Tradução, adaptação e avaliação das propriedades psicométricas da Arousal Predisposition Scale em crianças e adolescentes / Translation, adaptation and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Arousal Predisposition Scale in children and adolescents / Traducción, adaptación y evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas de la Arousal Predisposition Scale en niños y adolescentes

A Arousal Predisposition Scale (APS) é um instrumento com 12 itens, elaborado para mensurar o nível de arousal de um indivíduo. O termo arousal, traduzido para o português falado no Brasil, significa excitação, isto é, a resposta do organismo frente a um estímulo externo ou estresse ambiental. A escala visa abordar o arousal como uma predisposição ou característica individual de excitação diante de um estressor ambiental. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar tradução, adaptação e avaliação das propriedades psicométricas da APS para crianças e adolescentes. O estudo foi realizado com 189 alunos, de ambos os sexos, de escolas públicas, com idade entre 10 e 17 anos. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: a primeira foi a adaptação transcultural e a segunda etapa envolveu a avaliação das propriedades psicométricas da versão final. Os resultados apresentaram uma consistência interna dos itens aceitável para os grupos pré-adolescentes e adolescentes (alfa de Cronbach > 0,700). Não houve diferença significativa entre a escala total em médias de teste-reteste e uma correlação significativa de moderada a forte de validade de critério. A APS foi traduzida, adaptada e validada no Brasil para o grupo etário de 11 anos de idade. Destaca-se ainda a importância da utilização dessa escala por diferentes setores de saúde e da educação, em escolas de ensino fundamental e médio, contribuindo para identificar precocemente problemas de comportamento.

Arousal Predisposition Scale (APS) is a 12-item instrument designed to measure the arousal level of an individual. Translated into Brazilian Portuguese arousal means excitement, that is, the body's response to an external stimulus or environmental stress. The scale aims to address arousal as a predisposition or individual characteristic of excitement when facing an environmental stressor. Hence, this study sought to translate, adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the APS for children and adolescents. Data was collected from 189 students, of all genders, from public schools, aged 10 to 17 years. The research was divided into two stages: first, the cross-cultural adaptation, followed by the evaluation of the psychometric properties in the final version. Results showed an acceptable internal consistency of the items for the pre-adolescent and adolescent groups (Cronbach's alpha > 0.700). The findings presented no significant difference between full-scale test-retest means and a significant moderate to strong correlation of criterion validity. The APS was translated, adapted and validated in Brazil for the 11-year-old age group. APS should be used by different health and education sectors in primary and secondary schools to help identify early behavioral problems.

La Arousal Predisposition Scale (APS) es un instrumento que consta de 12 ítems para estimar el nivel de arousal de un individuo. El término arousal significa excitación en portugués de Brasil, es decir, una respuesta del organismo frente a un estímulo externo o estrés ambiental. La escala pretende abordar el arousal como una predisposición o característica individual de excitación frente a un estrés ambiental. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar la traducción, la adaptación, la evaluación y la valoración de las propiedades psicométricas de la APS para niños y adolescentes. Se realizó un estudio con 189 alumnos, de ambos sexos, de escuelas públicas, con edades de entre los 10 y 17 años. La investigación constó de dos etapas: la primera realizó la adaptación transcultural; y la segunda, la evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas de la versión final. Los resultados mostraron una consistencia interna de los ítems aceptable para los grupos de preadolescentes y adolescentes (alfa de Cronbach > 0,700). No hubo diferencias significativas entre la escala total en las medias de prueba-reprueba y una correlación significativa de moderada a fuerte como validez de criterio. Se realizó la traducción, la adaptación y la validación de la APS en Brasil para el grupo de edad de los 11 años. Se señala la importancia de la utilización de esta escala para los diferentes sectores de salud y de la educación, en la primaria y la secundaria, al contribuir a la identificación de problemas de comportamiento.

Trastorno de estrés postraumático en menores internados por maltrato en cinco instituciones ICBF - Pereira / Post-traumatic stress disorder in abused children that are hospitalized in five ICBF institutions in Pereira

Resumen Introducción: El trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) aparece después de la exposición a un evento amenazante e incluye síntomas de evitación e intrusión del recuerdo, hiper-alerta e hiperreactividad , alteraciones negativas cognitivas y alteraciones en el estado de ánimo. Puede aparecer en más del 50% de los niños afectados por desastres de origen natural o humano, como el maltrato, afectando gravemente su calidad de vida presente y futura. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de TEPT en niños internados por maltrato en cinco instituciones de Pereira vinculadas al ICBF. Materiales y métodos: Se construyó, validó y utilizó una escala graduada a partir de los criterios sintomáticos del DSM-5 de TEPT adaptada a población escolar. Se aplicó mediante entrevista personal, previa educación lúdica a los niños sobre los conceptos pertinentes. Resultados y conclusiones: La población de estudio fueron 46 hombres y 47 mujeres institucionalizados en el ICBF, con una media de edad de 11.6 (desviación estándar 2.0) y un tiempo de estadía máximo en el rango inferior de menos de 6 meses con tendencia a la baja y una escolaridad por debajo de lo esperado para la edad . La causa principal de ingreso fue por maltrato intrafamiliar con un 49% , seguido por el abandono o pobreza extrema con un 41%. En cuanto a los criterios para TEPT, el 60 (64.5%) de los menores de edad institucionalizados por vulneración de derechos, cumplían todos los criterios y el 8 (8.6%) cumplían todos menos un criterio sintomático (TEPT subclínico), este alto porcentaje concuerda con la literatura mundial y nacional. Finalmente, el 21.5% no presentaban síntomas y el 5.4% no habían estado expuestos a eventos traumáticos. Los diferentes criterios sintomáticos tenían un nivel similar de intensidad.

Abstract Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appears after being exposed to a threatening event; it includes symptoms of avoidance and intrusion of memories, an increase of arousal and reactivity, and negative alterations in cognitions and mood. It can appear in more than 50% of children affected by disasters caused by nature or human beings, such as abuse; these experiences can seriously affect the children's present and future quality of life. Objective: This descriptive research aims to determine the prevalence of PTSD in hospitalized children for mistreatment in five Pereira institutions linked to the ICBF. Materials and Methods: A graded scale was constructed, validated, and used based on the symptomatic DSM-5 criteria of PTSD and was adapted to the school population. It was applied through a personal interview after giving some playful education about the relevant concepts to the children. Results and conclusions: The standard population was composed of 46 boys and 47 girls that were part of the ICBF. The main range of age was 11.6 (standard deviation 2.0), the maximum stay time in place was the lowest (less than six months) with a decreasing tendency, and a schooling level below to the expected according to the age. The most common cause of hospitalization was inter-family violence (49%) and 41% for abandonment or extreme poverty. According to the PTSD criteria, 60 youngers (64.5%) were hospitalized for violation of rights, and eight children (8.6%) fit with all but one symptomatic standard (subclinical PTSD). This high percentage tallies with the ones found in the world literature and Colombia. Finally, 21.5% had no symptoms, and 5.4% had not been exposed to traumatic events. The different symptomatic criteria had a similar level of intensity.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Arizona Sexual Scale (ASEX) into Portuguese / Tradução e adaptação transcultural da Arizona Sexual Scale (ASEX) para a língua portuguesa

Abstract Introduction Sexual dysfunction is common in individuals with psychiatric disorders and under psychotropic medication such as antidepressants and antipsychotics. Several scales have been developed to assess sexual function in these patients. The Arizona Sexual Scale (ASEX) is a five-item rating scale that quantifies sex drive, arousal, vaginal lubrication/penile erection, ability to reach orgasm, and satisfaction from orgasm. We describe the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the ASEX into the Portuguese language, with the goal of contributing to the assessment of sexual function in Portuguese-speaking psychiatric patients under treatment with psychotropic drugs. Methods The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process thoroughly followed the steps recommended by the Task Force of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), namely: preparation, forward translation, reconciliation, back-translation, back-translation review, harmonization, cognitive debriefing, review of cognitive debriefing, finalization, proofreading, and final version. Results The process was successfully completed and no major differences were found between the translation, reconciliation and back-translation phases, with only small adjustments being made. Conclusion The translation of the ASEX was completed successfully, following international reference guidelines. The use of these guidelines is a guarantee of a Portuguese version that is qualitatively and semantically equivalent to the original scale. This availability of this new scale version will enable studies evaluating the sexual function of Portuguese-speaking psychiatric patients. Future studies may assess the validity of the scale for Portuguese-speaking populations.

Resumo Introdução A disfunção sexual é comum em indivíduos com doenças psiquiátricas e sob o uso de medicações como antidepressivos e antipsicóticos. Várias escalas foram desenvolvidas para avaliar a função sexual desses doentes. A Arizona Sexual Scale (ASEX) é uma escala de cinco itens de avaliação que quantifica desejo sexual, excitação, lubrificação vaginal/ereção peniana, capacidade para atingir o orgasmo e satisfação com o orgasmo. Este artigo descreve o processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural da escala ASEX para a língua portuguesa, com o objetivo de contribuir para a avaliação da função sexual dos doentes medicados com fármacos psicotrópicos nos vários países onde se utiliza essa língua. Métodos A tradução e a adaptação transcultural seguiram de forma detalhada os passos recomendados pelo grupo de trabalho da International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), nomeadamente: preparação, tradução inicial, reconciliação, retroversão, revisão da retroversão, harmonização, teste cognitivo, revisão do teste cognitivo, finalização, leitura final e versão final. Resultados O processo foi completado com sucesso, e não foram observadas diferenças grandes entre as fases de tradução, reconciliação e retroversão, tendo sido feitos apenas pequenos ajustes. Conclusão A tradução da escala ASEX foi bem-sucedida, seguindo orientações internacionais de referência. A aplicação dessas orientações é a garantia de uma versão em língua portuguesa que é qualitativa e semanticamente equivalente à versão original da escala. A existência desta nova versão da escala permitirá estudos que avaliem a função sexual dos doentes em países nos quais se fale a língua portuguesa. Estudos futuros poderão atestar a validade da escala para essas populações.

Modulating Effects of Emotional Valence on Recognition Memory for High-Arousal Pictures / Efectos moduladores de la valencia emocional sobre la memoria de reconocimiento para imágenes de alto arousal

ABSTRACT The main aim of this paper was to provide new evidence on the effects of valence on recognition memory of emotional pictures, on the basis of rigorous experimental control of stimulus material. Valence was manipulated using pleasant and unpleasant pictures, keeping arousal constant at a high level. A reference condition with a neutral value in both dimensions was also included. We found greater discrimination and a more conservative response bias, as well as slower recognition decisions, for pleasant pictures. Also worthy of mention is the high positive correlation between response times and discrimination measures just for such pictures. These results would be consistent with an adaptive interpretation based on motivation and personal relevance of emotional information.

RESUMEN El principal objetivo del presente trabajo fue aportar nueva evidencia sobre los efectos de la valencia en el reconocimiento de imágenes de contenido emocional, a partir de un riguroso control experimental del material estimular. Se manipuló la valencia a niveles agradable y desagradable, manteniendo constante el arousal a un nivel alto. Se incluyó también una condición de referencia con un valor neutro en ambas dimensiones. Se encontró una mejor discriminación, un sesgo de respuesta más conservador y un reconocimiento más lento para las imágenes agradables. Además, solo para estas imágenes existió alta correlación positiva entre tiempos de respuesta y discriminación. Estos resultados serían consistentes con una interpretación de carácter adaptativo basada en la motivación y relevancia personal de la información emocional.

Excitación sexual: una revisión sobre su relación con las conductas sexuales de riesgo / Sexual arousal: a review of its relationship with sexual risk behaviors

Se plantea una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones que relacionan excitación sexual con conductas sexuales de riesgo. La búsqueda bibliográfica en Scopus, Web of Science Pub Medproporcionó 50 estudios. Los resultados fueron organizados en: (a) consumo de alcohol-drogas en encuentros sexuales; (b) uso de métodos anticonceptivos-barrera/riesgo de infección de transmisión sexual y embarazo no deseado; (c) sexo casual/número de parejas sexuales/sexo como profesión. El instrumento de evaluación de la excitación sexual más usado fue Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales. La excitación sexual se relacionó de forma positiva con consumo de alcohol y drogas en una situación sexual, con sexo casual, número de parejas sexuales y trabajar o pagar por sexo y, de forma negativa, con uso métodos anticonceptivos/barrera. Se considera la necesidad de incluir la excitación sexual como una variable relevante en los programas de prevención e intervención de conductas sexuales de riesgo y de educación sexual.

We conducted a systematic review of the literature about the association between sexual arousal and sexual risk behaviors. The literature search in Scopus, Web of science and pubMed provided 50 studies. The results were organized considering: (a) use of alcohol-drugs in sexual encounters; (b) use of contraceptive methods/ risk of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancy; (c) casual sex/number of sex partners/sex workers. We observed that the self-reported measure more frequently used to assess sexual arousal was the sexual inhibition/sexual excitation scales. In addition, levels of sexual arousal has been positively associated with the use of alcohol and drugs in a sexual situation, casual sex, number of sexual partners and work or pay for sex, and negatively with using contraceptives methods. This review, highlights the need to include sexual arousal as a relevant variable in programmes for the prevention and intervention of sexual risk behaviors and sexual education.

Severidad del índice de apneas hipopneas en relación a la posición supina y no supina, incluyendo los arousales subrogantes en la poligrafía respiratoria nocturna / Severity of the Apnea-Hypopnea Index in Relation to the Supine and Non Supine Position, Including Surrogate Arousals at Night Respiratory Polygraphy

El diagnóstico de severidad del síndrome de apnea hipopnea del sueño (SAHOS) se efectúa con la medición del índice de apnea hipopnea (IAH) y requiere métodos de diagnóstico confiables. Dada la alta frecuencia de esta patología, se han desarrollado diferentes equipos de poligrafía respiratoria (PR) alternativos a la polisomnografía supervisada (PSG), y se ha observado que existe una aceptable concordancia diagnóstica entre estos dispositivos. Los eventos respiratorios fueron marcados según las recomendaciones del consenso español 2005, agregándose los arousales respiratorios sustitutos (AS), y se ha interpretado como AS a la presencia de reducción del flujo de la cánula de presión amplificada, seguida de un esfuerzo representado por hiperventilación sin desaturación acompañante, que incluye por lo menos 2 ciclos respiratorios. Se analizan 1128 estudios, incluyéndose 1.101 realizados con igual aparatología. Se realiza poligrafía respiratoria con oximetría con sensor de flujo con cánula nasal, monitoreo oximétrico, banda respiratoria y sensor de posición supina y no supina. El cálculo del IAHt (total) con PR comprende la cuantificación de la suma de las apneas obstructivas, apneas mixtas, apneas centrales, hipopneas y AS, dividido el tiempo de sueño estimado. A su vez evaluado en posición supino (IAHs) y no supino (IAHn). El análisis estadístico se realizó a través de la correlación de Pearson y el cálculo del Chi cuadrado entre el IAHn y el IAHs, y mostró relación estadísticamente significativa. Observamos que el índice de apneas hipopneas en pacientes con SAHOS, incluyendo los arousales subrogantes, medidos con la cánula de presión amplificada, presenta mayor severidad en decúbito supino que en no supino.

The diagnosis of severe Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Obstructive Syndrome (SAHOS) is performed by measuring the Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI ) and requires reliable diagnostic methods. Owing to the high frequency of this disease, different equipments of Respiratory Polygraphy (RP) have been developed as alternatives to supervised polysomnography (PSG).There is an acceptable diagnostic concordance among these devices. Respiratory events were recorded as recommended by the Spanish consensus 2005, adding the Respiratory Surrogate Arousal (SA), interpreting SA as the presence of reduced flow in the cannula of amplified pressure, followed by an effort represented by hyperventilation without concomitant desaturation, including at least two respiratory cycles. The analysis included 1,128 studies, of which 1,101 made with the same technology. The studies included respiratory polygraphy performed with a flow sensor through nasal cannula, oximetry monitoring, respiratory band and a sensor for supine and non supine position. The estimate of the Apnea Hypopnea Index - AHI - (total) with RP comprises the sum of obstructive apnea, mixed apnea, central apnea, hypopnea and SA, according with the estimated sleep time. Also the AHI was evaluated in supine position (AHIs) and in non supine position (AHIn). Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation and calculation of Chi square between AHIn and AHIs; there was a statistically significant relationship. We note that the apnea hypopnea index in patients with SAHOS, including surrogate arousals, measured with the amplified pressure cannula, presents greater severity in supine than in non supine position.

Análise da microarquitetura do sono (padrão alternante cíclico) na polissonografia de crianças com enurese noturna monossintomática / Sleep microstructure analysis (Cyclic Alternating Pattern) in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis

Introdução: A enurese noturna (EN) é considerada como a eliminação de urina no período noturno, de forma involuntária, em indivíduos com cinco ou mais anos de idade em pelo menos duas noites no mês até todas as noites. EN pode ser do tipo monossintomática, quando ocorre na ausência de outros sintomas, ou não monossintomática, na presença de sintomas de vesicais diurnos. Apesar de historicamente conhecida com uma desordem psiquiátrica, a EN monossintomática está incluída na Classificação Internacional dos Transtornos de 2012 como uma parassonia podendo ocorrer em qualquer fase do sono, porém predominantemente no sono não REM. Está comumente associada a hiperatividade vesical, produção excessiva de urina e falha em acordar após o enchimento vesical. Apesar de ocorrer no sono, a avaliação do sono pelos padrões usuais falhou em encontrar justificativa para este processo patológico. A análise da microestrutura do sono é uma ferramenta mais refinada e precisa que pode auxiliar na busca do mecanismo neurofisiológico que justifica este processo. Objetivo: Analisar os padrões de microarquitetura de sono atrvés do Padrão alternante Cíclico (CAP) nas crianças com EN monossintomática para melhor compreensão das bases neurofisiológicas da EN. Metodologia: Trinta e seis crianças sendo, 22 enuréticos e 14 controles com idade variando entre sete e 17 anos de idade, que satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão, foram submetidas a triagem clínica e laboratorial, avaliados quanto aos aspectos do sono, com uso de diários de sono, das escalas de Berlin, Sleep Scale for Children (SDSC) e Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e posteriormente submetidos ao de estudo polissonográfico completo de noite inteira, com a avaliação do CAP. Resultados: As escalas de sonolência e de Berlin não evidenciaram anormalidades, o SDSC evidenciou apneia em 11/22 (50%), hiperidrose em 2/22 (9%) e transtorno da transição vigília-sono, do despertar e do início e manutenção de sono em 1/22...

Introduction: Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is defined as the lack of nocturnal urine control, in individuals with five or more years old for at least two nights in a month, but up to every night. EN can be monosymptomatic (ENM), when it occurs in the absence of other symptoms or non monosymptomatic in the presence of diurnal renal symptoms. Although historically known as a psychiatric disorder, ENM is included in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders 2012 as a parasomnia. It can occur at any sleep stage but predominantly in non-REM sleep. EN is commonly associated to bladder hyperactivity, excessive urine production and/or failure to wake up after bladder filling. Despite the occurrence in sleep, standard sleep evaluation has failed to find abnormalities. The analysis of sleep microstructure is a refined and more accurate tool that can help find the neurophysiological mechanism underlying this process. Purpose: To evaluate sleep microarchitecture through Clyclic Altenating Pattern (CAP) analysis in children with monosymptomatic NE and provide a better understanding of the neurophysiological basis of EN. Methods: After IRB approval, 36 children, 22 with NE and 14 controls aged between seven and 17 years old who met the inclusion criteria were submitted to clinical and laboratory screening, evaluated for aspects of sleep, using sleep logs, Berlin Questionnaire (BQ), Sleep Scale for Children (SDSC) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and submitted to a full polysomnographic study, with evaluation of CAP. Results: ESS and BQ evidenced no abnormalities, the SDSC showed mild sleep apnea in 11/22 (50%), hyperhidrosis in 2/22 (9%) and disorder of the sleep-wake transition, awakening and initiation and maintenance sleep in 1/22 (4.5%) each. Analysis of sleep macrostructure showed higher numbers of awakenings (p < 0.001) and N2 sleep (p = 0.0025) as well as greater amount of sleep N3 (p < 0.0001) when compared to controls. Sleep microstructure showed an...

O efeito do alerta emocional na qualidade da memória / The effect of emotional arousal in the quality of memory

Este artigo visa fornecer evidências científicas da susceptibilidade das memórias à distorção mediante um estudo das falsas memórias (lembranças de eventos que, na realidade, não ocorreram) para eventos complexos estimulantes. A amostra foi composta por 380 adultos com idade entre 17 e 45 anos. Foi usada a versão brasileira do Procedimento de Apresentação de Slides de Cahill e McGaugh adaptada por Neufeld, Brust e Stein para a realidade Sul-brasileira e para a investigação do efeito do alerta emocional na memória e nas falsas memórias. O procedimento é constituído por 11 slides, acompanhados por duas versões de uma narrativa (uma emocionalmente estimulante, sendo então a versão estimulante, e outra com um apelo emocional muito menos intenso, ou seja, a versão controle). O desempenho da memória foi avaliado por meio de um teste de memória de reconhecimento. Os resultados indicaram que a introdução de informações emocionais no meio da versão emocionalmente estimulante pode levar ao aumento de memórias verdadeiras, bem como ao aumento da produção de falsas memórias...

This study extends scientific evidence on the susceptibility of distorted memories by assessing false memories (remembering events that did not actually occur) in emotionally arousing complex events. The experiment was conducted with 380 participants, aged between 17 and 45 years. The South Brazilian version of Cahill and McGaugh's Slideshow Procedure adapted by Neufeld, Brust and Stein on the evaluation of the effect of emotion on memory and false memories was used. The procedure entailed showing the participant 11 slides, followed by asking the participant to read one of the two possible versions of a narrative (either the emotionally arousing or neutral narrative). Memory performance was investigated using a recognition memory test. Results suggest that introducing emotional information into the arousing narrative may lead to the enhancement of true memory as well as to the enhancement of the production of false memories...

Effects of visual and auditory stimuli in a choice reaction time task

The effect produced by a warning stimulus(i) (WS) in reaction time (RT) tasks is commonly attributed to a facilitation of sensorimotor mechanisms by alertness. Recently, evidence was presented that this effect is also related to a proactive inhibition of motor control mechanisms. This inhibition would hinder responding to the WS instead of the target stimulus (TS). Some studies have shown that auditory WS produce a stronger facilitatory effect than visual WS. The present study investigated whether the former WS also produces a stronger inhibitory effect than the latter WS. In one session, the RTs to a visual target in two groups of volunteers were evaluated. In a second session, subjects reacted to the visual target both with (50% of the trials) and without (50% of the trials) a WS. During trials, when subjects received a WS, one group received a visual WS and the other group was presented with an auditory WS. In the first session, the mean RTs of the two groups did not differ significantly. In the second session, the mean RT of the two groups in the presence of the WS was shorter than in their absence. The mean RT in the absence of the auditory WS was significantly longer than the mean RT in the absence of the visual WS. Mean RTs did not differ significantly between the present conditions of the visual and auditory WS. The longer RTs of the auditory WS group as opposed to the visual WS group in the WS-absent trials suggest that auditory WS exert a stronger inhibitory influence on responsivity than visual WS.

Validación colombiana del sistema internacional de imágenes afectivas: evidencias del origen transcultural de la emoción / Colombian validation of the international affective picture system: evidence of cross-cultural origins of emotion / Validação colombiana do sistema internacional de imágens afetivas: evidências da origem transcultural da emoção

En Colombia no existen instrumentos validados para medir de forma fiable las dimensiones de la emoción basados en el uso de imágenes afectivas. Por esta razón, el objetivo de esta investigación fue validar en la población colombiana cuatro conjuntos de imágenes del International Affective Picture System (IAPS), y comparar los resultados con los de la población española y estadounidense con el fin de contribuir a la validación transcultural del instrumento. Los participantes fueron 404 personas (175 hombres y 229 mujeres) que evaluaron, mediante el Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), 238 imágenes pertenecientes a los conjuntos 13, 14, 19 y 20 del IAPS. Los resultados muestran una distribución de las imágenes en el espacio afectivo delimitado por las dimensiones de valencia y arousal en forma de boomerang similar a lo encontrado en países como Estados Unidos, España y Bélgica. Se observa una mayor dispersión y menor inclinación en el polo positivo que en el polo negativo y diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en la dimensión de arousal, siendo mayor la activación en ellas. Por último, se comparan estos resultados con los encontrados en otros países, y se identifican diferencias en las dimensiones de arousal y dominancia, pero no en valencia, lo cual apoya el modelo bioinformacional en el cual se afirma que la valencia es la dimensión principal sobre la cual se organizan las emociones. Con esta investigación se demuestra que el IAPS es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir las emociones.

There is a lack of validated instruments in Colombia for measuring the dimensions of emotional states in a reliable way. For this reason, this study was aimed at validating four sets of images of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS)in a Colombian sample and comparing the results with those found in Spanish and American samples in order to contribute to the instrument's cross-cultural validation. Participants were 404 people (175 men and 229 women) who assessed, through the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), 238 images belonging to sets 13, 14, 19 and 20 of the IAPS. Results showed the classical boomerang-shaped distribution of the pictures within the affective space, demarcated by the valence and arousal dimensions. These results are consistent with those found in other countries such as the United States, Spain, and Belgium. There is a greater dispersion and less inclination in the positive pole than in the negative pole and significant differences between men and women in the arousal dimension, showing a greater activation in women. Finally, these results are compared with those found in other countries and differences are identified in the dimensions of arousal and dominance, but not in valence. This supports the bio-informational model which states that valence is the main dimension around which emotions are organized. This research shows that the IAPS is a valid and reliable instrument to measure emotions.

Na Colômbia não existem instrumentos validados para medir de forma confiável as dimensões da emoção baseados no uso de imagens afetivas. Por esta razão, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi validar na população colombiana quatro conjuntos de imagens do International Affective Picture System (IAPS), e comparar os resultados com os da população espanhola e estadunidense com o objetivo de contribuir à validação transcultural do instrumento. Os participantes foram 404 pessoas (175 homens e 229 mulheres) que avaliaram mediante o Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), 238 imagens pertencentes aos conjuntos 13, 14, 19 e 20 do IAPS. Os resultados mostram uma distribuição das imagens no espaço afetivo delimitado pelas dimensões de valência e arousal em forma de bumerangue similar ao encontrado em países como Estados Unidos, Espanha e Bélgica. Observa-se uma maior dispersão e menor inclinação no polo positivo que no polo negativo e diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres na dimensão de arousal, sendo maior a ativação nelas. Por último, comparam-se estes resultados com os encontrados em outros países, e identificam-se diferenças nas dimensões de arousal e dominância, mas não em valência, que apoia o modelo bioinformacional no qual se afirma que a valência é a dimensão principal sobre a qual se organizam as emoções. Com esta pesquisa demonstra-se que o IAPS é um instrumento válido e confiável para medir as emoções.

International affective picture system (IAPS) in Chile: a cross-cultural adaptation and validation study / El sistema internacional de imágenes afectivas (International Affective Picture System-IAPS) en Chile: estudio de adaptación y validación transcultural

The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) (Lang, Ohman, & Vaitl, 1988) is a standardized set of photographs to induce emotions in the context of experimental investigations. The aim of this study was determine the psychometric behavior of the IAPS for the preparation of standards in the Chilean population and the subsequent validation of the instrument for its use in Chile. 208 university students participated (40 percent men) and had an affective experience induced using the presentation of visual stimuli extracted from sets 7 and 14 of the IAPS. In order to evaluate valence, arousal and dominance, the self-assessment manikin (SAM) was used, made up of pictographic scales for each dimension and a scale of continuous variation of emotional reactions. The IAPS showed psychometric behavior comparable to the original, with the same boomerang-shaped distribution of scores being found in the valence/arousal relationship. The IAPS is a reliable tool for inducing emotions in studies related to affectivity.

El Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectivas (International Affective Picture System-IAPS) (Lang, Ohman, & Vaitl, 1988) es un conjunto estandarizado de fotografías para la inducción de emociones en el contexto de investigaciones experimentales. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el comportamiento psicométrico del IAPS para la confección de normas en la población chilena y la validación consiguiente del instrumento para su uso en Chile. Participaron 208 estudiantes universitarios (40 por ciento hombres) a quienes se les indujo una experiencia afectiva mediante la presentación de estímulos visuales extraídos del set 1 y 14 del IAPS. Para evaluar valencia, arousal y dominancia, se utilizo el maniquí de auto-evaluación o SAM (Self - Assessment Manikin), compuesto por escalas pictográficas para cada dimensión y una escala de variación continua de reacciones emocionales. El IAPS muestran un comportamiento psicométrico comparable al original, encontrándose la dispersión de puntajes de boomerang en la relación Valencia/Arousal. El IAPS es una herramienta confiable para la inducción de emociones en estudios ligados a la afectividad.

The paradox of age: an analysis of responses by aging Brazilians to International Affective Picture System (IAPS) / Paradoxo etário: uma análise feita por idosos brasileiros sobre o International Affective Picture System(IAPS)

OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible differences in subjective analysis of the emotional stimuli from the International Affective Picture System between elderly and young samples. METHOD: 187 elderly subjects ranked the International Affective Picture System images according to the directions from the Manual of Affective Ratings. Their scores were compared to those obtained from International Affective Picture System studies with young people. RESULT: There is an age-related difference in arousal and valence in the International Affective Picture System rating. The correlation between affective valence and arousal is strong, and negative for the elderly. The expected versus the observed frequency of International Affective Picture System images between elderly and young samples show a statistical difference. CONCLUSION: This study shows an inter-age statistical dichotomy in how elderly and young people subjectively evaluate International Affective Picture System images.

OBJETIVO: Explorar as possíveis diferenças nas avaliações subjetivas dos estímulos emocionais do International Affective Picture System entre idosos e jovens. MÉTODO: 187 indivíduos idosos avaliaram as imagens do International Affective Picture System de acordo com o Manual de Aplicação do Teste. Os escores obtidos pelos idosos foram então comparados com os escores obtidos da normatização do International Affective Picture System para jovens. RESULTADOS: Há diferença nos níveis de alerta e valência afetiva entre idosos e jovens. Há uma forte e negativa correlação entre valência afetiva e nível de alerta na amostra estudada. As frequências esperadas versus observadas das imagens do International Affective Picture System entre idosos e jovens mostram diferenças estatísticas. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostra uma diferença interetária na avaliação de imagens do International Affective Picture System.

Normas brasileiras para o Affective Norms for English Words / Brazilian norms for the Affective Norms for English Words

INTRODUÇÃO: O presente estudo realizou a tradução e adaptação do Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) para o português brasileiro (ANEW-Br) e obteve medidas de emocionalidade para um conjunto de 1.046 palavras em português. MÉTODO: Uma amostra de 755 universitários de ambos os sexos utilizou as escalas de valência e alerta do Self-Assessment Manikin para julgar a emocionalidade de 1.046 palavras em português. RESULTADOS: Os valores de valência ficaram no intervalo de 1,16 a 8,80, enquanto que os valores de alerta ficaram no intervalo de 2,22 a 7,67. Análises adicionais indicaram que as medidas de valência e alerta se mostraram fidedignas, além de sugerir adequação do método utilizado para coleta das medidas de emocionalidade. CONCLUSÃO: A disponibilização das normas brasileiras para o ANEW representa um avanço metodológico para pesquisadores brasileiros no desenvolvimento de futuros estudos sobre os efeitos da emoção na cognição humana (AU)

INTRODUCTION: The present study translated and adapted the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) to Brazilian Portuguese (ANEW-Br) and collected emotionality measures for a set of 1,046 words in Brazilian Portuguese. METHOD: A sample of 755 male and female undergraduate students used the valence and arousal scales of the Self-Assessment Manikin to judge the emotionality of 1,046 words in Brazilian Portuguese. RESULTS: Valence values ranged from 1.16 to 8.80, while arousal values ranged from 2.22 to 7.67. Further analyses indicated that both valence and arousal measures were reliable and suggested that the method used was appropriate for the collection of emotionality measures. CONCLUSION: The availability of Brazilian norms for the ANEW represents a methodological advancement for Brazilian investigators in the development of future studies about the effects of emotion on human cognition (AU)

Imbalance between thyroid hormones and the dopaminergic system might be central to the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome: a hypothesis

Data collected from medical literature indicate that dopaminergic agonists alleviate Restless Legs Syndrome symptoms while dopaminergic agonists antagonists aggravate them. Dopaminergic agonists is a physiological regulator of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Dopaminergic agonists infusion diminishes the levels of thyroid hormones, which have the ability to provoke restlessness, hyperkinetic states, tremors, and insomnia. Conditions associated with higher levels of thyroid hormones, such as pregnancy or hyperthyroidism, have a higher prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome symptoms. Low iron levels can cause secondary Restless Legs Syndrome or aggravate symptoms of primary disease as well as diminish enzymatic activities that are involved in dopaminergic agonists production and the degradation of thyroid hormones. Moreover, as a result of low iron levels, dopaminergic agonists diminishes and thyroid hormones increase. Iron therapy improves Restless Legs Syndrome symptoms in iron deprived patients. Medical hypothesis. To discuss the theory that thyroid hormones, when not counterbalanced by dopaminergic agonists, may precipitate the signs and symptoms underpinning Restless Legs Syndrome. The main cause of Restless Legs Syndrome might be an imbalance between the dopaminergic agonists system and thyroid hormones.

Efecto de la ingesta de café sobre la frecuencia crítica de fusión en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios / Effect of the ingestion of coffee on the critical frequency of merger in a sample of university students

Introducción y objetivos: La frecuencia crítica de fusión (FCF) ha sido ampliamente utilizada como un indicador de nivel de alertamiento en estudios psicofarmacológicos y como ayuda diagnóstica en enfermedades neurológicas. El presente trabajo utilizó un prototipo electrónico para evaluar el efecto de la ingesta de una dosis social de café, sobre la FCF en estudiantes voluntarios de la facultad de salud de la Universidad Industrial de Santander. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron 13 hombres y 13 mujeres bajo un diseño seudo-experimental donde a los participantes se les evaluó (pre y post ingesta de café) la FCF por los métodos ascendente y descendente. La dosis de café estuvo entre 2,5 y 2,8 gramos de un producto comercial disponible en tiendas de mercado de la ciudad, que decía contener entre el 3,9 y 4,4% de cafeína en el producto seco. Resultados: Los principales resultados mostraron que el grupo de hombres tuvo mayores valores de la FCF “basales” que las mujeres, mientras que la ingesta de café produjo un incremento de la FCF en las mujeres y no en los hombres. Modelos basados en regresiones múltiples, demostraron que tanto el género como la hora de la evaluación, contribuyeron a la explicación del efecto producido por la ingesta de café. Conclusiones y recomendaciones: El protocolo y la herramienta implementados, permitieron detectar el aumento de la FCF (incremento del alertamiento) inducido por la cafeína, que adicionalmente estuvo asociado al género y al horario de evaluación de los participantes. Se recomienda su implementación para la evaluación de los efectos de otros psicofármacos

Introduction and objectives: The Critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) has been widely used as an arousal level indicator in psychopharmacological studies and as diagnostic aid in neurological disease. The current work used an electronic prototype to evaluate the effect of one social dose of coffee, on the CFF in volunteer students of the Medical School in the Universidad Industrial de Santander. Materials and methods: Were included 13 men and 13 women in a pseudo-experimental study, in each participant was evaluated (pre and post coffee intake) the CFF by ascending and descending methods. The dose of coffee was between 2.5 and 2.8 grams of a commercial product available into the commercial shopping of the city. It said to contain between 3.9 and 4.4% of caffeine into the dry product. Results: The principal results showed the male group, had higher values of “basal” CFF than the female group, while the coffee intake produced an increase of CFF into the woman group but do not into the male group. Models based in multiple regression, demonstrated that as gender as the evaluation hour, contribute to the explication of the coffee intake effect. Conclusions and recommendations: The protocol and the tool used; let detect the increase of the CFF (increase of arousal) induced by caffeine, and additionally, was associated to gender and evaluation hour of participants. It is recommended their use to evaluate the effects of other psychotropic drugs

Vigilancia de la presencia de triatominos mediante gallineros en el sur de Jalisco, México / Monitoring triatomid bug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) presence by sentinel chicken coops in Southern Jalisco State, México

Introducción. En México, la enfermedad de Chagas es un problema de salud pública. Se han registrado, al menos, 30 especies de triatominos vectores, la mayoría con hábitos domésticos y tendencia a invadir las viviendas humanas. Objetivo. Evaluar la utilidad de gallineros en la vigilancia de la presencia de triatominos peridomésticos y conocer su situación en el área de estudio. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de campo, experimental, longitudinal, por un año. Se instalaron 50 gallineros en 50 viviendas de tres localidades del municipio de Teocuitatlán de Corona, en el estado de Jalisco, México. Se inspeccionaron los gallineros y las viviendas para saber si aquéllos podían detectar la presencia de triatominos, para estimar la situación vectorial en el área. Resultados. Se recolectaron significativamente (p<0,05) más especímenes de Meccus longipennis (93%) que de Triatoma barberi (7%). Aproximadamente, un tercio (31,3%) de los especímenes de M. longipennis y ninguno de T. barberi se recolectó en los gallineros. M. longipennis tuvo un porcentaje de infección por Trypanosoma cruzi de 25,7%, y T. barberi, de 53,2%. Los meses de primavera y verano fueron en los que se recolectaron más ejemplares de triatominos. Conclusiones. Los gallineros se consideran una herramienta útil para detectar la presencia de ejemplares de M. longipennis, aunque no funcionaron para T. barberi. Se confirma la importancia de M. longipennis y se establece el posible rol primario de T. barberi como vector en el área de estudio.

Introduction. Chagas disease is an important public health problem in Mexico. At least 30 Triatominae species, vectors of that disease have been recorded, most with domiciliary habits and tendency to invade human dwellings. Objective. The usefulness of using chicken coops was evaluated for monitoring peridomestic triatomine presence, identity and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Materials and methods. A year-long, longitudinal field study was designed. Fifty chicken coops were placed in 50 human dwellings on three localities in Teocuitatlán de Corona County, Jalisco State, Mexico. The coops and human dwellings were routinely inspected to determine if the coops alone can monitor for the presence of triatomines. Results. Significantly (p<0.05) more Meccus longipennis specimens (93.0%) than of Triatoma barberi (7.0%) were collected. Almost a third (31.3%) of M. longipennis and none of T. barberi specimens were collected in the coops. Meccus longipennis was found with infections of Trypanosoma cruzi of 25.7%, and T. barberi of 53.2%. Most triatomines were collected in spring and summer months. Conclusions. Chicken coops proved useful tools to detect presence of M. longipennis; however, they were not effective for T. barberi. The importance of M. longipennis as a potential vector was confirmed, and the possible primary vector role of T. barberi was established as well.

La potencia atencional de la alegría

Precisamos rescatar la alegría de hacer-se en psicopedagogía. Antes de buscar nuevas respuestas para viejas preguntas, propongo formular nuevas preguntas. Desmontar lo establecido y transformar nuestro modo de pensar como psicopedagogos. Necesitamos dar atención a las “capacidades” para entender los “déficits”, para generar espacios de autoría y así dar lugar a la potencia atencional de la alegría. Ante el arsenal de propuestas engañosas dirigidas a convencer sobre los diferentes métodos empleados para superar los “déficits atencionales”, basados en falsas teorías y aún contrarias a los saberes de educadores, psicólogos y psicopedagogos, propongo aquí algunas cuestiones sobre los conceptos de “modalidades atencionales” y de “capacidad atencional”. Capacidad que se imbrica con el jugar y se estructura en la pulsión epistemofílica. Es pulsión de vida. Se construye. Se aprende. El aprender bebe en su fuente y la nutre. Las enseñanzas de Donald Winnicott, quien asocia el jugar con la “capacidad para estar a solas en presencia de otro disponible” (capacity to be alone) y la “capacidad de interesarse por el otro” (capacity for concern), nos sirven de soporte.