, practice as a learning locus as opposed to theory, associated with the time barrier, define the core content of the social representation of the participating physicians. In this assessed context, PHC reinforces its importance as a scenario for medical self-learning.

Resumo: Introdução: Em um cenário de grande disponibilidade de informações, a produção de conhecimento científico em medicina tem sido cada dia mais acelerada. A forma como o profissional médico percebe e dirige sua aquisição de conhecimento ainda carece de estudos nacionais, particularmente em tempos de internet de fácil acesso. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as representações sociais de médicos atuantes em equipes da atenção primária à saúde (APS) sobre aprendizagem autodirigida. Método: Trata-se de um estudo quali-quantitativo fundamentado na Teoria das Representações Sociais de Moscovici com abordagem estrutural da Teoria do Núcleo Central de Abric, realizado em três municípios de Minas Gerais, no Brasil. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas sobre o tema que foram gravadas e transcritas. As palavras evocadas livremente que surgiram do indutor "autoaprendizagem médica" foram analisadas com auxílio do software EVOC® por meio do quadro das quatro casas; e o software CHIC® analisou a similaridade. Para as falas dos participantes, realizou-se a análise de conteúdo. Resultado: Efetuaram-se 50 entrevistas, e as palavras evocadas livremente, que possivelmente compõem o núcleo central das representações, foram "conhecimento", "dedicação", "estudo", "leitura", "necessidade", tendo como contraste "pesquisa" e "livro". Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram que as características do aprendiz e a prática como lócus de aprendizagem em contraposição à teoria, o qual está associado à barreira do tempo, definem o conteúdo central da representação social dos médicos participantes. Nesse contexto estudado, a APS reforça sua importância como cenário da autoaprendizagem médica.

Modelo de oficinas de qualificação em Aprendizagem Baseada em Equipes com docentes de Medicina / A model for qualification workshops in team-based learning with medicine teachers

Resumo: Introdução: A Aprendizagem Baseada em Equipes (ABE) tem se mostrado, em todo o mundo, uma ferramenta pedagógica promissora nas mais diversas realidades, ao estimular o autoaprendizado do aluno e potencializar a habilidade de trabalhar em equipe. Todavia, são escassos os estudos que envolvam a qualificação de docentes para a prática dessas atividades. Objetivo: Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetivou relatar um modelo de oficina de qualificação docente em ABE e a avaliação feita pelos participantes acerca da metodologia empregada, com docentes do curso de Medicina de uma instituição privada de ensino superior de Belém, no Pará. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação intervencionista realizada por meio de questionários elaborados pelos próprios dos autores para avaliar a satisfação, as críticas e as recomendações dos docentes acerca das oficinas propostas. Resultados: Percebeu-se que 81,2% dos participantes atribuíram "satisfação máxima" às oficinas e os demais as classificaram como "satisfatórias". Dessa forma, houve aprovação da técnica empregada por todos os docentes. Quando indagados sobre os pontos negativos nas oficinas, os mais citados foram: horários e dias escolhidos (18,7%); pouco tempo para estudo individual (15,6%); deslocamento, carga horária extensa e falhas no convite para inscrição nas oficinas (12,5%). Quando questionados sobre os pontos positivos, os mais citados foram: utilizar a própria ABE para ensinar ABE (93,7%); qualidade dos artigos escolhidos para estudo prévio (87,5%); e alta aplicabilidade prática (81,2%). Por fim, 93,7% dos participantes referiram se sentir confiantes para conduzir atividades de ABE em suas práticas diárias. Conclusão: Os participantes demonstraram boa aceitação e satisfação com relação à metodologia empregada nas oficinas, permitindo assim que possam aplicar essa estratégia de ensino com maior segurança e assertividade em suas rotinas diárias. Espera-se que este trabalho possa contribuir para a aprendizagem sobre essa estratégia educacional e descomplicar e tornar acessível a sua aplicação, para assim estimular docentes e instituições não familiarizados com a ABE a introduzir essa valiosa ferramenta em suas matrizes pedagógicas.

Abstract: Introduction: Team-Based Learning (TBL) has proven to be a promising pedagogical tool in the most diverse realities around the world, stimulating student self-learning and enhancing the ability to work in teams. However, there are few studies involving the qualification of teachers to practice these activities. Objective: Thus, the present study aimed to report a model of a teacher qualification workshop in TBL and the evaluation made by the participants about the methodology used, with teachers of the medical course of a private higher education institution in Belém/PA/Brazil. Method: This was an interventionist action research conducted through questionnaires by the authors to assess teacher satisfaction, criticisms and recommendations about the proposed workshops. Results: It was found that 81.2% of the participants rated the workshops as providing "maximum satisfaction" and the rest classified them as "satisfactory". Thus, all the teachers approved of the technique used. When asked about the negative points in the workshops, the most frequently cited were: selected times and days (18.7%); little time for individual study (15.6%); and commuting, extensive workload and failures in the invitation to enroll in the workshops (12.5% each item). On the other hand, when asked about the positive points, the most frequently cited were: using the TBL itself to teach TBL (93.7%); quality of the articles chosen for previous study (87.5%); and high practical applicability (81.2%). Finally, 93.7% of the participants reported feeling confident to conduct TBL activities in their daily practices. Conclusion: In this and the vast majority of studies with TBL, the participants demonstrated good acceptance and satisfaction regarding the methodology used in the workshops, thus allowing them to apply this teaching strategy with greater security and assertiveness in their daily routines. It is hoped that this work can contribute to learning about this educational strategy and that it can simplify its application and enhance its accessibility, in order to stimulate teachers and institutions unfamiliar with TBL to introduce this valuable tool in their activities.

Analysis of the teaching effect of the normal human morphology with mixed teaching mode and formative evaluation in China / Análisis del efecto de la enseñanza de morfología humana normal con un modelo de enseñanza mixta y evaluación formativa en China

With the accumulation of teaching experience and the summary of the teaching process in the teaching of medical colleges and universities, the course "Normal Human Morphology" has been basically on the right track in undergraduate education. However, most of the colleges and universities in China still use the traditional teaching mode, and the evaluation of students' learning effects and teacher teaching still follows the method of final evaluation. This method is not conducive to students' timely understanding of self-stage learning effects. It will affect the teacher's adjustment (or solution) to the specific links (or problems) that appear in the teaching process. The establishment of the mixed teaching model and formative evaluation system can solve the problems of the two to some extent.

Con la mayor experiencia de los docentes y del proceso de aprendizaje en la enseñanza de facultades y universidades de medicina, el curso "Morfología Humana Normal" básicamente ha seguido una metodología correcta en la educación de pregrado. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los colegios y universidades en China aún utilizan el modelo de enseñanza tradicional, por lo cual, la evaluación de los efectos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes junto con la enseñanza docente, a la fecha, sigue el método de una evaluación final. Este método no es propicio para la comprensión oportuna por parte de los alumnos, en la etapa del auto-aprendizaje, ya que afecta la adaptación (o solución) del profesor a los enlaces (o problemas) específicos que aparecen en el proceso de enseñanza. El establecimiento de un modelo de enseñanza mixta y un sistema de evaluación formativa en cierta medida podrían resolver ambos problemas.

Utilización de las bases de datos disponibles para el aprendizaje del idioma inglés asociado a las ciencias médicas / Use of the available databases for learning the English language associated to medical sciences

El perfeccionamiento del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del idioma inglés, ha sido objeto de varias investigaciones científicas y ha estado presente en las políticas del Ministerio de Salud Pública, por la importancia que tiene el dominio de este idioma para los profesionales de salud, tanto para su permanente actualización científica como para su inserción en programas de colaboración en países angloparlantes. En este artículo se propone una vía más para contribuir al aprendizaje autónomo a través de la utilización de las bases de datos disponibles en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, donde los estudiantes pueden obtener información actualizada para el desarrollo de los seminarios en esta asignatura.

The teaching-learning improvement process of the English language, has been object of several scientific investigations and it has been present in the Ministry of Public Health policies, due to the importance of the language learning skills for the health professionals, either for their permanent scientific upgrading or as for its insertion in collaboration programs in English-speaking countries. In this work, one more way to contribute to the autonomous learning through the use of the available databases in the Health Virtual Library is proposed, where the students can obtain updating information for the development of the seminars in this subject.

Características del aprendizaje autónomo en estudiantes de kinesiología de una institución de educación superior de Buenos Aires / Characteristics of the Autonomous Learning in Kinesiology Students in a Buenos Aires College / Caraterísticas da aprendizagem autónoma em alunos de cinesiologia de uma instituição de ensino superior em Buenos Aires

Introducción: las estrategias de trabajo autónomo cobran cada vez más relevancia en los niveles medio y superior de la educación, sobre todo con los cambios que actualmente se viven en el sistema educativo, que hacen hincapié en la autonomía y en la responsabilidad del alumno en la gestión de su aprendizaje. Objetivo: identificar las características del aprendizaje autónomo en los estudiantes de kinesiología de una institución de educación superior de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal y con enfoque cuantitativo. Se implementó el Cuestionario de Estrategias de Trabajo Autónomo. Resultados: muestra conformada por 95 estudiantes de la carrera de Licenciatura en Kinesiología y Fisiatría, de esta el 43 % era de sexo femenino, con edad promedio de 25,6 años (DE: 5,6). Se encontró un bajo uso de las estrategias de planificación y un amplio desarrollo de las de preparación de exámenes. Conclusión: los estilos de aprendizaje pueden ser de gran ayuda para mejorar el rendimiento académico, y es necesario dentro de la gestión educativa considerar diagnosticar y conocer el estilo predilecto para adquirir y procesar la información por parte del estudiantado.

Introduction: Autonomous work strategies are increasingly relevant in the intermediate and higher education, even more with the changes currently being developed in the educative system that emphasize the student's autonomy and responsibility regarding his/her learning process. Objective: To identify the characteristics of the autonomous learning in kinesiology students from Buenos Aires college, Argentina. Methodology: It is a cross-sectional descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The study used the Autonomous Work Strategy Questionnaire. Results: From the sample consisting of 95 students in the Kinesiology and Physiatry Program, 43 % were women and the mean age was 25.6 years (SD: 5.6). The study found a low use of planning strategies and a broad development of strategies for test preparation. Conclusion: Learning styles can be greatly useful to enhance the academic performance. In the educational management studied herein, there is a need to consider, diagnose, and know those styles the students prefer to get and process the information.

Introdução: As estratégias de trabalho autônomo estão se tornando cada vez mais relevantes nos níveis médio e superior do ensino, sobre todo com as mudanças atualmente ocorridas no sistema educativo, que enfatizam a autonomia e responsabilidade do aluno na gestão da sua aprendizagem. Objetivo: Identificar as caraterísticas da aprendizagem autônoma nos alunos de cinesiologia de uma instituição de ensino superior da cidade de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo transversal e com abordagem quantitativa. O Questionário de Estratégias de Trabalho Autônomo foi implementado. Resultados: Amostra conformada por 95 alunos da carreira de Licenciatura em cinesiologia e Fisiatria, da qual 43% eram de sexo feminino, com idade média de 25,6 anos (DE: 5,6). Encontrou-se baixo uso de estratégias de planejamento e um amplo desenvolvimento das de preparação de exames. Conclusão: os estilos de aprendizagem podem ser de grande ajuda para melhorar o desempenho académico, e é preciso dentro da gestão educativa, considerar diagnosticar e conhecer o estilo predileto para adquirir e processar a informação por parte do alunato.

Metacognición y aprendizaje autónomo en la Educación Superior / Metacognition and autonomous learning in higher Education

El estudiante universitario debe desarrollar habilidades que le permitan su auto educación; para lo cual, este requiere apropiarse de estrategias que faciliten su aprendizaje autónomo y formación del pensamiento crítico. La monografía que se presenta brinda un análisis bibliográfico con el objetivo de ofrecer una aproximación epistemológica al rol del autoaprendizaje y la metacognición en la Educación Superior.

The college student must develop skills that allow for self-education; there for, it requires the appropriation of strategies that facilitate their autonomous learning and the formation of critical thinking. The presented monograph offers a bibliographical analysis with the aim of offering an epistemological approach to the role of self-learning and metacognition in Higher Education.

Plan de acciones dirigido a las estrategias de auto aprendizaje en estudiantes de primer semestre de Enfermería / An action plan aimed at self-learning strategies in student in the first semester of the Nursing major

Introducción: la formación profesional en las ciencias de la salud requiere del logro de competencias que propicien el aprender a aprender, para lo cual se precisa desarrollar la autonomía cognoscitiva de los estudiantes. Objetivo: evaluar la satisfacción de los estudiantes con un plan de acciones dirigido a mejorar sus estrategias de aprendizaje autónomo. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio preexperimental donde se trabajó con toda la población, compuesta por 33 estudiantes del primer semestre de la carrera de Enfermería, de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Ecuador, durante el período académico octubre 2015-febrero 2016. El método Delphi se utilizó para validar el cuestionario aplicado y el diseño del plan de acciones. La aplicación de la técnica de Iadov sirvió para determinar los índices de satisfacción grupal e individual de los estudiantes en relación con el plan de acciones ejecutado. Resultados: el 93,94 por ciento respondió que sí le gusta estudiar, pero la mayoría consideró no estar preparado para asumir su propio aprendizaje. Solo el 30,30 por ciento de los individuos investigados ingresó a la carrera de Enfermería guiado por la vocación. Conclusiones: se identificaron deficiencias relativas a hábitos y técnicas de auto aprendizaje relacionadas con la lectura, la planificación, los procedimientos, la profundidad de análisis de los tópicos y el trabajo grupal. El índice de satisfacción grupal quedó en la categoría satisfactorio, mientras que en el individual prevaleció la de clara satisfacción(AU)

Introduction: Professional training in health sciences requires the achievement of competences that encourage learning how to learn, for which it is necessary to develop the students' cognitive autonomy. Objectives: To assess the students' satisfaction with an action plan aimed at improving their autonomous learning strategies. Methods: A pre-experimental study was developed in which the entire population was studied, made up by 33 students of the first semester of the Nursing major from the National University of Chimborazo, Ecuador, during the academic period October 2015-February 2016. The Delphi method was used to validate the applied questionnaire and for the design of the action plan. The Iadov technique was used to determine the indexes of group and individual satisfaction of the students in relation to the executed plan of actions. Results: 93.94 percent answered that they do like to study, but the majority considered not being ready to assume their own learning. Only 30.30 percent of the investigated individuals entered the Nursing major guided by self-vocation. Conclusions: We identified deficiencies related to habits and self-learning techniques related to reading, planning, procedures, deepening into topic analysis and group work. The group's satisfaction index remained in the satisfactory category, while in the individual group the satisfaction index prevailed(AU)

¿Cómo han cambiado los estudiantes que ingresan a medicina? Aprendizaje autodirigido y antecedentes académicos de las cohortes 2010 a 2014 de una universidad tradicional / Self-directed learning and academic background of 2010 to 2014 cohorts of medical students

Background: The widespread growth of higher education is increasing the heterogeneity of university students in terms of socioeconomic characteristics, academic story and cultural background. Medical schools are not an exception of this phenomenon. Aim: To compare the academic background and self-directed learning behavior of students who entered to a public medial school between 2010 and 2014. Material and Methods: A non-probabilistic sample of 527 medical students aged between 17 and 29 years (60% men), was studied. Their academic information was collected from the University data base; they answered the Self-directed learning readiness scale of Fisher. Results: Students from the 2014 cohort had higher high school grades than their counterparts. The scores in mathematics of the Scholarship Aptitude Test (SAT) were higher in the cohorts of 2010 and 2011. Those of the sciences test were superior in the 2013 cohort. The 2014 cohort had the lower general score of self-directed learning behaviors. Conclusions: The lower SAT and self-directed learning scores of the students entering medical school in 2014, indicate the progressive increase in the heterogeneity of Medical students.

Impacto de la aplicación del enfoque de autorregulación del aprendizaje sobre los resultados en asignaturas de corte científico en estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Finis Terrae / The impact of a self-directed teaching approach on academic performance of medical students

Background: Students should be encouraged to become reflexive and develop autonomous, lifelong learning habits. Therefore, teachers should focus on learning strategies which stimulate autonomous learning. Aim: To assess the impact of a self-directed teaching methodology on the academic performance of medical students in cellular biology and biochemistry. Materials and Methods: During 2013, 85 students received a traditional teaching methodology and during 2014, 85 students received a self-directed learning methodology. The grades obtained and the number of failures in the courses of cellular biology and biochemistry were compared in both groups. Results: The percentages of students approved at the end of the courses during 2013 and 2014 were 64 and 96% respectively (p < 0.01). The grades obtained by the 2014 students were also significantly higher than those obtained by 2013 students. Conclusions: This study confirms that academic performance improves with a self-directed teaching approach.

Utilización de aprendizaje basado en equipos, como metodología activa de enseñanza de farmacología para estudiantes de Enfermería / The use of equipment-based learning as an active methodology teaching for pharmacology to Nursing studen

Introducción: el cambio de la sociedad desde una economía basada en la industria a una sustentada en el conocimiento, genera un cambio de paradigma en educación. Esto lleva a las universidades a modificar sus modelos educativos y formar profesionales capaces de responder a las necesidades del entorno. Esta propuesta exige cambiar las estrategias tradicionales de enseñanza-aprendizaje a metodologías activas e innovadoras. Team based learning es un alternativa innovadora que mezcla aspectos de docencia tradicional con los beneficios del trabajo en grupos pequeños dentro de cursos numerosos. Objetivo: dar a conocer la experiencia del uso de Team based learning como metodología activa de aprendizaje en la asignatura de farmacología para estudiantes de enfermería. Métodos: se utilizó un diseño de estudio experimental en una población de 96 estudiantes de enfermería, los cuales fueron divididos en tres grupos de 32 estudiantes cada uno. Se consideró dos grupos control y un grupo experimental. El análisis del efecto del uso de Team based learning se evaluó de forma cuantitativa y cualitativa. Resultados: los estudiantes que realizaron Team based learning obtuvieron mejores calificaciones al ser comparados con los estudiantes que utilizaron metodología tradicional. Los estudiantes, del grupo experimental, manifestaron su alto grado de satisfacción por el uso de Team based learning, ya que estimuló su aprendizaje y además, favoreció el trabajo en equipo. Conclusiones: Team based learning es una metodología de enseñanza aprendizaje que promueve el autoaprendizaje y el trabajo en equipo, ello se traduce en mejores resultados académicos, es una herramienta bien aceptada por los alumnos y considerada una forma divertida y dinámica de aprender(AU)

Introduction: The change of society from an industry-based to a knowledge-based economy generates a paradigm shift in education. This leads universities to modify their educational models and train professionals able to respond to the needs of the environment. This proposal requires changing traditional teaching-learning strategies to active and innovative methodologies. Team based learning is an innovative alternative that mixes aspects of traditional teaching with the benefits of working in small groups within numerous courses. Objective: To present the experience of the use of Team based learning as an active learning methodology in the subject of pharmacology for nursing students. Methods: An experimental study design was used in a population of 96 nursing students, who were divided into three groups of 32 students each. Two control groups and one experimental group were considered. The analysis of the effect of using Team based learning was quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. Results: The students who performed Team based learning obtained better marks when compared to students who used the traditional methodology. The students of the experimental group expressed their high satisfaction with the use of Team based learning, since it stimulated their learning and also favored teamwork. Conclusions: Team based learning is a teaching-learning methodology that promotes self-learning and teamwork, which is translated into better academic outcomes, is a tool well accepted by students and considered a fun and dynamic way to learn(AU)