La regulación de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en temas vinculados a la reproducción medicamente asistida / The regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) on issues related to medically assisted reproduction

Las técnicas de reproducción médicamente asistida no escapan de la nueva tendencia de automatización de los procesos médicos debido a los vertiginosos avances de la bioingeniería. El objetivo principal de automatizar la fertilización in vitro es poder realizar muchos más tratamientos a menor costo. Además, a mejores resultados son menos los ciclos a los que deben someterse los pacientes. Una cuestión que emerge en el campo de la medicina reproductiva es que las aplicaciones de Inteligencia Artificial (IA) podrían rápidamente comenzar a ser operadas por personas que no tienen conocimientos específicos en esta rama de la medicina. A su vez, podría verse disminuida la cantidad de biólogos especializados en embriología necesarios en los laboratorios, quienes llegarían a perder su trabajo si no se capacitan en el uso de la IA. Es probable que el mercado ocupacional se redireccione y los nuevos graduados se vuelquen más a ese tipo de formación. Sin embargo, el factor humano sigue siendo un valor importante por la confianza que deposita el paciente en el profesional médico que lo asesora y tranquiliza. Recordemos que en los tratamientos de fertilidad asistida esto es llevado a cabo más por los médicos especialistas en medicina reproductiva que por los embriólogos.

The medically assisted reproduction techniques do not escape the new tendency to automate medical processes due to the vertiginous advances of bioengineering. The main objective of automating in vitro fertilization is to be able to perform many more treatments at a lower cost. In addition, to better results are less the cycles to which patients should be submitted. An issue that emerges in the field of reproductive medicine is that artificial intelligence applications (AI) could quickly begin to be operated by people who have no specific knowledge in this branch of medicine. In turn, the number of biologists specialized in embryology necessary in laboratories could be diminished, who would lose their job if they are not trained in the use of AI. It is likely that the occupational market will be redirect and the new graduates turn more to that type of formation. However, the human factor remains an important value for the trust that the patient deposits in the medical professional who advises and reassures him. Recall that in assisted fertility treatments this is carried out more by doctors specializing in reproductive medicine than by embryologists

The Use of Bio-Inks and the Era of Bioengineering and Tooth Regeneration

Abstract Objective: To review existing literature and provide an update on the current use of Bio-Inks and potential future use. Material and Methods: A MeSH keyword search was conducted to find out relevant articles for this short review. Results: Bio inks used in 3D printing grafting require various properties essential for the selection. Combining multiple methods and improved properties is essential for developing successful bio-inks for 3D grafting of functional tissues and tooth pulp regeneration from stem cells. To date, researchers have made many efforts to grow teeth based on stem cells and inculcate regeneration of teeth along with surrounding tissues like alveolar bones and periodontal ligaments. Conclusion: 3D printing with Bio-Inks requires strict adherence to safety protocols for successful outcomes, making it difficult to employ this routinely.

Media development and process parameter optimization using statistical experimental designs for the production of nonribosomal peptides in Escherichia coli

BACKGROUND: Nonribosomal peptide synthases (NRPS) can synthesize functionally diverse bioactive peptides by incorporating nonproteinogenic amino acids, offering a rich source of new drug leads. The bacterium Escherichia coli is a well-characterized production host and a promising candidate for the synthesis of nonribosomal peptides, but only limited bioprocess engineering has been reported for such molecules. We therefore developed a medium and optimized process parameters using the design of experiments (DoE) approach. RESULTS: We found that glycerol is not suitable as a carbon source for rhabdopeptide production, at least for the NRPS used for this study. Alternative carbon sources from the tricarboxylic acid cycle achieved much higher yields. DoE was used to optimize the pH and temperature in a stirred-tank reactor, revealing that optimal growth and optimal production required substantially different conditions. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a chemically defined adapted M9 medium matching the performance of complex medium (lysogeny broth) in terms of product concentration. The maximum yield in the reactor under optimized conditions was 126 mg L-1, representing a 31-fold increase compared to the first shaking-flask experiments with M9 medium and glycerol as the carbon source. Conditions that promoted cell growth tended to inhibit NRPS productivity. The challenge was therefore to find a compromise between these factors as the basis for further process development.

Collection and culture of human connective tissue cells from gingival explant technique for oral tissue bioengineering / Colección de células de tejido conectivo humano a partir de la técnica de explante gingival para bioingeniería de tejidos orales

SUMMARY: Cell culture is an important tool in medical, odontological and biological research laboratories, supporting cell therapies and tissue bioengineering strategies. Gingival fibroblasts present structural function, being able to modulate their metabolic capacity, which is reflected in the tissue morphology. The possibility of culturing fibroblasts in vitro, in monolayer or on three-dimensional scaffolds, for subsequent transplants in vivo opens important perspectives for the periodontal surgical clinic. The objective of the present article is to present a method of obtaining and cultivating viable human gingival fibroblasts for in vitro research. Explants derived from periodontal surgical discards were used, grown in 25 cm2 bottles to obtain a primary cell culture. After observing the proliferation and growth of the fibroblasts that interconnected and formed a monolayer network, involving the periphery of the explants, it was possible to remove the explants, to make the passage and the new subcultures were obtained in a ratio of 1:1. After 7 days, the amount of viable cells was analyzed in triplicate, using the Neubauer chamber technique, in cell culture bottles of 25 mm2 (T25) and 75 mm2 (T75). Fibroblasts were described and subclassified morphologically. The results showed a growth pattern in both bottles, but with a larger number in bottles of 75 cm2. Cells with fibroblastic morphology were subclassified into reticular and fusiform, being predominant those with fusiform morphology. In conclusion, culture of explant of human gingival connective tissue is a viable method for obtaining gingival connective tissue cells suitable for laboratory tests in cell culture, aiming at obtaining constructs for gingival tissue engineering.

RESUMEN: El cultivo celular es una herramienta importante en los laboratorios de investigación médica, odontológica y biológica, que apoyan las terapias celulares y las estrategias de bioingeniería de tejidos. Los fibroblastos gingivales presentan una función estructural, pudiendo modular su capacidad metabólica, que se refleja en la morfología tisular. La posibilidad de cultivar fibroblastos in vitro, en monocapa o en andamios tridimensionales, para trasplantes posteriores in vivo abre perspectivas importantes para la clínica de cirugía periodontal. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar un método para obtener y cultivar fibroblastos gingivales humanos viables para investigación in vitro. Se utilizaron explantes derivados de los descartes quirúrgicos periodontales, crecidos en frascos de 25 cm2 para obtener un cultivo de células primarias. Después de observar la proliferación y el crecimiento de los fibroblastos que se interconectaron y formaron una red de monocapa, que involucraba la periferia de los explantes, fue posible eliminar los explantes, hacer el pasaje y los nuevos subcultivos se obtuvieron en una proporción de 1:1. Después de 7 días, la cantidad de células viables se analizó por triplicado, utilizando la técnica de cámara de Neubauer, en botellas de cultivo celular de 25 mm2 (T25) y 75 mm2 (T75). Los fibroblastos fueron descritos y sub-clasificados morfológicamente. Los resultados mostraron un patrón de crecimiento en ambas botellas, pero con un número mayor en botellas de 75 cm2. Las células con morfología fibroblástica se subclasificaron en reticulares y fusiformes, predominando aquellas con morfología fusiforme. En conclusión, el cultivo de explante de tejido conectivo gingival humano es un método viable para obtener células de tejido conectivo gingival adecuadas para pruebas de laboratorio en cultivos celulares, con el objetivo de obtener construcciones para la ingeniería del tejido gingival.

Um infusor autônomo para um expansor de pele subcutâneo / An autonomous infuser for a subcutaneous skin expander

Introdução: A expansão da pele é um processo fisiológico definido como a capacidade de aumentar sua área superficial em resposta a uma tensão ou a uma dada deformação. Para realizar a cirurgia reconstrutiva, os expansores de pele são implantados sob a pele e periodicamente infiltrados com uma solução salina para fornecer um retalho extra de pele. Quando o volume interno prescrito do expansor é alcançado, a cirurgia reconstrutiva é realizada. Métodos: Foi desenvolvido um dispositivo semiautomático e portátil para facilitar um procedimento de expansão da pele. O dispositivo tem como objetivo simplificar o processo de infiltração, proporcionando mobilidade e independência para o paciente, e assegurando ao médico a qualidade e a precisão das infiltrações realizadas. O dispositivo também permite expansão contínua em pacientes hospitalizados. Resultados: Usando um código, o médico tem acesso ao menu do dispositivo e define a pressão máxima e/ou o valor máximo para cada expansor do paciente. O paciente pode realizar a infiltração e ter acesso ao controle da velocidade de infiltração, reverter ou parar a operação. Todos os dados são gravados em um SIM Card e incluem data, hora, volumes inicial e final, e pressão inicial e final de cada procedimento para cada expansor. Conclusões: O dispositivo automatiza e otimiza a expansão, de modo que o que o médico possa prescrever um limite para cada expansão, seja uma pressão máxima ou voluma infiltrado. Todos os dados são gravados, fornecendo um importante banco de dados sobre o comportamento de pele relacionado a gênero, raça, idade e local da expansão.

Introduction: Skin expansion is a physiological process defined as the ability of human skin to increase its superficial area in response to a stress or given deformation. In reconstructive surgery, skin expanders are implanted beneath the skin and periodically infiltrated with a saline solution to provide an extra flap of skin. When the prescribed internal volume of the expander is reached, reconstructive surgery is performed. Methods: A semiautomatic and portable device was developed and built to facilitate a skin expansion procedure. The device aims to simplify the infiltration process, providing mobility and independence to the patient and assuring the physician of the infiltration quality and precision. The device also enables continuous expansion in hospitalized patients. Results: Using a code, the doctor accesses the menu of the device and sets the maximum pressure and/or value for each expander of the patient. The patient can control the infiltration velocity and reverse or stop the operation. All data are recorded on a simcard and include date, time, initial and final volumes, and initial and final pressures of each procedure for each expander. Conclusions: The device motorizes and optimizes the expansion, allowing the doctor to prescribe a maximum infiltration pressure or volume. All data are recorded to provide an important database of skin behavior related to sex, race, age, and expansion site.

Production of fibrous polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering using an automated solution blow spinning system

Abstract Introduction Solution blow spinning (SBS) and airbrushing are two techniques that can be used as alternatives to electrospinning in the production of fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE). SBS seems particularly interesting due to its versatility, however, it has not been much explored and no automated SBS systems were found in the literature. Therefore, the present work aimed to develop such equipment and compare the results to those found for airbrushing, considering the same set of parameters. Methods A new SBS set up, composed of a specially designed nozzle with automated movement, a syringe pump and a compressor, was used to produce fibrous poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) mats. The airbrushed fibers were produced under the same conditions, and samples of both types of mats were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to compare them in terms of microstructure and fiber diameter. Results The SBS system was robust and performed well, in terms of movement and fiber deposition. In comparison to airbrushing's, SBS mats presented different microstructural characteristics (considering the parameters used). Conclusion The biggest advantage over airbrushing may be its versatility and simple automation, which may improve sample reproducibility, especially considering scaled up processes. To further improve this apparatus, a better understanding of how process variables interfere in the microstructure is needed, as well as more sophisticated interface and operation.

Elaboración de un biodiente: enfoque actual y desafíos / Making a Bio-tooth: Current Approaches and Challenges

Antecedentes: El edentulismo es uno de los mayores problemas de salud oral que cause alteraciones fisiológicas, sociales, estéticas, fonéticas y nutricionales. Las terapias actuales para el remplazo dental son artificiales y no satisfacen los requisitos básicos de un diente natural. La bioingeniería de tejidos constituye una alternativa para la sustitución de dientes perdidos. Objetivo: Identificar los enfoques/técnicas disponibles actualmente para obtener un diente completo por bioingeniería (biodiente), así como puntualizar sus desafíos y perspectivas futuras. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura, por medio de las siguientes palabras clave: biodiente, bioingeniería de tejidos, diente entero y células madre. Los años de la búsqueda fueron 2000-2018, en las bases de datos: PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Lilacs y Google Académico/Scholar, en inglés y español. Se seleccionaron únicamente artículos y libros de mayor relevancia y pertinencia. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 53 artículos y 10 libros. Para la elaboración de un biodiente se emplean los siguientes métodos: andamios, sin andamios, células madre pluripotentes inducidas, germen de órganos, diente quimérico y estimulación de la formación de la tercera dentición. El tamaño y forma normales del diente, así como la obtención de células epiteliales, son los principales desafíos. Conclusiones: La posibilidad de crear y desarrollar un biodiente en un ambiente oral adulto es cada vez más real gracias a los avances biotecnológicos que ocurren diariamente. Es posible que estos conceptos sean la base de la odontología restauradora en un futuro próximo.

Background: Edentulism is one of the major oral health problems that cause physiological, social, aesthetic, phonetic, and nutritional issues. Current therapies for dental replacement are artificial and do not satisfy the basic requirements of a natural tooth. Tissue bioengineering could be a viable alternative to substitute lost teeth. Objective: To identify current available approaches/techniques to obtain a complete bioengineered tooth (bio-tooth) and to point out future challenges and perspectives. Methods: This was an integrative literature review. Search keywords used were: bio-tooth, tissue bioengineering, whole tooth, stem cells. The search included the years 2000 through 2018, using the databases PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Lilacs and Google Scholar, both in English and Spanish. Only relevant and pertinent articles and books were selected. Results: 53 articles and 10 books were obtained. Methods for bio-tooth generation found were: scaffolds, scaffold-free, induced pluripotent stem cells, tooth organ germ, chimeric tooth, and stimulation of third dentition formation. Achieving normal tooth size and shape and obtaining epithelial cells are the main challenges. Conclusions: The possibility of creating and developing a whole bioengineered tooth (bio-tooth) in an adult oral environment is becoming more realistic, considering the daily biotechnological advances. It is possible that these concepts will be the basis of restorative dentistry in a near future.

Immunohistological study of the effect of vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on the angiogenesis of mature root canals in rat molars

Abstract Tissue bioengineering has been applied to Endodontics to seek a more biological treatment. The presence of blood vessels is crucial for cell nutrition during tissue formation. Objective This study analysed the application of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the angiogenesis of mature root canals. Material and methods Upper first molars of twelve 13-week old Wistar male rats were used. The root pulp of the mesiobuccal canal was removed and the root canal instrumented with K-files up to size #25. Periapical bleeding was induced into the root canal by introducing a #15 K-file beyond the apex. The teeth on the right side of the arch were filled up with blood clot (G1), whereas those on the left side were filled up with blood clot plus 50 ng/ml of VEGF (G2). Teeth were sealed with light-curing glass-ionomer cement and the animals were sacrificed after 60 days. The maxilla was dissected and fixed before obtaining serial sections for histological processing with haematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical factor-VIII. Immunohistochemical labelling was evaluated using scores for statistical analysis. Results Immunohistological analysis demonstrated the presence of angiogenesis in both groups, but with higher angiogenic maturation in G2 during the experimental period (p<0.05). HE staining showed connective tissue with absence of odontoblasts in all specimens. Conclusions It can be concluded that it is possible to obtain angiogenesis in mature root canals with or without the use of VEGF, although the latter tends to accelerate blood vessel formation.

Combination of heterologous fibrin sealant and bioengineered human embryonic stem cells to improve regeneration following autogenous sciatic nerve grafting repair

Background Peripheral nerve injury is a worldwide clinical problem, and the preferred surgical method for treating it is the end-to-end neurorrhaphy. When it is not possible due to a large nerve gap, autologous nerve grafting is used. However, these surgical techniques result in nerve regeneration at highly variable degrees. It is thus very important to seek complementary techniques to improve motor and sensory recovery. One promising approach could be cell therapy. Transplantation therapy with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is appealing because these cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into specialized cell types and have self-renewal ability. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to find conditions under which functional recovery is improved after sciatic nerve neurorrhaphy. We assumed that hESC, either alone or in combination with heterologous fibrin sealant scaffold, could be used to support regeneration in a mouse model of sciatic nerve injury and repair via autografting with end-to-end neurorrhaphy. Methods Five millimeters of the sciatic nerve of C57BL/6 J mice were transected off and rotated 180 degrees to simulate an injury, and then stumps were sutured. Next, we applied heterologous fibrin sealant and/or human embryonic stem cells genetically altered to overexpress fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) at the site of the injury. The study was designed to include six experimental groups comprising neurorrhaphy (N), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant (N + F), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + doxycycline (N + F + D), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + wild-type hESC (N + F + W), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + hESC off (N + F +T), and neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + hESC on via doxycycline (N + F + D + T). We evaluated the recovery rate using Catwalk and von Frey functional recovery tests, as well as immunohistochemistry analysis. Results The experiments indicated...

Avaliação clínica de compósito constituidos por fosfato de cálcio nanoestruturado e biopolímero associado à células osteoprogenitoras como alternativa à biocerâmica para a uso na rede SUS na reneração óssea / Clinical evaluation of composite constitude by nanostructured calcium phosphate and biopolymer associated with osteoprogenitor celss as an alternative to bioceramics for use in the S*S network in bone regeneration

Os biomateriais nanoestruturados têm se destacado como elementos estratégicos para a medicina regenerativa devido à sua grande área específica, a sua característica de atuar como veículo portador e libera dor de fatores de crescimento, células e pela sua mobilidade no plasma, no meio extra e intra-celular. Nos últimos anos, a equipe executora deste estudo, constituída por pesquisadores do CBPF, UFF, UFRJ e INMETRO têm concentrado seus esforços no desenvolvimento de novos fosfatos de cálcio na forma nanoestruturada e com substituições iônicas para uso clí nico. Estas características potencializam a bioabsorção do material e sua eficiência na regeneração tecidual, bem como seu uso como nanocarreador de biomoléculas (proteínas, peptídeos, fatores de crescimento e fármacos). Neste estudo foi produzido e avaliado clinicamente um novo biomaterial para a regeneração óssea, seguindo o princípio de “quality by desing”, visando aumentar sua eficiência em procedimentos clínicos específicos tais como o tratamento do edentulismo...

Avances en bioingeniería dental y su aplicación en ortodoncia y ortopedia dentofacial: Una revisión de literatura / Advances in dental bioengineering and their application in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics: A literature review

conocer la importancia de la terapia génica, celular y tisular como enfoque novedoso de la medicina regenerativa para la biomecánica ortodóntica y ortopedia dentofacial, ampliando su campo de acción, corrigiendo defectos estructurales y ofreciendo alternativas biológicas de alta calidad para la consulta especialista. Los avances en tecnología, acceso a información y exigencias actuales crean una necesidad de innovación estratégica por el clínico; el objetivo de esta revisión es describir los enfoques actuales en bioingeniería dental y terapia génica con sus aplicaciones clínicas enfocadas directamente en la consulta de ortodoncia y ortopedia dentofacial. Esto va a permitir ampliar la visión del especialista, crear necesidad de actualización constante y operar bajo evidencia científica. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos: Scopus, Medline y ScienceDirect, con las palabras clave: Bioengineering, Stem Cells, Gen Therapy. Finalmente se pudo concluir que el enfoque de la consulta odontológica va dirigido a la medicina regenerativa como terapia convencional, innovadora y de alta calidad; ofreciendo resultados con gran cercanía a la biología humana natural, eficacia a largo plazo y menor porcentaje de efectos adversos, ampliando la visión de todas aquellas fronteras en el manejo clínico del paciente

The advances in dental bioengineering disclose the importance of genetic, cellular and tissue therapies as the latest approach to the regenerative medicine for biomechanical orthodontic and dentofacial orthopedics; extending its scope, correcting structural flaws and offering biological alternatives with high quality technology for specialist practices. In this review, some recent findings related to genetic advances in dental bioengineering are provided and applied to the induction of the potential cell forming in the craniofacial complex and its clinical applications. A special research was made using some databases such as: Scopus, Medline and Science Direct, with the following keywords: Bioengineering, Stem cells, and Gen therapy. Finally, we can conclude that the focus of dental practice is led to regenerative medicine as a conventional, innovative and high quality therapy, giving closely results to natural human biology, long term effectivity and less adverse effects. Then we can scope out the vision of all clinic procedures limits with all patients

Jornada Farmacêutica 2017: resumos / Pharmaceutical Journey 2017: summaries

Resumos do VII Congresso Farmacêutico da UNESP e III Jornada de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia ocorrido na Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da UNESP Araraquara entre os dias 21-25 de agosto de 2017 para apreciação e publicação dos resumos na edição suplementar da Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Básica e Aplicada.No ano de 2017 foram apresentados cerca de 120 resumos, distribuídos em diferentes áreas das Ciências Farmacêutica ou afins, a saber: 9 resumos na área de Análises clínicas e Toxicológicas; 5 em Alimentos e Nutrição; 12 em Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia; 29 em Ciências Biológicas; 2 em Ciências da Saúde; 15 em Extensão; 44 em Fármacos e Medicamentos e 4 em Química. Os resumos foram apresentados por 76 graduandos, 40 pós-graduandos e 4 profissionais O evento é atualmente o maior organizado por estudantes de Farmácia-Bioquímica, cujo histórico se iniciou há mais de 64 anos consagrando-se nacionalmente pelo seu compromisso com a qualidade e a tradição em " Inovar e Produzir o Conhecimento". Neste aspecto, torna-se essencial a divulgação do conteúdo cientifico produzido durante a semana.(AU)

Caracterización funcional y estructural de genes asociados a preeclampsia expresados en la placenta humana / Structural and functional characterization of genes associated with preeclampsia expressed in human placenta / Caracterização estrutural e funcional de genes associados à pré-eclâmpsia expressaram em humanos placenta

Introducción: La preeclampsia continúa siendo la primera causa de morbimortalidad perinatal. El conocimiento sobre su etiología molecular se ha incrementado en los últimos años debido al avance en la aplicación de las ciencias "ómicas". Ello ha llevado a identificar genes candidatos que participarían en su patogénesis. Objetivo: Identificar y caracterizar estructural y funcionalmente genes expresados en placenta que se asocian con preeclampsia. Métodos: A partir de una revisión de literatura de los últimos diez años, se identificaron 16 genes cuya expresión en placenta estaba asociada con la patología. Se realizó la minería de datos incluyendo las siguientes variables: número de genes, tamaño de los genes, número de exones codificantes, islas CpG y las familias de los diferentes elementos repetidos en una ventana de 100Kbp. Mediante un análisis bioinformático, usando los diferentes recursos del NCBI (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) y del Genome Browser de UCSC (http://genome.ucsc.edu/). Adicionalmente se usó el portal BioGPS (http://biogps.gnf.org/#goto=welcome) se determinaron los niveles de expresión de cada gen por tejidos. Resultados: Se registraron diferencias en la cromatina que contiene las familias de elementos no codificantes de los genes asociados en comparación con los controles (Prueba de Kruskall-Wallis, P= 0.0341824). Los genes LEP, EBI3, PROCR, FSTL3, HEXB, INHBA y ENG fueron los que registraron el mayor puntaje z en placentas preeclámpsicas. Conclusión:La aplicación de las herramientas bioinformáticas se convierte en un instrumento potente para el análisis integrado de la expresión de genes y su papel en la patogénesis de la PE. Esto conllevaría a la identificación temprana de mujeres afectadas.

Introduction: Preeclampsia still is the main cause of perinatal morbi-mortality; due to the advance in the application of the omics sciences the knowledge about its molecular etiology has increased in the last years, this has led to the identification of candidate genes, which would be involved in its pathogenesis. Objective: To identify those genes, expressed in placenta that are associated with preeclampsia and compare their structural and functional characteristics. Methods: From a literature review, 16 genes were found, whose expression in placenta was associated to the pathology. Data mining was performed including the following genomic variables: number of genes, genomic size, coding exon count, CpG islands and repeat elements in a 100Kbp window. For the Bioinformatics analysis, we used different resources of the NCBI (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and the UCSC Genome Browser (http://genome.ucsc.edu/). Furthermore, the portal BioGPS (http://biogps.gnf.org/#goto=welcome) Was used to determine the expression levels of each gene per tissue. Results: Significant differences were found for the non-coding elements of the chromatin in that associated genes, in comparison with controls (Kruskall-Wallis test, P= 0.0341824). The genes LEP, EBI3, PROCR, FSTL3, HEXB, INHBA and ENG were the ones with the highest z- score values in preeclampsic placenta. Conclusion: The application of computational tools has become a powerful instrument for the integrated analysis of gene expression and its role in the pathogenesis of PE. This would lead to an early detection of affected women.

Introdução: A pré-eclâmpsia ainda é a principal causa perinatal Morbi-mortalidade; devido ao avanço na aplicação das ciências "ómicas" o conhecimento sobre sua etiologia molecular tem aumentado nos últimos anos, Isto levou à identificação de genes candidatos, que estariam envolvidos na sua Patogênese. Objetivo: Para identificar esses genes, Expresso em placenta que está associada à pré-eclâmpsia e comparar as suas características estruturais e funcionais. Métodos: A partir de uma revisão da literatura, foram encontrados 16 genes, cuja expressão na placenta foi asociada à patología. Extração de dados Foi realizada incluindo as seguintes variáveis genómicas: Número de genes, tamanho genômico, exon contagem de codificação, CpG ilhas e repetir elementos em uma janela de 100Kbp. Para a análise bioinformática, Utilizamos diferentes recursos do NCBI (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) e do UCSC Genome Browser (http://genome.ucsc.edu/). Além disso, o portal BioGPS (http://biogps.gnf.org/#goto=welcome) foi utilizado para determinar os níveis de expressão de cada gene por tecido. Resultados: Se encontrou diferenças significativas para os elementos não codificantes da cromatina nos genes associados, Em comparação com os controlos (teste de Kruskall-Wallis, P = 0,0341824). Os genes LEP, EBI3, PROCR, FSTL3, HEXB, INHBA e ENG foram os que apresentaram os maiores valores de z-score na placenta pré-eclâmpsica. Conclusão: A aplicação de ferramentas computacionais tornou-se um poderoso instrumento para a análise integrada da expressão gênica e seu papel na patogênese da PE. Isso levaria a uma detecção precoce das mulheres afetadas.

Aplicaciones del cultivo celular en odontología / Applications of cell culture in dentistry

Las ciencias básicas, la medicina oral y los nuevos avanzces en biotecnología y bioinformática constituyen un gran campo de investigación dentro de la odontología actual. En este sentido, dichos avances están proporcionandoun nuevo conjunto de estrategias terapéuticas para el manejo clínico de los pacientes con dolencias dentales y craneofaciales. Es importante destacar que las disciplinas relacionadas con las ciencias básicas, la medicina oral, la biotecnología y la bioinformática, han contribuido de manera trascendental al entendimiento de la fisiología y lasdiversas patologías que afectan las condiciones de normalidad del sistema bucal. La ingeniería tisular se considera como un enfoque prometedor para la odontología regenerativa, con el objetivofinal de reemplazar morfológica y funcionalmente los tejidos periodontales y/o los dientes perdidos a través dela síntesis in vitro de sustitutos análogos tisulares, considerando que el diente y las estructuras periodontales son importantes órganos del complejo craneofacial, los tratamientos utilizados para las enfermedades que los afectan no lo restauran completamente. La odontología clínica está incursionando en una nueva era en donde el enfoque terapéutico es el uso de terapia génica, terapia celular, ingeniería tisular y lamedicina regenerativa, ampliando el arsenal de posibilidades para nuestros pacientes. Una línea de investigaciónfundamental en ingeniería tisular y medicina regenerativa son las células madres. Como parte de los nuevos avances de la odontología a nivel mundial, científicos e investigadores del mundo aplican la bioingeniería para lograr reconstrucciones maxilofaciales,regeneraciones óseas y reconstrucciones de piezas dentales a partir de células madre como parte de tratamientos inovadores...

Análisis de un sistema de implante para osteosintesis de huesos largos, mediante simulación computacional / Analysis of an implant system for osteosynthesis of long bones by computer simulation

El diseño de implantes para osteosíntesis es una tarea en continuo desarrollo. Las nuevas técnicas quirúrgicas, procesos de fabricación y materiales, en conjunto con el uso de herramientas de cálculo de la ingeniería de última generación, a partir de la Simulación Computacional, permiten obtener implantes más precisos y de calidad superior y dedicados especialmente a cada tipo de fractura. El diseño adecuado y detallado a partir de estas herramientas de ingeniería, es sometido a ensayos mecánicos para verificar y asegurar su eficacia y resistencia estructural. Un estudio utilizando "Técnicas Avanzadas de Análisis", a través de la Simulación Computacional, posibilitaría verificar el grado de integridad de la unión de una placa y sus tornillos, en conjunción con el comportamiento biomecánico del hueso fracturado. En este trabajo se presenta la evaluación estructural, a partir del método de elementos finitos, de una placa de compresión dinámica (DCP), considerando la influencia de diferentes tipos de tornillos y su comportamiento frente a la unión e interacción con el hueso. Esta herramienta de ingeniería utilizada para este fin, ayuda al diseñador a obtener un diseño seguro y adecuado que facilitará el apoyo a cirujanos ortopédicos en la selección de implantes biomecánicos, teniendo en cuenta el tamaño de la fractura y características del hueso.

The design of implants for osteosynthesis is a work in continuous development. New surgical techniques, manufacturing processes and materials, together with the use of tools for calculating the art engineering, from Computational Simulation allow more precise and top quality implants especially designed for each type of fracture. The adequate and detailed design based on these engineering design tools, is subjected to mechanical testing to verify and ensure their effectiveness and structural strength. A study using "Advanced Technical Analysis" through Computational Simulation, makes it possible to verify the degree of integrity of the union of a plate and screws in conjunction with the biomechanical behavior of the fractured bone. This paper presents structural assessment, from the finite element method, a dynamic compression plate (DCP), considering the influence of different types of screws and their behavior in binding and interaction with the bone. This engineering tool used for this purpose, helps the designer to ensure safe and proper designs that facilitate support for orthopedic surgeons in selecting biomechanical implants, considering the size and characteristics of the bone fracture.

Bioética: actitudes y valoraciones de la personas ante las inovaciones biogenéticas: estudio aplicado a estudiantes de nivel terciario de la carrera de psicopedagogía del Instituto de Enseñanza Superior Doctor Domingo Cabred de Córdoba: 2014 / Bioethics: attitudes and assessments of persons before the biogenetic innovations: study applied to tertiary students of the career of psychology Institute of Higher Education Cabred Doctor Domingo Cordoba: 2014

En este trabajo nos ocuparemos de la clonación y del conocimiento que de ella tiene un grupo social. Los nuevos desarrollos teóricos y prácticos producidos por la Biología, la Medicina, la Ingeniería, la Informática ha dado lugar a la aparición de interrogantes y realidades inesperadas hasta hace poco tiempo en el campo de la ciencia. Efecto de una invención social de fuerte crecimiento en los últimos tiempos, da origen a la Biotecnología, cuya presencia en el territorio del saber plantea inéditos desafíos a la misma cultura que le dio origen. En esa dirección, la Biogenética sorprendió a la sociedad de fines del Siglo XX con la aparición de la oveja Dolly. Tal aparición no se produce de manera azarosa o espontánea en el mundo de las ciencias, sino que inaugura la era de las técnicas de reproducción asexual para el humano. Tal repetición de lo mismo (no de lo igual) reconoce intereses remotos y lejanos en la historia de la humanidad, que se ha expresado de maneras muy diversas, con la búsqueda de la inmortalidad como horizonte. La precariedad en que nos sume nuestra condición de humanos mortales ha disparado desde antiguo ansias, fantasías, orientadas a la búsqueda de elementos que, por vía de lo divino, de lo fantaseado, lo anhelado o de lo que está más allá de lo humano (aunque esté hecho de la materia que la lengua humana produce), anuncien modos de prolongar o extender la vida más allá de sus límites biológicos temporales

Prototipo de bioingenieria para el traslado y pesaje de pacientes hospitalizados con sobrepeso o movilidad limitada / Prototype of bioengineering for the transfer and weighing inpatient overweight or limited mobility

Objetivo: diseñar, fabricar y realizar pruebas de un prototipo de sistema electromecánico para mejorar la atención a pacientes hospitalizados, con sobrepeso o problemas de movilidad, en los servicios de enfermería. Material y métodos: estudio de investigación experimental, como base de prueba, realizado por los profesores de las facultades de Enfermería de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia y Ingeniería Mecánica de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Se partió de la realidad de los servicios de un hospital del Ministerio de Salud-Lima. Resultados: se presentó el prototipo integrando la camilla recta, la balanza electrónica y el sistema de comunicación vía bluetooth, cuyas funcionalidades (lectura de pesos, uso y manejo del sistema integrado) fueron explicadas al personal de la Facultad de Enfermería para su posterior validación con los pacientes. Conclusiones: el prototipo de sistema bioingenieril contribuye a mejorar la calidad de atención en el pesaje y en el traslado de manera segura y cómoda de pacientes hospitalizados y evitar lesiones físicas al personal de salud.

Objetive: Design, manufacture and testing of a prototype of electromechanical system to improve care to hospitalized patients, overweight or problems of mobility in nursing services. Material and Methods: Study of experimental research, as a basis for testing, conducted by professors from the faculties of Nursing of the Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University and Mechanical Engineering of the National University of Engineering. It departed from the reality of the services of a hospital of the Ministry of health-Lima. Results: Presented the prototype integrating the stretcher straight, the electronic scale and the communication system via bluetooth, whose capabilities (weights, use and management of the integrated reading) were explained to the staff of the school of nursing for further validation with patients.Conclusions. The prototype bioingenieril system contributes to improve the quality of care at the weigh-in and in the transfer of safe and comfortable way of hospitalized patients and prevent injury to health personnel.

Bioingeniería de tejidos: cultivo de queratinocitos humanos en el tratamiento de la epidermólisis bullosa / Treatment of epidermolysis bullosa with allogeneic human cultured queratinocytes

Background: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) or "crystal skin" is a group of inherited disorders that affect the protein that forms the anchor between dermis and epidermis, producing blister injuries. Case report: We report a four years old boy with junctional EB and lesions in 80 percent of the body lasting 48 months. His right lower limb was treated with allogeneic human cultured queratinocytes during five weeks. After the treatment period, a re-epithelization of 90 percent of the intervened limb was observed. Its diameter increased from 23 to 27 cm, the wound assessment scale score decreased from 30 to 13 and the visual analogue pain assessment score decreased from eight to two. Therefore allogeneic human cultured queratinocytes are a novel therapeutic alternative for EB.

Introducción: La epidermólisis Bullosa (EB) o "piel de cristal" es un grupo de trastornos hereditarios, el cual afecta las proteínas que forman la unión dermo-epidérmica de piel y mucosas, lo que lleva a la formación de lesiones ampollares. Objetivo: Comunicar la primera intervención con cultivos de queratinocitos humanos alogénicos (CQHA) en el tratamiento de la EB, en un centro de salud familiar de Chile el año 2013. Metodología: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 4 años, quien presentaba lesiones en el 80 por ciento del cuerpo de 48 meses de evolución. Se realizó una intervención de la extremidad inferior derecha con el 90 por ciento comprometido con CQHA durante 5 sem con el fin de lograr la reepitelización y formación de piel indemne. Resultados: Posterior a las 5 sem del tratamiento se logró reepitelización del 90 por ciento de la extremidad intervenida, incremento del diámetro de la pierna de 23 a 27 cm., en la escala de valoración de heridas se reduce de 30 a 13 puntos y en la escala de valoración análoga del dolor de 8 a 2 puntos. Conclusión: Se presenta una alternativa terapéutica para pacientes con EB.