Effects of Se nanoparticles supplementation on growth performance, hematological parameters and nutrient digestibility of Labeo rohita fingerling fed sunflower meal based diet / Efeitos da suplementação de nanopartículas de Se no desempenho de crescimento, parâmetros hematológicos e digestibilidade de nutrientes da dieta baseada em farinha de girassol alimentada com alevinos de Labeo rohita

Abstract The aim of the present study is to assess the effects of selenium nanoparticles on the growth, hematology and nutrients digestibility of Labeorohita fingerlings. Fingerlings were fed with seven isocaloric sunflower meal-based diet supplemented with different concentrations of nanoparticles naming T1 to T7 (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mg/kg), with 5% wet body weight while chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker. After experimentation for 90 days T3 treated group (1mg/kg -1Se-nano level) showed the best result in hematological parameters (WBC's 7.97 ×103mm-3, RBC's 2.98 ×106 mm-3 and Platelet count 67), nutrient digestibility (crude protein: 74%, ether extract: 76%, gross energy: 70%) and growth performance (weight gain 13.24 g, weight gain% 198, feed conversion ratio 1.5, survival rate 100%) as compared to the other treatment groups. Specific growth rates were found significantly higher in T5 than in other groups. The present study indicated positive effect of 1 mg/kg Se-nanoparticles on growth advancement, hematological parameters, and nutrients digestibility of L. rohita fingerlings.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar os efeitos das nanopartículas de selênio no crescimento, hematologia e digestibilidade dos nutrientes de alevinos de Labeo rohita. Os alevinos foram alimentados com sete dietas isocalóricas à base de farinha de girassol suplementada com diferentes concentrações de nanopartículas, nomeando T1 a T7 (0, 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2, 2,5 e 3 mg / kg), com 5% do peso corporal úmido enquanto o óxido crômico foi usado como um marcador indigesto. Após a experimentação por 90 dias, o grupo tratado com T3 (nível 1mg / kg -1Se-nano) mostrou o melhor resultado em parâmetros hematológicos (WBC's 7,97 × 103mm-3, RBC's 2,98 × 106mm-3 e contagem de plaquetas 67), digestibilidade dos nutrientes (proteína bruta: 74%, extrato de éter: 76%, energia bruta: 70%) e desempenho de crescimento (ganho de peso 13,24 g, ganho de peso % 198, taxa de conversão alimentar 1,5, taxa de sobrevivência 100%) em comparação com os outros grupos de tratamento. As taxas de crescimento específicas foram encontradas significativamente mais altas em T5 do que em outros grupos. O presente estudo indicou efeito positivo de 1 mg / kg de nanopartículas de Se no avanço do crescimento, parâmetros hematológicos e digestibilidade de nutrientes de alevinos de L. rohita.

Litterfall and nutrient transfer dynamics in a successional gradient of tropical dry forest in Colombia / Dinámica de la hojarasca y transferencia de nutrientes en un gradiente sucesional de bosque seco tropical en Colombia

Introduction: The litterfall production, foliar nutrient dynamics and decomposition are essential to maintain nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and carbon regulation in terrestrial ecosystems. With several studies addressing the variation of these processes, their dynamics in tropical dry forests (TDFs) remain unclear, due to its complex interaction of biotic and abiotic factors. Objective: To evaluate litterfall, nutrient potential return and use efficiency, and decomposition variation in a TDF successional gradient in Tolima, Colombia. Methods: We quantified litterfall from November 2017 to October 2019 in 12 plots distributed in four successional stages: initial, early, intermediate, and late forests. We identified key tree species in foliar litter production and characterized the foliar decomposition of these species. At the community level, we quantified the C, N and P potential return, the N and P use efficiency, and the C:N and N:P ratio. Subsequently, we analyze relationships between vegetation characteristics and some soil chemical properties with these ecological processes. Results: We found that total litterfall in late forests (8.46 Mg ha-1 y-1) was double that found in initial forests (4.45 Mg ha-1 y-1). Decomposition was higher in initial (k = 1.28) compared to intermediate (k = 0.97) and late forests (k = 0.87). The nutrient potential return didn't change along succession, but it did show differences between study sites. The structural development and species richness favored litterfall, while soil chemical conditions influenced nutrient returns and decomposition. Conclusions: TDFs could recover key ecosystem function related to litterfall and nutrient dynamics after disturbances cessation; however, the soil quality is fundamental in return and release of nutrients.

Introducción: La producción de hojarasca, la dinámica de nutrientes foliares y la descomposición son esenciales para mantener el ciclo de nutrientes, la fertilidad del suelo y la regulación del carbono en ecosistemas terrestres. Con diversos estudios que abordan estos procesos, su variación en los bosques secos tropicales (BSTs) permanece incierta, por su compleja interacción de factores bióticos y abióticos. Objetivo: Evaluar la caída de hojarasca, el retorno potencial de nutrientes y eficiencia de uso, y la variación en descomposición en un gradiente sucesional de un BST en Tolima, Colombia. Métodos: Cuantificamos la caída de hojarasca entre noviembre 2017 y octubre 2019 en 12 parcelas distribuidas en cuatro estados sucesionales: bosque inicial, temprano, intermedio y tardío. Identificamos las especies arbóreas clave en la producción de hojarasca y caracterizamos la descomposición foliar de estas especies. A nivel comunitario, cuantificamos el retorno potencial de C, N y P, la eficiencia de uso de N y P y la relación C:N y N:P. Posteriormente, analizamos las relaciones entre las características de la vegetación y algunas propiedades químicas del suelo con estos procesos ecológicos. Resultados: Encontramos que la caída total de hojarasca en los bosques tardíos (8.46 Mg ha-1 año-1) fue el doble de la hallada en bosques iniciales (4.45 Mg ha-1 año-1). La descomposición fue mayor en bosques iniciales (k = 1.28) en comparación con bosques intermedios (k = 0.97) y tardíos (k = 0.87). El retorno potencial de nutrientes no cambió con el avance de la sucesión vegetal, pero exhibió diferencias entre los sitios de estudio. El desarrollo estructural y la riqueza de especies favorecieron la caída de hojarasca, mientras que las condiciones químicas del suelo influyeron en el retorno de nutrientes y descomposición. Conclusiones: Los BSTs tienen la capacidad de recuperar la función ecosistémica de aporte de hojarasca fina, retorno y liberación de nutrientes después del cese de alteraciones antrópicas; sin embargo, la calidad del suelo es fundamental en el retorno y liberación de nutrientes.

Momentos alimentarios y consumo de productos ultraprocesados durante el día, Antioquia, Colombia / Food moments and comsumption of ultraprocessed products during the day, Antioquia, Colombia

Introducción. La acelerada transición nutricional en Latinoamérica ha modificado los patrones alimentarios, favoreciendo dietas con mayor participación de productos industrializados y alto aporte de nutrientes relacionados con enfermedades crónicas como grasas (saturadas, trans), sodio, azúcar libre y densidad de energía. Objetivo. Describir los momentos alimentarios de consumo de productos comestibles ultraprocesados (PCUP) durante el día en Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal, usando datos de consumo de alimentos del Perfil Alimentario y Nutricional de Antioquia 2019 y del Perfil de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional de Medellín 2015, en población general, muestra de 13494 individuos. Los alimentos se clasificaron según NOVA y se agruparon en subcategorías. Se calculó la media de energía consumida y su desviación estándar (confianza del 95%) para las categorías NOVA y subcategorías, además su distribución en los momentos alimentarios. Resultados. Para la población de Medellín (capital de Antioquia), en promedio el 54,7% de la energía venia de alimentos no procesados, 17,3% de ingredientes culinarios, y 20,4% de PCUP. En la población de Antioquia, 56,0% de la energía se obtuvo de alimentos no procesados, 18,8% de ingredientes culinarios y 17,0% de PCUP. En los momentos alimentarios principales (desayuno, almuerzo y cena) los alimentos no procesados tienen mayor aporte energético. Mientras que los momentos alimentarios con mayor porcentaje de energía proveniente de PCUP fueron la media mañana, el algo y la merienda. Conclusiones. Para los antioqueños el mayor riesgo de consumo de PCUP relacionados con la obesidad y las enfermedades crónicas se presenta entremedio de las comidas principales(AU)

Introduction. The accelerated nutritional transition in Latin America has modified dietary patterns, favoring diets with a greater participation of industrialized products and a high contribution of nutrients related to chronic diseases such as fats (saturated, trans), sodium, free sugar, and energy density. Objective. To describe the dietary moments of consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) during the day in Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study using food consumption data from the Food and Nutrition Profile of Antioquia 2019 and the Food and Nutrition Security Profile of Medellín 2015, in general population, sample of 13,494 individuals. Foods were classified according to NOVA and grouped into subcategories. The mean energy consumed and its standard deviation (95% confidence), were calculated for the NOVA categories and subcategories, as well as its distribution at feeding times. Results. for the population of Medellín (capital of Antioquia), on average 54.7% of the energy came from unprocessed foods, 17.3% from culinary ingredients, and 20.4% from UPF. In the population of Antioquia, 56.0% of the energy was obtained from unprocessed foods, 18.8% from culinary ingredients, and 17.0% from UPF. At the main eating moments (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) unprocessed foods have a greater energy contribution. While the food moments with the highest percentage of energy coming from UPF were mid-morning snacks and snacks. Conclusions. For Antioqueños the greatest risk of consuming UPFs related to obesity and chronic diseases occurs between main meals(AU)

ANÁLISIS DE BRECHAS EN LA CALIDAD DE DIETA DE LA POBLACIÓN ARGENTINA DE 1 A 69 AÑOS. ESTUDIO ABCDIETA / GAPS ANALYSIS IN THE DIETARY QUALITY OF THE ARGENTINE POPULATION 1 TO 69. ABCDieta STUDY

Una de las formas de estudiar patrones alimentarios es a través de Índices de Calidad de Dieta, algunos de los cuales se basan en la densidad nutricional de los alimentos. El concepto resume en una medida la relación entre energía y nutrientes a promover y a limitar, visibilizando las adecuaciones de nutrientes en forma paralela al equilibrio energético. El objetivo del trabajo es estudiar la calidad de dieta y sus brechas en una muestra de la población urbana de Argentina y describir la conformación del patrón alimentario según niveles de calidad nutricional utilizando el enfoque de densidad nutricional. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos de una encuesta alimentaria por autorregistro sobre 1030 sujetos de 11 ciudades de Argentina. Partiendo de sus consumos alimentarios se determinó la densidad nutricional a través de un índice (IDN) basado en energía, 9 nutrientes a promover y 4 a limitar. Se analizó el IDN de la dieta total, de 5 momentos de ingesta y de grupos de alimentos. Resultados: La calidad de dieta promedio alcanzó la mitad del estándar de un patrón saludable (10,6 sobre 20 puntos). Los mejores resultados se concentraron en menores de 3 años (17% presentaron una buena calidad de dieta). Comparados con el estándar, la calidad de almuerzos y cenas superaron a desayunos y meriendas. Legumbres, hortalizas, frutas y lácteos fueron los grupos con mayores brechas de calidad. Alimentos ocasionales y feculentos en general ­también carnes­ reflejaron excesos. Preparaciones y comidas rápidas alcanzaron hasta un 21 % de la densidad nutricional total. Conclusiones: El enfoque de densidad nutricional complementa la comprensión de las brechas alimentarias en la población argentina, al aportar argumentos en favor de intervenciones orientadas a un mejor equilibrio en particular en alimentos protectores, deficitarios en la conformación del patrón alimentario

Diet Quality Index represents one way to study food patterns. Some of them are based on the nutritional density of foods. The concept summarizes the relationship between energy and nutrients to promote and limit, making visible nutrient adequacy in line with energy balance. The objective is to study the quality of the diet and its gaps in a sample of the urban population of Argentina and to describe the food pattern according to levels of nutritional quality using the nutritional density approach. Methods: Data from a self-registration dietary survey on 1030 subjects from 11 cities in Argentina were analyzed. It was determined the nutritional density of the reported consumptions through an index (IDN) based on energy, 9 nutrients to promote and 4 to limit. The IDN of the total diet, 5 moments of intake and food groups was analyzed. Results: The average diet quality was half the standard of a healthy pattern (10.6 out of 20 points). The best results were concentrated in children under 3 years of age (17% presented a good quality diet). Compared to the standard, the quality of lunches and dinners exceeded breakfasts and snacks. Legumes, vegetables, fruits and dairy products were the groups with the largest quality gaps. Occasional and starchy foods in general ­also meats­ reflected excesses. Preparations and fast meals reached up to 21% of the total nutritional density. Conclusions: The nutritional density approach complements the understanding of food gaps in the Argentine population, providing arguments in favor of interventions aimed at a better balance, particularly in protective foods, which are deficient in the conformation of the food pattern

Propiedades nutritivas y tecno funcionales de barras de pseudocereales adicionadas con soya, mango y granada / Nutritional and techno functional properties of pseudocereal bars added with soy, mango and pomegranate

Las barras de cereal (BC), se comercializan como un snack saludable, no obstante, su calidad nutricional es baja. Una alternativa para mejorar esto, es la incorporación de ingredientes como pseudocereales, germinados y subproductos de fruta. Objetivo. Evaluar el contenido nutricional y propiedades tecnofuncionales de una barra de cereal formulada a partir de pseudocereales, germinados de soya y subproductos del procesamiento de frutas. Materiales y Métodos. Se desarrollaron 6 formulaciones (F0-F5). Se determinó el contenido de proteína y fibra cruda, se seleccionó la formulación que presentó el mayor contenido de estos componentes. A la BC seleccionada se le determinó la digestibilidad in-vitro de la proteína, las propiedades tecnofuncionales potencial prebiótico y actividad inhibitoria de ECA-I. Resultados. La formulación seleccionada fue F1 (13,6 g/100 g p.s. proteína y 13,1 g/100 g p.s. fibra cruda). La digestibilidad de la proteína fue del 69 %, el cual es cercano a valores reportados para algunos componentes de la BC. La capacidad de hinchamiento y retención de agua fue 2,55 ml/g; 12,74 %, respectivamente. El crecimiento de L. brevis en medio MRS modificado con BC no presentó diferencias estadísticas con el medio control, indicando el potencial prebiótico presente en la BC. La barra de cereal tuvo un 39% de actividad inhibitoria de ECA-I, demostrando la acción de los compuestos bioactivos posiblemente liberados durante la digestión de la BC. Conclusión. La formulación desarrollada presenta propiedades funcionales importantes y podría generar beneficios para la salud(AU)

Introduction. Cereal bars (CB) are marketed as a healthy snack; however, their nutritional quality is low. An alternative to improve this is the incorporation of ingredients such as soybean sprouts, which have a higher protein content than some seeds; as well as fruit by-products that contain important bioactive compounds. Objective. To evaluate the nutritional content and techno-functional properties of a cereal bar formulated from pseudocereals, soybean sprouts, and fruit processing by-products. Materials and Methods. 6 formulations (F0-F5) were developed. The content of protein and crude fiber was determined, the formulation that presented the highest content of these components was selected. The in-vitro digestibility of the protein, the technofunctional properties, potential prebiotic and inhibitory activity of ACE-I were determined for the selected BC. Results. The selected formulation was F1 (13.6g/100g p.s. protein and 13.1g/100 g p.s. crude fiber). Protein digestibility was 69%, which is close to reported values for some CB components. The swelling and water retention capacity was 2.55 ml/g; 12.74%, respectively. The growth of L. brevis in modified MRS medium with CB did not present statistical differences with the control medium, indicating the prebiotic potential present in CB. The cereal bar had 39% ACE-I inhibitory activity, demonstrating the action of bioactive compounds possibly released during CB digestion. Conclusion. The developed formulation has important functional properties and could generate health benefits(AU)

Efeito de diferentes técnicas de extração do leite materno de mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo na composição de macronutrientes / Effect of different breast milk extraction techniques on mothers of preterm newborns in the composition of macronutrients

Introdução: O leite materno é o alimento ideal para o recém-nascido a termo e prétermo e sua composição varia de acordo com vários fatores que podem ser maternos, ambientais e até mesmo genéticos. Pode ser ordenhado através da expressão manual ou com auxílio de bomba (elétrica ou manual). Ainda não está claro na literatura o efeito das diferentes técnicas de ordenha na composição dos macronutrientes. Desta forma, o conhecimento das técnicas de extração do leite materno mais eficazes, no sentido de favorecer uma maior concentração de nutrientes, torna-se essencial para enriquecer uma recomendação que oriente essa ordenha em mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo durante o período de internação. Objetivos: Analisar a diferença na concentração de macronutrientes de leite das mães de recém-nascidos de acordo com a técnica de extração do leite (técnica de ordenha manual e através de bomba elétrica). Metodologia: Foi realizado um ensaio clínico randomizado crossover com 32 mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo internados na Unidade Neonatal do Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira (IFF/Fiocruz). Foram avaliadas 248 amostras de leite humano cru extraídos por bomba elétrica e por ordenha manual para avaliação dos macronutrientes energéticos (proteínas, gorduras e carboidratos) utilizando o Human Milk Analyzer ­ MIRIS nas fases de colostro, leite transição e leite maduro. Resultados: Não observamos diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre a mama direita e esquerda na extração por bomba e extração manual, porém houve diferença na composição dos macronutrientes. No colostro, observamos maior concentração de carboidrato na extração manual; no leite de transição a concentração de gordura e valor energético total foi maior na extração manual e no leite maduro, as concentrações de proteína e carboidrato foram maiores na extração por bomba elétrica. Conclusão: Observamos diferenças na composição de macronutrientes em todas as fases do leite humano dependendo da forma de extração. Esse resultado pode nortear as recomendações para as mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo internados na unidade neonatal, a fim de proporcionar um aporte nutricional mais próximo ao ideal.

Introduction: Breast milk is the ideal food for full-term and preterm newborns and its composition varies according to several factors that may be maternal, environmental and even genetic. It can be milked through manual expression or with the aid of a pump (electric or manual). The effect of different milking techniques on the composition of macronutrients is still unclear in the literature. In this way, knowledge of the most effective breast milk extraction techniques, in order to favor a greater concentration of nutrients, becomes essential to enrich a recommendation that guides this expression in mothers of preterm newborns during the period of hospitalization. Objectives: To analyze the difference in the concentration of macronutrients in the milk of mothers of newborns according to the milk extraction technique (manual milking technique and using an electric pump). Methodology: A randomized crossover clinical trial was carried out with 32 mothers of preterm newborns admitted to the Neonatal Unit of the Fernandes Figueira National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescent Health (IFF/Fiocruz). 248 samples of raw human milk extracted by electric pump and manual milking were evaluated to evaluate energy macronutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) using the Human Milk Analyzer ­ MIRIS in the colostrum, transition milk and mature milk phases. Results: We did not observe statistically significant differences between the right and left breasts in pump extraction and manual extraction, however there was a difference in the composition of macronutrients. In colostrum, we observed a higher carbohydrate concentration in manual extraction; In transitional milk, the fat concentration and total energy value were higher in manual extraction and in mature milk, protein and carbohydrate concentrations were higher in electric pump extraction. Conclusion: We observed differences in the composition of macronutrients in all phases of human milk depending on the form of extraction. This result can guide recommendations for mothers of preterm newborns admitted to the neonatal unit, in order to provide nutritional support closer to ideal.

Use of phytase and citric acid supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on canola meal based diet / Uso de suplementação de fitase e ácido cítrico no desempenho do crescimento e digestibilidade de nutrientes de dedos Cirrhinus mrigala alimentados em dieta à base de refeição de canola

Abstract Fishmeal; being a limited and costly feed ingredient is continuously been substituted with locally available plant proteins. However, the occurrence of anti-nutritional factors in plant meal suppresses its potential to be fully replaced. Therefore, in this study we aimed to study the synergistic effects of dietary additives like citric acid and phytase enzyme supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. Canola meal (CM) was used as a test ingredient to replace fishmeal (FM) as; 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%. These four diets were further supplemented by varying levels of phytase (0 and 750 FTU kg-1) and citric acid (0% and 2.5%) to formulate total sixteen test diets as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13, T14, T15 and T16. Each treatment contained three replicates; applied to fish groups having 15 fingerlings each; following 3×3 factorial arrangement. 1% of chromic oxide was added as an inert marker. Maximum weight gain% (288%) and the lowest value of FCR (1.07) were recorded when fish was fed on diet T12 as compared to fish fed control diet (T1). Similarly, optimum nutrient digestibility values such as crude protein (77%), crude fat (84%) and gross energy (70%) were noted on same level. It was concluded that 50% canola meal can optimally replace fishmeal when supplemented with phytase and citric acid at the levels of 750 FTU kg-1 and 2.5%, respectively.

Resumo A farinha de peixe, por ser um ingrediente alimentar limitado e caro, é continuamente substituída por proteínas vegetais disponíveis localmente. No entanto, a ocorrência de fatores antinutricionais na farinha de plantas suprime seu potencial de ser totalmente substituída. Portanto, neste estudo objetivamos estudar os efeitos sinérgicos de aditivos dietéticos como ácido cítrico e suplementação com enzima fitase sobre o desempenho de crescimento e digestibilidade de nutrientes de alevinos de Cirrhinus mrigala. A farinha de canola (CM) foi usada como ingrediente de teste para substituir a farinha de peixe (FM) como: 0%, 25%, 50% e 75%. Essas quatro dietas foram suplementadas por níveis variados de fitase (0 e 750 FTU kg-1) e ácido cítrico (0% e 2,5%) para formular um total de 16 dietas de teste como T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13, T14, T15 e T16. Cada tratamento continha três repetições; aplicado a grupos de peixes com 15 alevinos cada; seguindo o arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. 1% de óxido crômico foi adicionado como um marcador inerte. % de ganho de peso máximo (288%) e o valor mais baixo de FCR (1,07) foram registrados quando os peixes foram alimentados com dieta T12 em comparação com peixes alimentados com dieta controle (T1). Da mesma forma, valores ótimos de digestibilidade de nutrientes, como proteína bruta (77%), gordura bruta (84%) e energia bruta (70%) foram anotados no mesmo nível. Concluiu-se que 50% da farinha de canola pode substituir de forma ideal a farinha de peixe quando suplementada com fitase e ácido cítrico nos níveis de 750 FTU kg-1 e 2,5%, respectivamente.

Effects of nutrient (N, P, K) fertilization on the dynamics of fine roots in tropical rain forests with different soil texture in the Colombian Pacific region / Efectos de la fertilización con nutrientes (N, P, K) sobre la dinámica de raíces finas en bosques húmedos tropicales con diferente textura del suelo en la región del Pacífico colombiano

Abstract Introduction: Fine root dynamics include production, turnover and decomposition; they are crucial to forest health, affect the entire biogeochemical complex of the ecosystem, and consequently, they substantially affect carbon balance. However, the influence of environmental factors and soil nutrient limitation on fine roots presents considerable uncertainties and has not been studied in tropical forests with more than 7 000 mm annual rainfall. Objective: To measure the effect of fertilization on fine roots in the high precipitation Chocó forest. Methods: We worked in two sites of the Chocó region, Colombia (August 2014-May 2015), where rainfall exceeds 10 000 mm per year. We applied five fertilization treatments (N, P, K, NPK and Control) to two soil type plots. Soil cylinders were removed at pre-established intervals to measure roots. Results: Phosphorus applications increased fined roots; and more fine roots were produced in sandy than in loam soil. The effects of fertilization were related, but not clearly determined by edaphic conditions. Conclusions: In this Chocó forest, the production of fine roots was higher in sandy and nutrient-rich soils but belowground net primary productivity was limited by the content of edaphic Phosphorus.

Resumen Introducción: La dinámica de las raíces finas incluye producción, rotación y descomposición; son cruciales para la salud de los bosques, afectan todo el complejo biogeoquímico del ecosistema y, en consecuencia, afectan sustancialmente el balance de carbono. Sin embargo, la influencia de los factores ambientales y la limitación de nutrientes del suelo en las raíces finas presenta incertidumbres considerables y no se ha estudiado en bosques tropicales con más de 7 000 mm de precipitación anual. Objetivo: Medir el efecto de la fertilización en las raíces finas en el bosque chocoano de alta precipitación. Métodos: Se trabajó en dos sitios de la región del Chocó, Colombia (agosto 2014-mayo 2015), donde las precipitaciones superan los 10 000 mm anuales. Se aplicaron cinco tratamientos de fertilización (N, P, K, NPK y Control) a dos parcelas por tipo de suelo. Los cilindros de suelo se retiraron a intervalos preestablecidos para medir las raíces. Resultados: Las aplicaciones de fósforo aumentaron las raíces finas; y se produjeron más raíces finas en suelos arenosos que en francos. Los efectos de la fertilización estuvieron relacionados, pero no claramente determinados por las condiciones edáficas. Conclusiones: En este bosque chocoano, la producción de raíces finas fue mayor en suelos arenosos y ricos en nutrientes, pero la productividad primaria neta subterránea estuvo limitada por el contenido de fósforo edáfico.

Obtención y caracterización fisicoquímica de un sustrato nutritivo hecho a partir de cáscaras de cacao para la producción de plántulas de hortalizas / Obtaining and physicochemical characterization of a nutritive substrate made from cacao shells for the production of vegetable seedlings

En el beneficiado del cacao se producen una gran cantidad de residuos, las mazorcas generalmente son desechadas dentro de los mismos cultivos y genera problemáticas como la proliferación de insectos y microorganismos patógenos. De estos desechos las cáscaras son las de mayor relevancia. La Escuela de Ingeniería Química de ITCA-FEPADE evaluó añadirle valor a este subproducto, incorporando desechos de cáscara de cacao en la formulación de un sustrato para el cultivo de plántulas de hortalizas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue obtener un sustrato orgánico que sirva de soporte material y nutritivo a partir de cáscaras de cacao criollo. La biomasa vegetal se caracterizó teniendo en cuenta parámetros como el porcentaje de humedad, pH, porcentaje de cenizas, contenido de potasio, nitrógeno y fósforo. Se ejecutaron pruebas comparativas de formulación del sustrato, siembra, cultivo y crecimiento de las plántulas de hortalizas de tomate y pepino, obteniendo como resultado la fórmula óptima de un sustrato y abono orgánico y el mejor medio de desarrollo. De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que, a partir de un adecuado procesamiento y aprovechamiento de las cáscaras de cacao, se puede transformar este desecho en un producto biomaterial alternativo que genera una opción de bioprospección agroindustrial. Los valores obtenidos en la caracterización fisicoquímica de las cáscaras de las mazorcas, dependen de condiciones como el tipo de suelo, variables agrometeorológicas, calidad de agua, abono y especie de la planta de cacao. El escenario de siembra condiciona el desarrollo óptimo de las plántulas; los factores como requerimiento de agua, distribución de nutrientes y estabilidad de las plántulas, se ven afectados por la relación del espacio de germinación. Como resultado de la caracterización fisicoquímica, se obtuvo: pH de 5.7, cenizas 18.83%, humedad 73.56%, celulosa 21.39%, lignina 39.81%, nitrógeno total 0.02%, fósforo total 0.02% y ausencia de potasio.

In the cacao beneficiation, a large amount of waste is produced, generally, the cacao pods are discarded within the same crops and generate problems such as the proliferation of insects and pathogenic microorganisms. The shell are the most relevant this waste. In Escuela de Ingeniería Química of ITCA-FEPADE the incorporation of cacao shell waste in the formulation of a substrate for growing vegetables was evaluated because the giving benefit to these by-products. The objective of this research was to obtain a substrate that serves as material and nutritional support for vegetable seedlings, from creole cacao shells. The vegetal biomass was characterized taking into account parameters such as moisture percentage, pH, ash percentage, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus content. Subsequently, comparative tests of formulation, planting and growth of vegetable tomato and cucumber seedlings were carry out, obtaining as result, the optimal formula for the substrate and the best development environment. It concludes that, through an adequate processing and use of the cacao shell, it is possible to transform a waste into an alternative biomaterial product that generates an agro industrial bioprospecting option. The values obtained in the physicochemical characterization of the shells of cacao pods depend on conditions such as soil type, agrometeorological variables, water quality, fertilizer and cacao plant species. The planting environment determines the optimal development of the seedlings, factors such as water requirement, nutrient distribution and seedling stability seems affected because relation of the germination space. The results of the characterization were a pH of 5.7, ashes 18.83%, humidity 73.56%, cellulose 21.39%, lignin 39.81%, total nitrogen 0.02%, total phosphorus 0.02%, and total phosphorus 0.02% and an absence of potassium.

Perspectivas de una producción sostenible en acuicultura multitrófica integrada (IMTA): una revisión / Prospects for sustainable production in integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA): a review

RESUMEN La acuicultura tradicional se enfrenta a serios problemas medioambientales, particularmente por el uso de grandes volúmenes de agua, con las consecuentes descargas de efluentes ricos en nutrientes inorgánicos y partículas orgánicas. Un ejemplo claro de esto está en que del 20 al 30% del nitrógeno presente en la proteína del alimento suministrado es aprovechado por los peces, el restante 70-80% es desechado en el cuerpo de agua producto de la excreción y el alimento no consumido, lo que favorece la eutrofización de aguas receptoras y su entorno. Por lo anterior, se requiere el desarrollo de tecnologías y prácticas de producción innovadoras, responsables, sostenibles y rentables. Una de las alternativas que está generando interés, debido a sus implicaciones ambientales, económicas y sociales, es la producción en sistemas de acuicultura multitrófica integrada (IMTA). Este concepto se basa en la integración de diferentes niveles tróficos en un mismo sistema, lo que resulta en una conversión de los residuos de cultivo de unas especies en alimentos o fertilización para otras especies. Aplicada, la producción IMTA puede mejorar la sostenibilidad de la acuicultura al reducir el impacto de los efluentes y generar mayor rentabilidad económica, debido a la producción simultanea de dos o más productos finales y al uso mínimo de fertilizantes. El objetivo de la presente revisión es presentar los fundamentos básicos de los sistemas de IMTA, como una alternativa a los sistemas de producción en piscicultura.

ABSTRACT Traditional aquaculture faces serious environmental problems, particularly due to the use of large volumes of water, with the consequent discharge of effluents rich in inorganic nutrients and organic particles. A clear example of this is that only 20 to 30% of the nitrogen present in the protein of the supplied food is used by the fish. The remaining 70 to 80% is disposed of in the water body as a result of excretion and unconsumed food, favoring the eutrophication of receiving waters and their environment. Therefore, the development of innovative, responsible, sustainable, and profitable technologies and production practices is required. One of the alternatives that is generating interest due to its environmental, economic, and social implications is the production in integrated multitrophic aquaculture systems (IMTA). This concept is based on the integration of different trophic levels in the same system, which results in a conversion of the culture residues of some species into food or fertilization for other species. Applicated, the IMTA systems can improve the sustainability of aquaculture by reducing the impact of effluents, generating greater economic profitability due to the simultaneous production of two or more end products and minimal use of fertilizers. The objective of this review is to present fundamentals basic aspects of IMTA systems, as an alternative to fish farming production systems.

Fórmula artesanal a base de lactosuero: complemento alimenticio para niños preescolares / Artisanal whey-based formula: food supplement for preschool children

Resumen Se pretendió desarrollar una fórmula artesanal, a base de lactosuero, como complemento alimenticio para niños preescolares. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva ejecutada en tres fases: 1. Ensayos preliminares para la determinación del esquema tecnológico; 2. Evaluación fisicoquímica para la caracterización del producto y determinación de macronutrientes y 3. Evaluación sensorial donde se midió el nivel de agrado del producto final. Los datos obtenidos de los análisis se tabularon en cuatro repeticiones y se analizaron a través de estadísticas descriptivas de tendencia central y en frecuencias expresadas en tablas y gráficos mediante el programa estadístico SPSS versión 20.0. Se obtuvo que en el análisis proximal del requesón deshidratado, éste aportó por cada 100 gramos de producto: 480,28 kcal, 46,5% de proteínas, 22,36% de grasas y 23,26% de hidratos de carbono. La formulación final de la bebida constó de 2,9 g de requesón deshidratado, 3,6 g de arroz previamente cocido y 1,8 g de azúcar diluidos por cada onza preparada. Se determinó que es una fórmula hipocalórica-hiperproteica e isoosmolar, con una viscosidad de 275cP, un pH de 5,1 y con 0,291% de ácido láctico. La fórmula artesanal a base de lactosuero fue de agrado para 41 niños que participaron en el análisis sensorial. Se recomienda su uso en niños que se encuentren en condición de vulnerabilidad nutricional.

Abstract The main objective of this research was to develop an artisan formula based on whey as food supplement directed to preschool children. It was a descriptive study carried out in three phases: 1. Preliminary tests, for the determination of the technological scheme; 2. Physical-chemical evaluation, for the characterisation of the product and determination of nutrients and, 3. Sensory evaluation: the level of satisfaction of the final product measured. The data obtained from the analysis were tabulated in four repetitions and analysed through descriptive statistics of central tendency and in frequencies expressed in tables and graphs using the statistical program SPSS version 20.0. As a result, for each 100 grams of dehydrated cottage cheese this malnuprovides: 480.28 kcal, 46.5% protein; 22.36% fat and 23.26% carbohydrates. The final formulation of the drink consisted of 2.9 g of dehydrated cottage cheese, 3.6 g of previously cooked rice and 1.8 g of diluted sugar for each prepared ounce. It was determined as a hypocaloric-hyperproteic and isomolar formula, with a viscosity of 275cP, a pH of 5.1 and with 0.291% lactic acid. The artisan formula based on whey was liked by 41 children who participated in the sensory analysis. As a conclusion, it can be recommended as food supplement in children with nutritional vulnerability conditions.

Resumo O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi desenvolver uma fórmula artesanal à base de soro de leite como suplemento alimentar direcionado a crianças pré-escolares. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo em três fases: 1. Ensaios preliminares, para determinação do esquema tecnológico; 2. Avaliação físico-química, para caracterização do produto e determinação de macronutrientes e 3. Avaliação sensorial: mediu-se o grau de satisfação do produto final. Os dados obtidos das análises foram tabulados em quatro repetições e analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas de tendência central e em frequências expressas em tabelas e gráficos utilizando o programa estatístico SPSS versão 20.0. Como resultado da análise proximal, para cada 100 gramas de requeijão desidratado fornece: 480,28 kcal, 46,5% de proteína; 22,36% de gordura e 23,26% de carboidratos. A formulação final da bebida consistiu em 2,9 g de requeijão desidratado, 3,6 g de arroz previamente cozido e 1,8 g de açúcar diluído para cada onça preparada. O resultado concluiu que é uma fórmula hipocalórica-hiperproteica e isoosmolar, com viscosidade de 275cP, pH de 5,1 e com 0,291% de ácido lático. A fórmula artesanal à base de soro de leite foi apreciada por 41 crianças que participaram da análise sensorial. É recomendado seu uso em crianças que se encontrem em condições de vulnerabilidade nutricional.

Consumo Alimentar de Macronutrientes e Estado Nutricional de Pessoas com Estomia / Food Consumption of Macronutrients and Nutritional Status of People With Ostomy / Consumo Alimentario de Macronutrientes y Estado Nutricional de Personas con Ostomía

Objetivo:Avaliar o consumo alimentar de macronutrientes e o estado nutricional de pessoas com estomia no contexto amazônico. Método: Estudo transversal quantitativo realizado na unidade de referência especializada às pessoas com estomia, no período de janeiro a março de 2020. A amostra foi constituída de 77 pessoas com estomias, com idade de 21 a 88 anos, de ambos os sexos. Foram utilizados informações sociodemográficas, aspectos clínicos e comportamentais, medidas antropométricas e recordatório 24 h. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos softwares BioEstat 5.0 e EpiInfo 3.5.1. Resultados: A maioria era do sexo masculino, com faixa etária entre 35 e 50 anos. Os tipos mais frequentes de estomia foram: colostomia (69%) e ileostomia (21%), com caráter temporário (43%), tendo em ambos os sexos a etiologia neoplásica (60%). Quanto ao estado nutricional, a maioria apresentou eutrofia segundo o índice de massa corporal, no entanto a circunferência da cintura demonstrou risco metabólico aumentado no sexo feminino, e a prega cutânea tricipital indicou obesidade no sexo masculino e eutrofia no sexo feminino (<0,0001). Com relação ao consumo alimentar, observou-se inadequação de energia e de macronutrientes. Conclusão: Os hábitos alimentares no contexto amazônico podem estar relacionados ao consumo alimentar inadequado e às alterações no estado nutricional.

Objective:To evaluate the food intake of macronutrients and nutritional status of people with ostomy in the Amazonian context. Method: Quantitative cross-sectional study carried out in the specialized reference unit for people with ostomy, in the period from January to March 2020. The sample consisted of 77 people with ostomies, aged 21 to 88 years old, of both genders. We used sociodemographic information, clinical and behavioral aspects, anthropometric measurements and 24-hour recall. Statistical analysis was performed using BioEstat 5.0 and EpiInfo 3.5.1 software. Results: Most were male, aged between 35 and 50 years old. The most frequent types of ostomy were: colostomy (69%) and ileostomy (21%), with a temporary nature (43%), with neoplastic etiology in both sexes (60%). As for the nutritional status, most presented eutrophy according to the body mass index, but waist circumference showed increased metabolic risk in females, and the triceps skinfold thickness indicated excess adiposity in males (<0.0001). Regarding food consumption, there was inadequacy of energy and macronutrients. Conclusion: Eating habits in the Amazonian context may be related to inadequate food consumption and changes in nutritional status.

Objetivo:Evaluar el consumo alimentario de macronutrientes y el estado nutricional de personas con estoma en el contexto amazónico. Método: Estudio transversal cuantitativo, realizado en la Unidad de Referencia Especializada en personas con ostomía durante el periodo de enero a marzo del 2020. La muestra estuvo constituida por 77 personas con estoma. Entre los 21 y los 88 años, de los dos sexos. Se usó información sociodemográfica, aspectos clínicos, comportamentales, medidas antropométricas y recordatorio de 24 horas. El análisis estadístico se realizó con los programas BioEstat 5.0 y EpiInfo 3.5.1. Resultados: La mayoría eran de sexo masculino, con un grupo etario de 35 a 50 años. Los tipos de ostomía más frecuentes fueron: colostomía (69%) e ileostomía (21%), de carácter temporal (43%), con etiología neoplásica en ambos sexos (60%).Por otro lado, con relación al estado nutricional, la mayoría presentó eutrofia según el índice de masa corporal. Sin embargo, la circunferencia de cintura demostró riesgo metabólico más grande en el sexo femenino y el pliegue cutáneo tricipital indicó exceso de adiposidad en el sexo masculino y eutrofia en feminino (<0,0001). Con relación al consumo alimentario, se observó la inadecuación de energía y macronutrientes. Conclusión: Los hábitos alimentarios en el contexto amazónico pueden estar relacionados con el consumo inadecuado de alimentos y cambios en el estado nutricional.

Alergia a frutos do mar: principais desafios na alimentação e soluções desenvolvidas por alunos do curso de nutrição e gastronomia / Seafood allergy: main challenges in their diet and solutions developed by students of the nutrition and gastronomy course

A alergia alimentar caracteriza-se por uma reação adversa a um determinado alimento, envolvendo um mecanismo imunológico. Uma das alergias mais comuns encontradas atualmente é a alergia a frutos do mar, a qual se baseia em uma hipersensibilidade a animais desse grupo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar os desafios expostos na alimentação de alérgicos a frutos do mar e formular soluções para essa população baseadas em alimentos nutricionalmente substitutos. Sendo realizado em três etapas: investigação inicial, construção de conceitos e planejamento de uma ação com orientações nutricionais. De acordo com as dificuldades encontradas na alimentação dessa parcela populacional, realizaram-se diferentes preparações, com nutrientes como ômega-3, proteínas, vitaminas do complexo B, zinco, ferro, potássio, magnésio, iodo e selênio, os quais também são encontrados nos frutos do mar, a fim de evitar possíveis contaminações cruzadas e garantir seu aporte nutricional em alimentos substitutos. Foi possível concluir que os alérgicos aos frutos do mar não apresentam uma interferência significativa em sua qualidade de vida, tendo um impacto nutricional pequeno, visto que por meio da alimentação existem outras fontes, necessitando somente de alguns cuidados no dia a dia em virtude das consequências de uma possível contaminação.

Food allergy is characterized by an adverse reaction to a given food, involving an immunological mechanism. One of the most common allergies currently found is seafood allergy, which is based on hypersensitivity to animals in this group. The objective of this research is to identify the challenges exposed in the feeding of seafood allergies and formulate solutions for this population based on nutritionally substitute foods. Being carried out in 3 stages, initial investigation, construction of concepts and planning of an action with nutritional guidance. According to the difficulties encountered in feeding this portion of the population, different preparations were carried out, with nutrients such as: ômega-3, proteins, B vitamins, zinc, iron, potassium, magnesium, iodine and selenium. Which are also found in seafood. In order to avoid possible cross-contamination and ensure their nutritional intake in substitute foods. It was possible to conclude that seafood allergies do not present a significant interference in their quality of life, having a small nutritional impact, since through food there are other sources, requiring only some care on a daily basis due to the consequences of possible contamination.

Análisis de la distribución de macronutrientes en canastas alimentarias entregadas por las municipalidades durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Perú / Analysis of the distribution of macronutrients of food baskets delivered by municipalities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar y comparar la distribución de macronutrientes de las canastas alimentarias entregadas por las municipalidades peruanas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 según dominio geográfico y nivel de presupuesto asignado. Materiales y métodos. Análisis secundario de la base de datos «Consulta de adquisición y distribución de bienes de primera necesidad de la canasta básica familiar¼ de la Contraloría General de la República. Se realizó un muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Se calculó la distribución del aporte calórico según macronutrientes y se comparó con los intervalos aceptables de distribución de macronutrientes (IADM) del Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá (INCAP) y del Instituto Nacional de Defensa Civil (INDECI). Resultados. A nivel nacional la mediana del aporte calórico de las proteínas fue 7,7%; carbohidratos 62,5%, y grasas 28,1%. La proporción de municipalidades con canastas con déficit de proteínas fue de 84%. Las municipalidades con canastas con exceso de carbohidratos variaron de 16,5% (según INCAP) a 35,9% (según INDECI) y con exceso de grasas fue 61,6 % (según INCAP) y 20,2% (según INDECI). Según INDECI, a nivel nacional solo el 9,2% de municipalidades entregaron canastas con distribución adecuada de macronutrientes, aquí destaca Lima Metropolitana con las proporciones más altas; mientras que en la selva este porcentaje fue menor del 5%. Conclusiones. La mayoría de las canastas entregadas no tuvieron distribución adecuada de macronutrientes, en especial las canastas de municipalidades fuera de Lima Metropolitana o las que contaban con menor presupuesto. Los carbohidratos y las grasas fueron los nutrientes que se incluyeron en exceso, mientras que las proteínas tuvieron déficit.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To evaluate and compare the macronutrient distribution of the food baskets delivered by Peruvian municipalities during the COVID-19 pandemic according to the geographic domain and assigned budget level. Materials and methods. Secondary analysis of the database "Consultation of Acquisition and distribution of basic necessities of the basic family basket" of the General Comptroller of the Republic. Stratified probability sampling was carried out. The caloric intake distribution was calculated according to macronutrients and compared with the Acceptable Intervals of Macronutrient Distribution (IADM) of the Nutrition Institute of Central America and Panama (INCAP) and the National Institute of Civil Defense (INDECI). Results. At the national level, the median caloric intake of proteins was 7.7%; for carbohydrates it was 62.5%; and for fats it was 28.1%. The proportion of municipalities with protein deficit was 84%; Municipalities with excess carbohydrates ranged from 16.5% (according to INCAP) to 35.9% (according to INDECI), and with excess fat, it was between 61.6% (according to INCAP) and 20.2% (according to INDECI). According to INDECI, nationally only 9.2% of municipalities delivered baskets with an adequate distribution of macronutrients; Metropolitan Lima stands out with the highest proportions of adequate baskets, while in the Jungle region this percentage was less than 5%. Conclusions. Most of the baskets delivered did not have adequate macronutrient distribution. Especially the baskets of municipalities outside of Metropolitan Lima or those that had smaller budget. Carbohydrates and fats were the nutrients that were included in excess, while proteins were deficient.

Doses of sulfur at topdressing and organic compost supply at planting in the production, quality and content of macronutrients in lettuce seeds

The purpose of this study was to evaluate doses of sulfur applied at topdressing, with and without organic compost supply at planting, in the production, physiological quality and content of macronutrients in lettuce seeds. Ten treatments were evaluated in a 5x2 factorial scheme (five sulfur doses at topdressing x with and without application of organic compost at planting). The experimental design was a randomized block design, with four replicates. The sulfur doses applied at topdressing fertilization were 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 of S, in addition to the control treatment (dose zero). Regarding the treatments with organic compost, the dose of 70 t ha-1 of compost (wet basis) was supplied at planting. The following characteristics were evaluated: seed production (mass and number of seeds per plant), seed quality (mass of one thousand seeds, first count of the standard germination test, germination percentage, and germination speed index) and content of macronutrients and mineral accumulation. The organic compost supply at planting increased seed production by 43% compared to the treatment without the application of organic compost, while the doses of sulfur did not affect the production of lettuce seeds. The supply of organic compost increased the accumulation of a great part of the macronutrients, except for the accumulation of calcium. The lettuce seeds quality was not affected by both the main treatments, the sulfur doses at topdressing and the organic compost supply at planting. The descending order of nutrients accumulated in the lettuce seeds was nitrogen> potassium> phosphorus> magnesium> calcium> sulfur.

Growth and productivity of ágata potato cultivar under different doses of organomineral fertilizer

Potato is a plant that has high nutrient demand during its cycle. Given the concern with the environment, due to the large amount of synthetic mineral fertilizer used in the crops, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of organomineral fertilizers in the cultivation of potato, cultivar Ágata, under cerrado conditions. The experimental design was in subdivided plots, consisted of four doses of organomineral fertilizer, corresponding to 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of the mineral fertilizer dose in the organomineral source (2800 kg ha-1 of formulated 3-32-6) and the subplots consisted of four collection seasons (61, 74, 89 and 110 days after planting) and four repetitions. Organomineral fertilizer with 40% of the recommended dose for potato cultivation provides higher yield of tubers in the Especial potato class and higher accumulation of total dry mass, in addition to providing satisfactory productivity for the tubers of higher commercial value. The use of organomineral fertilizers promotes the same behavior as mineral fertilizers, not interfering with potato development.

The use of the larvae of Zophobas morio and galleria mellonella in feeding growing pigs

Insects represent a promising alternative source to more expensive components of the feeding regimen of farm animals for meat production. With this aim in mind, we conducted this experiment to investigate the effects of dried larvae of darkling beetles (Zophobas morio L.) and larvae of wax moths (Galleria mellonella L.) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in growing piglets. A total of 27 crossbred piglets ((LWхL)хD), 39 days of age and 14.39±0.19 kg of body weight) were randomly divided into three groups (n=9 per group) based on gender and body weight. We substituted part of a fishmeal and a grain with 2.5% of dried larvae of darkling beetles (Zophobas morio L.) or with 3.0% of dried larvae of wax moths (Galleria mellonella L.). The replacement of fishmeal with insect biomass in the feeding regimen of the pigs did not change growth rate among groups and did not altered the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fiber (p ˃ 0.05). At the same time, the digestibility of the fat has increased in the experimental groups with dry larvae (p ≤ 0.05). Blood counts in all groups were within the physiological norm. As compared to control group, piglets of the experimental groups had an increase in bactericidal, lysozyme activity of the blood serum and phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Thus, supplementation of dry larvae of superworm or waxworm in the ration didn't affect negatively growth performance of experimental piglets while improving their parameters of non-specific immunity.

Leaf concentration of macronutrients in oil palm plants fertilized with phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the Eastern Amazon

The concentrations of nutrients in the leaves allow a better understanding of the nutritional status of oil palm plants, making it a tool for diagnosing the origins of nutritional problems and assisting in fertilizer recommendations. In this sense, the objective of the current research was to evaluate the leaf concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in the oil palm under fertilization with phosphate, potassium and magnesium in edaphoclimatic conditions of Eastern Amazon. The experiment was conducted at the AGROPALMA® Company in the municipality of Tailândia, state of Pará, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme 4 x 2 x 3 x 2, with four levels of phosphorus, two sources of phosphorus (natural phosphate and triple superphosphate), three levels of potassium and two levels of magnesium. Phosphorus fertilization increased the leaf concentrations of N, P, Ca and Mg, providing higher levels when triple superphosphate was applied. However, in adult oil palm plants (12 years old), there was different on leaf concentrations of N, P, K and S between phosphorus sources aphid. Potassium and magnesium fertilization only increased the leaf concentrations of K and Mg, respectively. Fertilization with P, K and Mg promotes adequate leaf concentrations of K, Ca, Mg e S in oil palm plants grown in the Eastern Amazon.

Exogenously applied nutrients can improve the chickpea productivity under water stress conditions by modulating the antioxidant enzyme system / Nutrientes aplicados exogenamente melhoram a produtividade do grão-de-bico em condições de estresse hídrico, modulando o sistema de enzimas antioxidantes

Water stress is one of the major factor restricting the growth and development of chickpea plants by inducing various morphological and physiological changes. Therefore, the present research activity was designed to improve the chickpea productivity under water stress conditions by modulating antioxidant enzyme system. Experimental treatments comprised of two chickpea genotypes i.e. Bhakhar 2011 (drought tolerant) and DUSHT (drought sensitive), two water stress levels i.e. water stress at flowering stage and water stress at flowering + pod formation + grain filling stage including well watered (control) and three exogenous application of nutrients i.e. KCl 200 ppm, MgCl2, 50 ppm and CaCl2, 10 mM including distilled water (control). Results indicated that water stress at various growth stages adversely affects the growth, yield and quality attributes of both chickpea cultivars. Exogenous application of nutrients improved the growth, yield and antioxidant enzyme activities of both chickpea genotypes even under water stress conditions. However, superior results were obtained with foliar spray of potassium chloride on Bhakhar 2011 under well-watered conditions. Similarly, foliar spray of potassium chloride on chickpea cultivar Bhakhar 2011 cultivated under stress at flowering + pod formation + grain filling stage produced significantly higher contents of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase. These results suggests that the application of potassium chloride mitigates the adverse effects of water stress and enhanced tolerance in chickpea mainly due to higher antioxidant enzymes activity, demonstrating the protective measures of plant cells in stress conditions.

O estresse hídrico é um dos principais fatores que restringem o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas de grão-de-bico, induzindo várias alterações morfológicas e fisiológicas. Portanto, a presente atividade de pesquisa foi projetada para melhorar a produtividade do grão-de-bico em condições de estresse hídrico, por meio da modulação do sistema de enzimas antioxidantes. Tratamentos experimentais compostos de dois genótipos de grão-de-bico, ou seja, Bhakhar 2011 (tolerante à seca) e DUSHT (sensível à seca), dois níveis de estresse hídrico, ou seja, estresse hídrico na fase de floração e estresse hídrico na floração + formação de vagens + estágio de enchimento de grãos incluindo bem irrigado (controle) e três aplicações exógenas de nutrientes, ou seja, KCl 200 ppm, MgCl2 50 ppm e CaCl2 10 mM, incluindo água destilada (controle). Os resultados indicaram que o estresse hídrico em vários estágios de crescimento afeta negativamente os atributos de crescimento, rendimento e qualidade de ambas as cultivares de grão-de-bico. A aplicação exógena de nutrientes melhorou o crescimento, o rendimento e as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes de ambos os genótipos de grão- de-bico, mesmo em condições de estresse hídrico. No entanto, resultados superiores foram obtidos com pulverização foliar de cloreto de potássio em Bhakhar 2011, em condições bem irrigadas. Da mesma forma, a pulverização foliar de cloreto de potássio na cultivar de grão-de-bico Bhakhar 2011 cultivada sob estresse na fase de floração + formação de vagens + enchimento de grãos produziu teores significativamente maiores de superóxido dismutase, peroxidase e catalase. Esses resultados sugerem que a aplicação de cloreto de potássio atenua os efeitos adversos do estresse hídrico e aumenta a tolerância no grão-de-bico, principalmente em razão de mais atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, demonstrando as medidas protetoras das células vegetais em condições de estresse.