Patogênese da leucemia linfóide crônica / Pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A leucemia linfóide crônica foi durante muito tempo entendida como uma doença relativamente homogênea causada pela acumulação de linfócitos B monoclonais, imuno-incompetentes e com graves distúrbios nos mecanismos normais de apoptose. Evidências recentes demonstram que as células leucêmicas LLC constituem-se em linfócitos B previamente expostos a antígenos, ou seja, provavelmente imunoðcompetentes. Além disso, ao contrário do que se acreditava, o aparato de apoptose destas células parece estar intacto. Pelo menos dois subgrupos distintos de LLC podem ser caracterizados por particularidades imunobiológicas, cursos clínicos e prognósticos distintos. A presença de mutações somáticas em genes da região variável de imunoglobulina define estes dois subtipos, onde o grupo não mutado apresenta melhor prognóstico, ao passo que o grupo com mutações indica cursa com pior prognóstico. A célula de origem da LLC, ou seja, a célula em que o evento leuceðmogênico inicial ocorre provavelmente é um progenitor linfóide, com boa parte da sua maquinaria transcipcinal comprometida com a linhagem B, mas com algumas características de linfócitos T anormalmente expressas. A progressão destas células para os linfócitos tipicamente LLC depende de estimulação antigênica. Tanto as formas não mutada como mutada expressam BCR, mas, aparentemente, as células com mutação são anérgicas. Células de LLC não mutada apresentam telômeros mais curtos que nos casos com mutação, indicando que os primeiros devem sofrer um número maior de divisões celulares e, portanto, uma maior probabilidade de adquirirem mutações. A expressão anômala de ZAP70, uma tirosina-quinase importante no processo de fosforilação de CD3 em linfócitos T, associa-se fortemente com o status não mutado e pode ser utilizado como um possível "surrogate" para a avaliação prognóstica. Alterações citogenéticas são freqüentes em LLC, mas provavelmente são fenômenos tardios da doença e a sua aquisição apresenta...

For decades, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been regarded as homogeneous entity caused by the accumulation of monoclonal and immunoincompetent B cells with dysfunctional apoptotic pathways. Recently, many of these certainties have been questioned by evidence that demonstrate that CLL cells have been previously challenged by antigens, and therefore are immunoðcompetent cells. Moreover, in proliferative compartments, like the mantle zone of lymphoid organs or pseudo-follicles in the bone marrow, defects in proliferation seems to be as important as apoptosis impairment in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Two distinct subgroups of CLL can be segregated based on immunoðbiologic characteristics, clinical course and outcomes. The two subgroups can be identified by the presence of somatic mutations in the variable region of the heavy chain gene. The unmutated group presents a better outcome and is probably composed of anergized B cells previously exposed to an antigen which frequently affects a common segment of the variable region. The mutated group courses with a poorer prognosis and commonly presents an abnormal expression of ZAP70, a typical T-cell tyrosine kinase. The cell which originates CLL is a very early lymphocyte that still bears some T-cell characteristics, such as CD5 and ZAP70 expressions, but with the transcriptional machinery committed to the B-lineage. The original genetic lesion in this CLL primary cell is unknown. Cytogenetic abnormalities are frequently seen in the circulating lymphocytes and are probably late events in the pathogenesis of CLL.

The role of complement in the modulation by fluid-phase IgG of the production of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated with IgG immune complexes

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) can be induced by immune complexes and is an important component of phagocytosis in the killing of microorganisms, but can also be involved in inflammatory reactions when immune complexes are deposited in tissues. We have observed that fluid-phase IgG can inhibit the generation of ROS by rabbit PMN stimulated with precipitated immune complexes of IgG (ICIgG) in a dose-dependent manner, acting as a modulatory factor in the range of physiological IgG concentrations. This inhibitory effect is compatible with the known affinity (Kd) of monomeric IgG for the receptors involved (FcRII and FcRIII). The presence of complement components in the immune complexes results in a higher stimulation of ROS production. In this case, however, there is no inhibition by fluid-phase IgG. The effect of complement is strongly dependent on the presence of divalent cations (Ca2+ or Mg2+) in the medium, whereas the stimulation of ICIgG (without complement) does not depend on these cations. We have obtained some evidence indicating that iC3b should be the component involved in the effect of complement through interaction with the CR3 receptor. The absence of the inhibitory effect of fluid-phase IgG in ROS production when complement is present in the immune complex shows that complement may be important in vivo not only in the production of chemotactic factors for PMN, but also in the next phase of the process, i.e., the generation of ROS.

Cell biology, molecular embryology, Lamarckian and Darwinian selection as evolvability

The evolvability of vertebrate systems involves various mechanisms that eventually generate cooperative and nonlethal functional variation on which Darwinian selection can operate. It is a truism that to get vertebrate animals to develop a coherent machine they first had to inherit the right multicellular ontogeny. The ontogeny of a metazoan involves cell lineages that progressively deny their own capacity for increase and for totipotency in benefit of the collective interest of the individual. To achieve such cell altruism Darwinian dynamics rescinded its original unicellular mandate to reproduce. The distinction between heritability at the level of the cell lineage and at the level of the individual is crucial. However, its implications have seldom been explored in depth. While all out reproduction is the Darwinian measure of success among unicellular organisms, a high replication rate of cell lineages within the organism may be deleterious to the individual as a functional unit. If a harmoniously functioning unit is to evolve, mechanisms must have evolved whereby variants that increase their own replication rate by failing to accept their own somatic duties are controlled. For questions involving organelle origins, see Godelle and Reboud, 1995 and Hoekstra, 1990. In other words, modifiers of conflict that control cell lineages with conflicting genes and new mutant replication rates that deviate from their somatic duties had to evolve. Our thesis is that selection at the level of the (multicellular) individual must have opposed selection at the level of the cell lineage. The metazoan embryo is not immune to this conflict especially with the evolution of set-aside cells and other modes of self-policing modifiers (Blackstone and Ellison, 1998; Ransick et al., 1996. In fact, the conflict between the two selection processes permitted a Lamarckian soma-to-germline feedback loop. This new element in metazoan ontogeny became the evolvability of the vertebrate adaptive immune system and life as we know it now. We offer the hypothesis that metazoan evolution solved this ancient conflict by evolving an immunogenetic mechanism that responds with rapid Lamarckian efficiency by retaining the ancient reverse transcriptase enzyme (RNACopyright DNA copying discovered by Temin in 1959 (see Temin, 1989) and found in 1970 in RNA tumor viruses by Temin and Baltimore), which can produce cDNA from the genome of an RNA virus that infects the cells. It seems that molecular

Genes de imunoglobulina, doença residual mínima e origem dos linfomas não-Hodgkin B / Immunoglobulin genes, minimum residual disease and the origin of non-Hodgkin B lymphomas

Neste relato são apresentados aspectos báisicos dos genes de imunoglobulina, da origem dos linfomas não-Hodgkin B e doença residual mínima. É descrito como os conhecimentos de biologia molecular de uma doença podem afetar o diagnóstico e acompanhamento de resposta terapêutica.

Basic aspects relating to the imunoglohuline genes, the origin of non-Hodgkin B lymphomas, and minimum residual disease are related in this work.How knowledge of the disease using molecular biology can affect the diagnosis and the therapeutical response are also described.

Anticuerpos y receptores de células B / Antibodies and B cell receptors

Las inmunoglobulinas o anticuerpos son glicoproteínas que se encuentran en la superficie de los linfocitos B y son secretadas por las células plasmáticas, linfocitos B terminalmente diferenciados, en respuesta a un antígeno y, como tal, representan la inmunidad humoral de los vertebrados. Existen 5 formas o isotipos principales: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD e IgE. Las Igs presentan una estructura básica que posee dos cadenas pesadas (H) idénticas y dos cadenas livianas (L) idénticas, unidas entre sí por puentes disulfuro e interacciones no covalentes. Ambos tipos de cadenas presentan un patrón estructural que consiste de segmentos o dominios de 110 aminoácidos. El análisis de su secuencia de aminoácidos revela la existencia de un dominio variable (V) hacia el extremo aminoterminal y varios dominios constantes (C) hacia el extremo carboxilo terminal. Las cadenas pesadas también poseen un dominio variable (VL) y uno constante (CL). Las cadenas pesadas también poseen un dominio variable (VH) pero tienen 3 ó 4 dominios constantes (CH). Los dominios variables de mabas cadenas contienen zonas de alta variabilidad no contiguas en la secuencia de aminoácidos, son las denominadas regiones hipervariables o CRD (determinantes de complementariedad) y son las principales responsables de la diversidad de los anticuerpos...

A 37-kb restriction map of the human immunoglobulin lambda variable locus, VB cluster, harboring four functional genes and two non-coding V lambda sequences

O locus lambda variável (IGLV) situa-se no cromossomo 22 banda q11.1-q11.2. Os 30 genes v-lambda germinativos e funcionais sequenciados até o momento foram distribuídos em 10 famílias (V lambda1 a V lambida10). O número de genes V lambda está próximo de 70. Este locus é formado por três grupamentos gênicos (VA, VB e VC) que contêm os genes codificadores das regiöes variáveis (V) da cadeia leve tipo lambda e o grupamento J lambda-C lambda com os segmentos de junçäo (J) e genes das regiöes constantes (C). Recentemente o locus IGLV foi mapeado (mapa físico) pela técnica dos "contigs" e seu um megabase de DNA totalmente seqüenciado, posicionando todos os genes V lambda funcionais e os pseudogenes. Neste trabalho, nós isolamos um clone de cosmídeo com 37 kb de inserto (cosmídeo 8.3) de uma biblioteca genômica humana preparada no vetor Lorist-6. Este cosmídeo contém quatro genes V lambda funcionais (IGL7S1, IGLV1S1, IGLV1S2 e IGLV5a), um pseudogene (V lambda A) e uma seqüência vestigial (vg1) e nos permitiu estudar com detalhe as posiçöes de sítios de restriçäo de alta resoluçäo, localizando 31 sítios de restriçäo no grupamento gênico VB, uma regiäo rica em genes V lambda funcionais. Estas informaçöes sobre mapeamento abrem a perspectiva para estudos sobre RFLP e seqüenciamento.