Estado del Arte de la Predicción de Variables en Sistemas de Ingeniería Eléctrica Basada en Inteligencia Artificial / State of the Art of Predicting Electrical Engineering Variables Based on Artificial Intelligence

Resumen Existe una gran cantidad de sistemas que se estudian y desarrollan en el campo de la Ingeniería Eléctrica en los que se realizan análisis que tienen como uno de sus fines principales la predicción de sus variables, tanto para procesos de planificación como de toma de decisiones. Con el advenimiento de la Inteligencia Artificial, se ha observado cómo distintas técnicas relacionadas con el aprendizaje automático y la optimización se han incorporado a estas tareas de predicción, con las cuales se obtienen generalmente mejores resultados en los valores estimados que aquellos generados a partir de técnicas más tradicionales. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión de lo publicado sobre predicciones de variables en sistemas de Ingeniería Eléctrica en las bases de datos EBSCO, SciELO, RedAlyc, Springer Link, IEEE Xplorer, y Google Académico, a partir de una delimitación temporal y de palabras clave del área. A partir del análisis de la literatura se obtuvo la tendencia sobre el tema a partir de los años más productivos, áreas de impacto e idiomas más frecuentes. Se observó que los estudios desarrollados han crecido en años recientes, y que las áreas de mayor impacto, de acuerdo con el número de publicaciones y de citas son la predicción del consumo y producción de energía eléctrica, y las variables relacionadas con energías renovables.

Abstract In many systems that are studied and developed in the field of Electrical Engineering, analyzes are carried out that have as one of their main purposes the prediction of their variables, both for planning and decision-making processes. With the advent of Artificial Intelligence, it has been observed how different techniques related to machine learning and optimization have been incorporated into these prediction tasks. Those new techniques generally obtained better results in the estimation of values ​​than those generated from more traditional techniques. The objective of this research is to review what has been published on predictions of variables in Electrical Engineering systems in the databases EBSCO, SciELO, RedAlyc, Springer Link, IEEE Xplorer, and Google Scholar, given specific temporal and keyworks delimitations for the area. From the analysis of the literature, the trend on the subject was obtained from the most productive years, areas of impact, and most frequent languages. It was observed that the studies developed have grown in recent years and that the areas of greatest impact, according to the number of publications and citations, are the prediction of electricity consumption and production, and the variables related to renewable energy.

Determinantes de la salud ambiental en el Perú: curva de Kuznets 1990-2015 / Determinants of environmental health in Peru: Kuznets curve 1990-2015

El ambiente es el lugar donde vive, trabaja y se desarrolla el hombre, compuesto básicamente por dos sistemas interrelacionados e independientes: por una parte, es el hombre conviviendo en una sociedad con características muy diferentes, y por el otro lado, los elementos de la naturaleza siendo transformados por los hombres donde viven inmersos. En ese sentido, la degradación y contaminación ambiental, tienen efectos notables en la vidad de los seres humanos, siendo responsable de la muerte de cientos de millones de personas que sufren de enfermedades respiratorias asociadas con la contaminación externa e interior del aire. En ese sentido, ya a partir de las últimas décadas, las emisiones de dióxido de carbono han alcanzado cifras record superando las 10 gigatoneladas. Este incremento está asociado al sector energético (47%), la industria (30%) y el transporte (11%) principalmente, lo que ha logrado un calentamiento global progresivo de la superficie terrestre con las consecuencias típicas asociadas al derretimiento de los glaciares, cambios en los ciclos hidrológicos, falta de alimentos, aumento de los fenómenos meteorológicos, migraciones descontroladas, enfermedades y pandemias. De este modo, surge la economía ambiental, una disciplina que intenta dar repuestas integrales entre ambos tópicos, medio ambiente y economía, donde diversas teorías tratan de explicar los fenómenos observados. El concepto de las Curvas de Kuznets Ambientales (CKA), señala una relación dinámica entre el PIB y la calidad del medio ambiente. El objetivo del artículo ha sido determinar si en el Perú, durante el periodo 1990-2015, ha habido una relación en forma de U invertida entre la producción interna y la contaminación del aire. La investigación prueba que, en el Perú, durante el periodo 1990-2015, no ha habido una relación en forma de U invertida entre la producción interna y la contaminación del aire, sino que la producción interna ha tenido un impacto positivo y lineal sobre el dióxido de carbono y el óxido de nitrógeno(AU)

The environment is the place where man lives, works and develops, basically composed of two interrelated and independent systems: on the one hand, it is man living together in a society with very different characteristics, and on the other hand, the elements of the nature being transformed by men where they live immersed. In this sense, environmental degradation and pollution have notable effects on the lives of human beings, being responsible for the death of hundreds of millions of people who suffer from respiratory diseases associated with external and internal air pollution. In this sense, already in recent decades, carbon dioxide emissions have reached record figures, exceeding 10 gigatons. This increase is mainly associated with the energy sector (47%), industry (30%) and transport (11%), which has achieved a progressive global warming of the earth's surface with the typical consequences associated with the melting of glaciers, changes in hydrological cycles, lack of food, increased weather events, uncontrolled migrations, diseases and pandemics. In this way, environmental economics arises, a discipline that tries to provide comprehensive answers between both topics, environment and economy, where various theories try to explain the observed phenomena. The concept of the Environmental Kuznets Curves (EKC), indicates a dynamic relationship between GDP and the quality of the environment. The objective of the article has been to determine if in Peru, during the period 1990-2015, there has been an inverted U-shaped relationship between internal production and air pollution. The research proves that, in Peru, during the period 1990-2015, there has not been an inverted U-shaped relationship between domestic production and air pollution, but rather that domestic production has had a positive and linear impact on air pollution. carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide(AU)

Analytic Hierarchy Process Algorithm Applied to Battery Energy Storage System Selection for Grid Applications

Abstract The Brazilian Power Sector is preparing the introduction of battery energy storage in its distribution lines for energy quality control. The technical and financial viability of this new technology depends on several factors: battery technologies, geographical locations, environmental restrictions and the local regulation. One of the objectives of the present project was to create a methodology for helping technicians to choose the best battery technology for each particular application. The Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP algorithm was selected to take into account all the above-mentioned factors. This methodology was applied to a case study considering four different commercially available battery energy storage systems (BESS) and the methodology was able to recommend the best choice by taking into account all the criteria and subcriteria considered. The second objective of the present project is to evaluate a real hybrid BESS operation composed of two different battery technologies. Up to the moment when this paper was submitted the BESS has not been installed yet. The installation place has already been selected, a feeder-line with 1,360 kW peak power, and monitored for energy quality. The BESS has been sized, a 250 kW/1 MWh flow battery together with a 250 kW/500 kWh lithium-ion battery and the purchase process has been initiated. Both battery technologies will work in separate and joint operations for power quality in on-grid and island cases.

O conceito de aglomerado subnormal do IBGE e a precariedade dos serviços básicos de infraestrutura urbana / The IBGE's concept of subnormal agglomerate and the precariousness of Brazilian urban infrastructure / El concepto de aglomerado subnormal del IBGE y la precariedad de la infraestructura urbana brasileña

Este artigo aborda as limitações da categoria aglomerado subnormal, do IBGE, para analisar as desigualdades socioeconômicas, habitacionais, demográficas e, sobretudo, de acesso aos serviços básicos de infraestrutura urbana nas cidades brasileiras. Também são considerados os potenciais impactos que as mudanças previstas para o próximo Censo Demográfico terão sobre as análises e as políticas públicas de melhoria das condições de vida urbana. Como metodologia, utilizou-se a análise discriminante para identificar setores censitários classificados como comuns, pelo IBGE, que possuíam características similares às dos setores subnormais, em 2010, nas regiões metropolitanas selecionadas. Em seguida, relacionaram-se os tipos de setores à inadequação dos serviços básicos de infraestrutura urbana e foram analisados os quesitos previstos para serem retirados do próximo Censo, à luz das variáveis que mais discriminaram os setores subnormais dos comuns, segundo as análises realizadas. Os resultados evidenciam que os setores subnormais e os similares identificados não foram suficientes para representar as áreas urbanas com maior demanda de serviços públicos essenciais adequados, em 2010. A localização dos setores reflete muito mais sobre a precariedade dos serviços do que sua condição de "subnormalidade". Destaca-se a relevância da informação sobre o fornecimento de energia elétrica e sobre a condição de ocupação dos domicílios para as análises das desigualdades habitacionais e de infraestrutura urbana, cujas variáveis estão indicadas para serem retiradas do questionário do universo no próximo recenseamento. Finalmente, salienta-se a contínua valorização da propriedade no conceito de "subnormalidade" do IBGE em detrimento da disponibilidade de serviços públicos essenciais adequados nas áreas urbanas.

This article addresses the limitations of the IBGE's subnormal agglomerate category to analyze socioeconomic, housing, and demographic inequalities and, specially, inequalities in access to basic urban infrastructure services in Brazilian cities. The text also considers the potential impact that the changes foreseen for the next Demographic Census will have on the analyses and public policies for improving urban living conditions. As a methodology, Discriminant Analysis was used to identify census sectors classified as common by IBGE, which had characteristics similar to those of subnormal sectors, in 2010, in selected Metropolitan Regions. Then, the types of sectors were related to the inadequacy of basic urban infrastructure services and the questions to be removed from the next Census were analyzed, in the light of the variables that discriminated most between subnormal and common sectors, according to the analyses carried out. The results showed that the subnormal and similar sectors identified were not enough to represent the urban areas with the greatest demand for adequate essential public services in 2010. The location of the sectors reflects much more about the precariousness of services than their condition of "subnormality". The relevance of electricity supply information and also of occupancy condition of households for the analysis about housing and urban infrastructure inequalities are highlighted. These variables are indicated to be removed from the universe questionnaire in the next census. Finally, the continuous valuation of property in the IBGE's concept of "subnormality" over the availability of adequate essential public services in urban areas is emphasized.

Este artículo aborda las limitaciones de la categoría aglomerado subnormal, del IBGE, para analizar las desigualdades socioeconómicas, habitacionales, demográficas y, sobre todo, de acceso a servicios básicos de infraestructura urbana en las ciudades brasileñas. El texto también considera los impactos potenciales que los cambios previstos para el próximo censo de población tendrán sobre los análisis y las políticas públicas para mejorar las condiciones de vida urbana. Como metodología, se utilizó el análisis discriminante para identificar los sectores censales clasificados como comunes por el IBGE que tenían características similares a las de los sectores subnormales, en 2010 en las regiones metropolitanas seleccionadas. Luego, se relacionaron los tipos de sectores con la inadecuación de los servicios básicos de infraestructura urbana y se analizaron las preguntas a ser eliminadas del próximo censo a la luz de las variables que más discriminaron entre sectores subnormales y comunes, según los análisis realizados. Los resultados muestran que los sectores subnormales y similares identificados no fueron suficientes para representar las áreas urbanas con mayor demanda de servicios públicos esenciales adecuados, en 2010. La ubicación de los sectores refleja mucho más la precariedad de los servicios que su condición de subnormalidad. Se destaca la relevancia de la información sobre el suministro de energía eléctrica y sobre la condición de ocupación de los hogares en el análisis de las desigualdades habitacionales y de infraestructura urbana, cuyas variables están indicadas para ser eliminadas del cuestionario del universo en el próximo censo. Por último, cabe destacar la valoración continua de la propiedad en el concepto de "subnormalidad" del IBGE en detrimento de la disponibilidad de servicios públicos esenciales adecuados en las zonas urbanas.

Fogo em campo cirúrgico - Medidas preventivas para cirurgia palpebral segura / Operating room fire prevention - preventive measures for safe eyelid surgery

Resumo Fogo em campo cirúrgico durante cirurgia palpebral é uma complicação intra-operatória que é dramática tanto para o paciente quanto para a equipe médica. Relatamos um caso de acidente cirúrgico durante cirurgia palpebral onde o paciente sofreu queimadura de supercílio. Houve interação entre o oxigênio usado para sedação (máscara aberta) e uma fonte de ignição representada pelo cautério monopolar. Embora o paciente tenha apresentado boa evolução clínica com recuperação total da lesão cutânea, este caso é um alerta para se evitar tais tipo de ocorrência. Ressaltamos neste trabalho quais as condições implicadas e o modo de prevenção.

Abstract Fire in the surgical field during eyelid surgery is an intra-operative complication that is dramatic for both the patient and the medical staff. It's being reported a case of surgical accident during eyelid surgery where the patient suffered a brow burn. There was interaction between the oxygen used for sedation (open mask) and a source of ignition represented by monopolar cautery. Although the patient presented good clinical evolution with complete recovery of the cutaneous lesion, this case is an alert to avoid such type of occurrence. This work highlights the conditions involved and the way of prevention.

O desafio de definir indicadores para explorar a sustentabilidade do nexo entre água, energia e alimentos na Macrometrópole Paulista / The challenge of defining indicators to explore the sustainability of the water-energy-food nexus in the São Paulo Macrometropolis

A abordagem do nexo entre água, energia e alimentos (ou simplesmente nexo) parte do entendimento de que esses três recursos estão conectados por uma relação de interdependência marcada por trade-offs e sinergias. Sendo assim, o nexo pode contribuir com a otimização do uso de recursos por promover a produção de mais utilizando menos. Entretanto, a falta de metodologias e instrumentos analíticos abrangentes não favorece o desenvolvimento de uma percepção mais holística e integrada das dimensões sociais, ambientais e econômicas envolvendo a complexidade dessas relações de interdependência. Diante disso, este trabalho teve o objetivo principal de propor uma matriz de indicadores baseada no modelo FPSEEA da Organização Mundial de Saúde para validar essa estrutura como um instrumento analítico capaz de explorar a (in)sustentabilidade do nexo em sistemas urbanos complexos, como é o caso da Macrometrópole Paulista (MMP). Para definir e sistematizar os indicadores de acordo com o significado atribuído para cada um dos eixos do modelo foi realizada uma revisão não sistemática das literaturas e consulta a alguns dos sistemas de informação de domínio público do país. Utilizou-se, também, de uma matriz de correlação e clusters obtidos a partir da técnica Self organizing map para analisar e interpretar dados de 2016 que foram extraídos para os 180 municípios da Macrometrópole, a fim de testar a aplicabilidade do modelo e delinear um panorama de sustentabilidade da região que serviu de unidade experimental. Apesar da indisponibilidade de alguns dos dados para todos os municípios ter se apresentado como uma limitação para a construção da matriz, verificou-se que o modelo demonstrou viabilidade para as atividades de identificação e análise dos trade-offs do nexo. Com base na análise dos dados, foi percebida uma nova centralidade de municípios e relações de injustiça para a MMP. Trata-se de uma centralidade divergente ao acúmulo de capital por abranger municípios que sustentam o desenvolvimento humano e regional por meio de uma maior concentração de infraestrutura verde que presta serviços ecossistêmicos que subsidiam o abastecimento de água, energia e alimentos. Porém, em termos de desenvolvimento humano, os mesmos municípios que foram classificados como provedores de recursos não contam com as mesmas oportunidades dos demais. Conclui-se, portanto, que a abordagem do nexo ainda continua sendo um desafio epistemológico e de gestão. Além disso, as intervenções e políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável da MMP precisam estar mais alinhadas às necessidades sociais apresentadas pelos municípios classificados como provedores, pois esses municípios são estratégicos em termos de conservação e provisão de elementos fundamentais à manutenção da vida na região macrometropolitana.

The water-energy-food nexus (or just nexus) begins from the understanding that these three resources are connected by an interdependence relationship marked by trade-offs and synergies. Thus, the nexus approach can contributes to the optimization of the resources management by promoting the production of more while spending less. However, the lack of comprehensive analytical methodologies and instruments does not contribute to the development of more holistic and integrated perception of the social, environmental and economic dimensions involving the complexity of interdependence relationships. Therefore, this work aimed to propose a matrix of indicators based on the DPSEEA (WHO) framework to validate the structure as an instrument capable of exploring the sustainability of the nexus in complex urban systems, such as the São Paulo Macrometropolis (SPM). In order to define and systematize the indicators according to the meaning attributed to each of the axes of the DPSEEA framework, a non-systematic literature review was carried out and consultation of some of the country's domain information systems as well. It was also used a correlation matrix and clusters obtained from the Self organizing map technique to analyze and interpret data from 2016 that were extracted for the 180 municipalities of SPM, in order to test the applicability of the DPSEEA framework and outline a sustainability panorama of the region that served as an experimental unit. The lack of data for some municipalities was presented as a limitation for the construction of the matrix, but the framework demonstrated viability for the activities of identification and analysis of the nexus trade-offs. Based on the data analysis, a new centrality of municipalities and relations of Injustice for the SPM was perceived. It is a divergent centrality to the accumulation of capital because it encompasses municipalities that support human and regional development through a greater concentration of green infrastructure that provides ecosystem services that subsidize the supply of water, energy and food. However, in terms of human development, the same municipalities that were classified as resource providers do not have the same opportunities as the others. It is concluded, therefore, that the nexus approach still remains an epistemological and management challenge. In addition, SPM's sustainable development interventions and policies need to be more in line with the social needs presented by municipalities classified as providers, as these municipalities are strategic in terms of conservation and provision of essential elements for maintaining life in the macrometropolitan region.

Psicologia ambiental e recursos em sustentabilidade: revisão integrativa / Environmental psychology and sustainability resources: integrative review / Psicología ambiental y recursos de sostenibilidad: revisión integradora

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar, por meio de revisão integrativa de artigos empíricos, a produção científica relacionando a Psicologia Ambiental (variáveis de comportamento/cognição) e sustentabilidade, considerando diferentes recursos. Para efeitos deste estudo, foram analisados os artigos que abordam um recurso único. A busca foi realizada nos periódicos Environment and Behavior, Journal of Environmental Psychology e Psyecology, reconhecidos pela relevância internacional em produção científica no campo da Psicologia Ambiental. Foram selecionados 24 artigos, publicados entre os anos de 2012 e 2016, a partir dos critérios de inclusão pré-estabelecidos. Os anos com maior número de publicação foram 2014 (n = 8) e 2015 (n = 8). A maioria dos artigos se refere a estudos realizados na Europa, apenas um trata de pesquisa no Brasil. Os recursos abordados nos estudos abrangeram transporte, produtos, água, energia elétrica, sacola plástica e pastagem natural. Os resultados revisados demonstram que há uma diversidade de conceitos na mediação entre comportamentos/cognições e diferentes recursos, indicando a relevância destas abordagens para a promoção de sustentabilidade. Sugere-se caminhos para pesquisa e intervenção nas relações sustentáveis entre pessoas e recursos disponíveis em seus meios.

The objective of this study was to examine, through an integrative review of empirical articles, the scientific production on the relation between Environmental Psychology (behavior/cognition variables) and sustainability considering different resources. For that purpose, this analysis considered articles approaching a unique resource. Search was conducted in three journals with international relevance in the scientific production of Environmental Psychology: Environment and Behavior, Journal of Environmental Psychology and Psyecology. Following pre-established inclusion criteria, results included 24 articles published from 2012 and 2016. Years with higher number of publications were 2014 (n = 8) and 2015 (n = 8). The articles found refer mostly to studies conducted in Europe; only one article is a research from Brazil. Resources included transportation, products, water, energy, plastic bag, and natural grassland. Results indicate that there is a diversity of concepts mediating behaviors/cognitions and different resources, which reveals the relevance of these approaches to the promotion of sustainability. Research and intervention paths are suggested to sustainable relations between people and resources available in their surroundings.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar, por medio de una revisión integradora de artículos empíricos, la producción científica que relaciona la Psicología Ambiental (variables de comportamiento/cognición) y la sostenibilidad, considerando diferentes recursos. Para los propósitos de este estudio, se analizaron artículos que abordan un solo recurso. La búsqueda fue realizada en los periódicos Environment and Behavior, Journal of Environmental Psychology y Psyecology, reconocidos por la relevancia internacional en producción científica en el campo de la Psicología Ambiental. Se seleccionaron 24 artículos, publicados entre los años 2012 y 2016, basados en criterios de inclusión preestablecidos. Los años con el mayor número de publicaciones fueron 2014 (n = 8) y 2015 (n = 8). La mayoría de los artículos se refiere a estudios realizados en Europa, sólo uno trata de investigación en Brasil. Los recursos abordados en los estudios incluyeron transporte, productos, agua, energía eléctrica, bolsas de plástico y pastoreo natural. Los resultados revisados demuestran que hay una diversidad de conceptos en la mediación entre comportamientos/cogniciones y diferentes recursos, indicando la relevancia de estos enfoques para la promoción de la sostenibilidad. Se sugieren caminos para la investigación e intervención en las relaciones sostenibles entre personas y recursos disponibles en sus medios.

Qualitative evaluation of an intervention to reduce energy poverty / Evaluación cualitativa de una intervención para reducir la pobreza energética

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the " Energía, la justa " program, aimed at reducing energy poverty in the city of Barcelona, from the point of view of the target population and the workers involved in the intervention. METHODS A qualitative, descriptive and exploratory pilot study was carried out, with a phenomenological approach. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted: to three users, three energy agents who performed interventions in the homes, and six professionals who participated in the program coordination. A thematic content analysis was carried out using Atlas-ti software . Interviews were conducted between October 2016 and March 2017. RESULTS Trust in a contact person (e.g. social workers) facilitated the participation, although there were difficulties reaching people who had illegal energy supplies, immigrant women or immigrants who subrent properties. Regarding implementation, home visits, energy efficiency advice and the relationship with energy agents were the best assessed aspects. However, not being able to carry out reforms in deteriorated dwellings was considered a limitation. The program also contributed to raise awareness on energy rights, to save on utility bills and to generate tranquility and social support. CONCLUSIONS Programs such as this one can promote energy empowerment and improve psychosocial status. However, strategies with a gender and equity perspective should be considered to reach other vulnerable groups.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Conocer las valoraciones del programa "Energía, la justa" orientado a reducir la pobreza energética en la ciudad de Barcelona, desde la perspectiva de las personas destinatarias y de las personas trabajadoras involucradas en la intervención. MÉTODOS Estudio piloto realizado con metodología cualitativa, de tipo descriptivo y exploratorio, analizado desde un enfoque fenomenológico. Se realizaron 12 entrevistas semi-estructuradas: a tres personas destinatarias, a tres agentes energéticos que realizaron intervención en los hogares y a seis profesionales que participaron en la coordinación del programa. Se realizó un análisis de contenido temático mediante el software Atlas-ti. Las entrevistas se realizaron entre octubre de 2016 y marzo de 2017. RESULTADOS La confianza con una persona de contacto (por ejemplo, trabajadoras sociales) facilitó la participación, pero hubo dificultad para acceder a personas que tenían los suministros ilegales, mujeres inmigrantes o inmigrantes que subalquilaban pisos. Respecto a la implementación, las visitas domiciliarias, el asesoramiento en materia de eficiencia energética y la relación con los agentes energéticos, fueron los aspectos mejor valorados. Sin embargo, se consideró como limitación no poder realizar reformas en viviendas muy deterioradas. A nivel de impacto, el programa contribuyó al conocimiento de los derechos energéticos, a ahorrar en las facturas de los suministros y a generar mayor tranquilidad y soporte social. CONCLUSIONES Programas como este fomentan el empoderamiento en materia energética y producen mejoras a nivel psicosocial. No obstante, se deberían desarrollar estrategias con perspectiva de género y de equidad para llegar a otros colectivos especialmente vulnerables.

Biogas and Biomass Implementation in Rural Areas

Abstract Advances in energy demand in rural areas cannot be dissociated from agricultural modernization, large estates, mechanization of labor and reduced investment in small production. The use of biogas together with biomass are the most cost-effective ways for the small producer, as it has a high calorific value. In the case of biogas the procedure is performed by combining a compressor and a chiller, allowing the gas enter the reactor and burn together with the air stream. The use of these techniques is an auxiliary way to reduce the cost of the producer to produce a certain crop, besides allowing a participation in the final energy supply, so that the utilities have an alternative to distribute the surplus energy to another region, serving thus a wider range in the rural area.

Public Policies to Be Implemented to Encourage the Use of Renewable Energy Sources in the Rural Area of Paraná

Abstract Around the world there's a rising interest in the installation of renewable energy sources due to their ecological, economical, political and social advantages. In this article is studied specifically the case of the incentive towards the installation of these sources in the state of Parana's rural area, where they wouldn't just be ecologically interesting, but also would help the improvement on the living conditions of the rural producers, promote income distribution and would cause an increase on the power supply, this way reducing the tariff. However, the problem arises in the acquisition of the energy generator, since even though they are interesting for the rural producers, these sources are majorly too expensive and end up being beyond their purchasing power. Based on that, this article brings a selection of public policies that could make the use of these sources viable in the rural area of the state, based on the experiences of other countries who face or have faced in the past similar difficulties, like China or India, and countries who have become reference in the matter, like Germany.

Study of the Potential of Photovoltaic Microgeneration and Minigeneration from the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems Installed at UTFPR Curitiba Campus

Abstract: Humanity is increasingly dependent on energy, which demand grows every year. Renewable energy sources are consolidated alternatives in the market, previously installed on a small scale but now thought as large plants. The correct operation, taking full advantage of the generation potential, depends on studies of the place of implantation, such as radiation levels, temperature, latitude, etc. Two photovoltaic systems installed in the city of Curitiba were studied in order to monitor their respective performances through figures of merit.

Integration of Renewable Energy Sources to Operate in Microgrids in Rural Zones in Brazil

Abstract In a world where technology is even more essential, quality and reliability of electrical system are fundamental. In Brazil, country where most of the energy is produced thought power plants, the existing distribution network is overwhelmed and the needs for the consolidation of distributed generation is growing. Wind and Solar power generation from biomass and another renewable sources are one alternative to power plants, which requires large areas and massive investment. The renewable energy sources mentioned may be assembled in a way to generate reliable energy to properties far from the cities, such as rural zones, where often energy from power plants doesn't gets to. Distributed generation allows quick development of Brazilian farming and guarantees to the farmer independence from the energy dealerships. Microgrids assembled with renewable sources are one sustainable option and benefits Brazilian economy and society.

Effect of iontophoresis on fluoride uptake in enamel with artificial caries lesion

Abstract: Iontophoresis is a noninvasive technique, based on the application of a constant low-intensity electric current to facilitate the release of a variety of drugs, whether ionized or not, through biological membranes. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of iontophoresis using different electric current intensities on the uptake of fluoride in dental enamel with artificial caries lesions. In this in vitro operator-blind experiment, bovine enamel blocks (n = 10/group) with caries-like lesions and predetermined surface hardness were randomized into 6 groups: placebo gel without fluoride applied with a current of 0.8 mA (negative control), 2% NaF gel without application of any current, and 2% NaF gel applied with currents of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mA. Cathodic iontophoresis was applied for 4 min. The concentration of loosely bound fluoride (calcium fluoride) and firmly bound fluoride (fluorapatite) was determined. The results were analyzed by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. Iontophoresis at 0.8 mA, combined with the application of fluoridated gel (2% NaF), increased fluoride uptake in enamel with caries-like lesions, as either calcium fluoride or fluorapatite.

Bioelectrogenesis with microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using the microalga Chlorella vulgaris and bacterial communities

Background: Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology is used in various applications such as wastewater treatment with the production of electrical energy. The objective of this study was to estimate the biodepuration of oils and fats, the elimination of blue dye brl and bioelectro-characterization in MFCs with Chlorella vulgaris and bacterial community. Results: The operation of MFCs at 32 d showed an increase in bioelectrogenic activity (from 23.17 to 327.67 mW/m2 ) and in the potential (from 200 to 954 mV), with biodepuration of fats and oils (95%) in the microalgal cathode, and a removal of the chemical oxygen demand COD (anode, 71%, cathode, 78.6%) and the blue dye brl (73%) at the anode, here biofilms were formed by the bacterial community consisting of Actinobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria. Conclusions: These findings suggest that MFCs with C. vulgaris and bacterial community have a simultaneous efficiency in the production of bioelectricity and bioremediation processes, becoming an important source of bioenergy in the future.

Projection of the Demand of Electricity in the State of Paraná for 2050 and Proposal of Complementarity of the Electrical Matrix through the Solar Photovoltaic Source

ABSTRACT Energy is essential for human activities and, considering the prospect that the demand for energy increases, it is necessary to carry out studies of new technical solutions so as to make the use of the available sources feasible. Greater participation of renewable energy sources in the electricity matrix has been stimulated worldwide and a number of public policies have been adopted by different countries in order to seek greater energy security and sustainability. In this context, photovoltaic solar energy potentially plays an important role in the evolution of the participation of alternative sources in the world energy matrix, considering its abundance and wide availability in the terrestrial surface. This work proposes a methodology to model a scenario that estimates the consumption of electricity in 2050 in the State of Paraná and how it can contribute to the complementarity of the Brazilian electricity matrix. In addition, it indicates, based on decision factors, which are the most indicated mesoregions for possible deployments of grid-connected photovoltaic systems in Paraná to meet this demand.

Proposal for a Monitoring and Dispatch System for Distributed Micro-Generation of Renewable Energy in Virtual Energy Centers

ABSTRACT The creation and updating of ANEEL (National Electricity Regulatory Agency) regulatory resolution on distributed generation provided a new business environment for the electricity sector, as well as enabling consumers to generate energy. In this context, distributed microgeneration plants management is a challenge, mainly for electric power distributors and for the entire supply chain and services. In this sense, it is urgent to develop a monitoring and dispatch system in microgeneration plants, in order to optimize the capacity factor of the enterprises and to enable the creation of Virtual Power Plants (VPP). VPPs are part of a new dynamic of the energy sector's strategic environment, which strengthens distributed generation through smart meters capable of communicating with operational centers and thus influencing new business models already diffused by the known smart grids. Included in this scenario, this paper presents a proposal for a monitoring and dispatch system for distributed micro-generation of renewable energies, as well as the engineering solution for a final product focused on market expectations.

Main Variables of Brazilian Public Policies on Biomass use and Energy

ABSTRACT Biomass is an important energy source, since it considers wastes discarded by other productive processes as inputs. As such, the determination of the most relevant variables, within an institutional dimension, exerts a significant influence to point out actions that should receive greater attention for the satisfactory implementation and monitoring of national public policies. Therefore, the general objective of this study is to determine, within the institutional dimension of the State, the most relevant variables for the decision making of public policies that consider the biomass source as an alternative to the energy matrix of the Brazilian territory. In order to reach the proposed objective, the method used for this research is qualitative and descriptive, using content analysis and the establishment of indexes for the determination of the variables. As a result, 12 most relevant variables have been considered, following the criterion of greater direct and / or indirect frequency, in the formation of these public policies considering the reuse of waste and energy generation: 1) greenhouse effect, 2) contamination, 3) waste disposal, 4) inputs, 5) technology, 6) biofuel, 7) biogas, 8) electric power, 9) society, 10) composting, 11) costs, and 12) investments.

Power Flow Analysis and Self-recovery of Electrical Energy Distribution Network Using Artificial Neural Networks

ABSTRACT A computational model for self-recovery of electricity distribution network was developed to simulate it, emulated by the IEEE 123 node model. The electrical system considered has automatic switches capable of identifying a momentary failure in the line and finding the best reconfiguration for its reclosing. An artificial neural network (ANN), backpropagation, was used to classify the type of failure and determine the best reconfiguration of the distribution network. Initially, five power failure scenarios were simulated in certain different parts of the power grid, and power flow analysis via OpenDSS was performed. Next, the most suitable switching was observed within the shortest time interval to restore the power supply. With the purpose of better visualization to identify the reclosing, an implementation was carried out via ELIPSE SCADA. In this way, it is possible to identify the faulted segment in order to isolate it, leaving the smallest number of consumers without power supply in shortest possible time. With the results of the simulations, tests and analyzes were performed to verify their robustness and speed, in the expectation that the model developed be faster than an experienced Operating Distribution Center.

Analysis of shifting and reduction of the demand peak with the inserting of photovoltaic systems in the Neoville's Headquarters of Federal University of Technology - Paraná Curitiba Campus

ABSTRACT Photovoltaic solar energy is increasingly present in the urban environment through the distributed generation. This kind of generation is characterized by the installation along the distribution network feeders, in low or medium voltage, and contribute to provide energy near the point of consumption. In this sense, this study aims to analyze the demand and consumption curves of the buildings of the Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR) in the Neoville's headquarters. The methodology consists in the application of COPEL's CAS Hemera platform, in order to determine the potential for the implementation of the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems in this place, because they allow the reduction of costs with electric energy from the application of distributed generation. In February 2016, a grid-connected photovoltaic system was installed in one of the university's blocks, which generated approximately 11 MWh of electric energy this year. This work proposes a scenario for the expansion of this photovotaic system and presents the contribution of photovoltaic generation, using the available coverage showing the shifting or reduction of energy demand peaks and the energy contribution to UTFPR's Neoville headquarters. The results of this study show that the proposed scenario will effectively change the profile of the university demand curve.

Energy Analysis in Supermarkets

ABSTRACT This study shows, through several analyses, ways to reduce costs with electric power in supermarkets. For this purpose, one of those establishments was visited and several data were collected for subsequent analysis. The results have shown that the combinations of several actions of energy efficiency can be applied when the objective is the reduction of costs with electric power.