Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil of Fruits from Juniperus oxycedrus L. Obtained from Morocco

Abstract The present study was aimed at conducting phytochemical analysis and evaluating the in vitro antifungal and antioxidant activities of the essential oil obtained from the fruits of J. oxycedrus L. Hydro-distillation was used to extract the essential oil from the fruits of Juniper oxycedrus. The essential oil was analyzed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity of the essential oil against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was determined in vitro using varying concentrations of the essential oil and vitamin C as a standard antioxidant compound. A disc diffusion test was employed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the essential oil against two test fungal strains, Penicillium citrinum, and Aspergillus niger. The results revealed that 49 constituents were identified in fruit oil, representing 91.56% of the total oil and the yield was 1.58%. Juniper fruit oil was characterized by having high contents of ß-pinene (42.04%), followed by limonene (15.45%), sabinene (9.52%), α-pinene (5.21%), (E)-caryophyllene (3.77%), ρ-cymene (1.56%), caryophyllene oxide (2.02%), and myrcene (1.02%). The radical scavenging activity (% inhibition) of the essential oil was highest (81.87± 2.83%) at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. The essential oil of J. oxycedrus exhibited antifungal activity against A. niger and P. citrinum with minimum inhibitory concentration values (MIC) ranging from 2.89 to 85.01 µl/mL. The findings of the study reveal that the antioxidant and antifungal properties of J. oxycedrus essential oil and their chemical composition are significantly correlated

Antioxidant activity of Haloxylon scoparium alkaloid extracts from Figuig region (southeastern of Morocco)

Abstract The aim of this paper is to study the chemical composition of alkaloids present in Haloxylon scoparium Pomel extracts and to evaluate their antioxidant capacity. The alkaloids were isolated from two parts of Haloxylon scoparium plant by two extraction protocols. and The quantitative study made it possible to propose the best protocol for the extraction of the alkaloids. Moreover, GC-MS analysis of alkaloid extracts allowed us to determine their chemical composition. Haloxylon scoparium contains four types of alkaloids: tetraisoquinolines, phenylethylamines, tryptolines and tryptamines. The main compounds are the tetraisoquinolines type, the predominant product of which was N-methylsalsoline. These compounds present a great interest for the researchers due to their various pharmacological and biological activities. The antioxidant effect of the different plant extracts was studied by two methods: the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radical (DPPH·) scavenging tests. The results show that extracts of root part are more active than those from aerial part; the acetone/water extract is the most powerful. The interesting results obtained in this study will be supplemented by other analyses and biological tests in order to better valorize this plant.

Trends in case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in the World, between 2019 - 2020 / Tendência das taxas de letalidade de covid-19 no mundo, entre 2019-2020

INTRODUCTION: CoV infections can potentially cause from a simple cold to a severe respiratory syndrome, such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV). The COVID-19 created a new reality for global healthcare modelsOBJETIVE: To evaluate trends in case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in the WorldMETHODS: We conducted a population-based time-series study using public and official data of cases and deaths from COVID-19 in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Russian, between December, 2019 and August, 2020. Data were based on reports from European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 was defined by the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (U07.1). A Prais-Winsten regression model was performed and the Daily Percentage Change (DPC) calculated determine rates as increasing, decreasing or flatRESULTS: During the study period, trends in case-fatality rates in the world were flat (DPC = 0.3; CI 95% [-0.2: 0.7]; p = 0.225). In Africa, Morocco had decreasing trends (DPC = -1.1; CI 95% [-1.5: -0.7]; p < 0.001), whereas it were increasing in South Africa (p < 0.05) and flat in Nigeria (p > 0.05). In the Americas, Argentina showed a decreasing trend in case-fatality rates (DPC = -0.6; CI 95% [-1.1: -0.2]; p = 0.005), the U.S. had flat trends (p > 0.05) and all other American countries had increasing trends (p < 0.05). In Asia, Iran had decreasing trends (DPC = -1.5; CI 95% [-2.6 : -0.2]; p = 0.019); China and Saudi Arabia showed increasing trends (p < 0.05), while in India, Japan and South Korea they were flat (p > 0.05). European countries had mostly increasing trends (p < 0.05): Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and Russia; France and Switzerland had flat trends (p > 0.05). Finally, in Oceania, trends in case-fatality rates were flat in Australia (p > 0.05) and increasing in New Zealand (p < 0.05CONCLUSION: Trends in case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in the World were flat between December, 31 and August, 31. Argentina, Iran and Morocco were the only countries with decreasing trends. On the other hand, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, China, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, Russian and New Zealand had increasing trends in case-fatality rate. All the other countries analyzed had flat trends. Based on case-fatality rate data, our study supports that COVID-19 pandemic is still in progress worldwide

INTRODUÇÃO: As infecções por CoV podem causar desde um simples resfriado até uma síndrome respiratória grave, como a Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave e a Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio (MERS-CoV). O COVID-19 impôs uma nova realidade em termos de modelos globais de saúdeOBJETIVO: Avaliar as tendências das taxas de letalidade do COVID-19 no mundoMÉTODO: Estudo de séries temporais de base populacional usando dados públicos e oficiais de casos e mortes por COVID-19 na Argentina, Austrália, Brasil, Chile, China, Colômbia, França, Alemanha, Índia, Irã, Itália, Japão, México, Marrocos, Nova Zelândia, Nigéria, Peru, Arábia Saudita, África do Sul, Coreia do Sul, Espanha, Suíça, Reino Unido, Estados Unidos (EUA) e Rússia, entre 31 dezembro de 2019 e 31 agosto de 2020. Os dados foram baseados nos relatórios do Centro Europeu de Prevenção e Controle de Doenças. COVID-19 foi definido pela Classificação Internacional de Doenças, 10ª revisão (U07.1). Para análise estatística, foi realizado o modelo de regressão de Prais-Winsten, a partir do qual foi possível calcular a variação percentual de mudança diária (DPC) das taxas, classificadas como crescentes, decrescentes ou estacionáriasRESULTADOS: Durante o período do estudo, as taxas de letalidade no mundo permaneceram estacionárias (DPC = 0,3; IC 95% [-0,2: 0,7]; p = 0,225). Na África, Marrocos teve tendência decrescente (DPC = -1,1; IC 95% [-1,5: -0,7]; p <0,001), enquanto na África do Sul houve tendência crescente (p < 0,05) e estacionária na Nigéria (p > 0,05). Em relação às Américas, a Argentina revelou tendência decrescente nas taxas de letalidade (DPC = -0,6; IC 95% [-1,1: -0,2]; p = 0,005), os EUA demonstraram tendência estacionária (p > 0,05) e todos os outros países americanos demonstraram tendências crescentes (p < 0,05). Na Ásia, o Irã apresentou tendência decrescente (DPC = -1,5; IC 95% [-2,6: -0,2]; p = 0,019); China e Arábia Saudita apresentaram tendências crescentes (p <0,05), enquanto Índia, Japão e Coreia do Sul mantiveram tendência estacionária (p > 0,05). A maioria dos países europeus apresentaram tendências crescentes (p <0,05): Alemanha, Itália, Espanha, Reino Unido e Rússia; França e Suíça demonstraram tendências estacionárias (p > 0,05). Por fim, na Oceania, a tendência nas taxas de letalidade na Austrália foi estacionária (p > 0,05) e aumentou na Nova Zelândia (p < 0,05CONCLUSÃO: A tendência nas taxas de letalidade por COVID-19 no mundo permaneceu estacionária entre 31 de dezembro de 2019 e 31 de agosto de 2020. Argentina, Irã e Marrocos foram os únicos países com tendências decrescentes. Por outro lado, África do Sul, Brasil, Canadá, Chile, Colômbia, México, Peru, China, Arábia Saudita, Alemanha, Espanha, Reino Unido, Rússia e Nova Zelândia apresentaram tendências crescentes de letalidade. Todos os outros países analisados demonstraram tendências estacionárias. De acordo com dados de letalidade, nosso estudo confirma que a pandemia de COVID-19 ainda está em fase de progressão em todo o mundo

Relationship between executive functions and academic performance among Moroccan middle school students / Relação entre funções executivas e desempenho acadêmico em estudantes marroquinos do ensino médio

ABSTRACT. Executive functions (EF) play a central role in the development of social and cognitive skills and academic learning. Objective: For this reason, this study aims to determine the relationship between executive functions and academic performance among middle school students in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. Methods: This study focuses on 137 middle school students studying at four colleges located in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. The sample studied was divided into two groups: the first consisting of students with learning difficulties; and the second considered a control. To assess EF, three tests were administered to learners in both groups (Tracking Test, Stroop Test and Number Span Test). Results: In the sample, average age of the learners was 14.5±1.3 years and sex ratio was balanced. The students with learning difficulties had lower performance on tests measuring cognitive flexibility, inhibitory processes and working memory compared to the control group. Conclusion: From these results, it can be concluded that students with learning disabilities performed poorly on the three basic components of executive functions. Therefore, thorough neuropsychological diagnosis would be desirable to identify learners who may have cognitive or behavioural disorders and allow adequate intervention to improve their executive functions and subsequently their academic success.

RESUMO. As funções executivas (FEs) desempenham um papel central no desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais e cognitivas e no aprendizado acadêmico. Objetivo: Por esse motivo, nosso estudo teve como objetivo determinar a relação entre FEs e desempenho acadêmico entre estudantes do ensino médio no Atlas Médio de Marrocos. Métodos: Nosso estudo se concentrou em 137 alunos do ensino médio que estudavam em quatro colégios localizados no Atlas Médio de Marrocos. A amostra estudada foi dividida em dois grupos, o primeiro composto por alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem e o segundo considerado como controle. Para avaliar os FEs, três testes foram administrados aos alunos de ambos os grupos (Testes de Trilhas, Teste de Stroop e Teste de Extensão de Dígitos). Resultados: A idade média dos alunos em nossa amostra foi de 14,5±1,3 anos, com uma relação entre gêneros equilibrada. Em nosso estudo, os alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem apresentaram desempenho inferior nos testes que mediram flexibilidade cognitiva, processo inibitório e memória de trabalho em comparação ao grupo controle. Conclusão: Do ​​nosso resultado, podemos concluir que alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem apresentam um desempenho fraco nos três componentes básicos das FEs. Por esse motivo, seria desejável um diagnóstico neuropsicológico completo, para identificar alunos que possam ter distúrbios cognitivos ou comportamentais para uma correção adequada para melhorar seus FEs e, posteriormente, seu sucesso acadêmico.

Síndrome Cardiorrenal Tipo 2: Um Forte Fator Prognóstico da Sobrevida / Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 2: A Strong Prognostic Factor of Survival

Fundamento: A insuficiência renal é comum em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca crônica, com uma prevalência entre 20% a 57%, e está associada a um mau prognóstico e um alto risco de reinternações. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar características epidemiológicas, clínicas e terapêuticas de pacientes marroquinos com insuficiência cardíaca crônica que desenvolveram insuficiência renal crônica. Métodos: Foram avaliados 563 pacientes acompanhados por insuficiência cardíaca crônica na Unidade de Insuficiência Cardíaca do Departamento de Cardiologia do Hospital Universitário de Ibn Rushd em Casablanca, Marrocos, entre 30 de julho de 2012 e 30 de julho de 2016. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença ou ausência de síndrome cardiorrenal. Resultados: Em comparação a pacientes que não desenvolveram síndrome cardiorrenal, os pacientes com síndrome cardiorrenal tenderam a ser mais velhos, hipertensos e diabéticos. Clinicamente, uma porcentagem mais alta dos pacientes apresentou dispneia estágio III ou IV. Biologicamente, os pacientes com SCR apresentaram níveis menores de hemoglobina e níveis plasmáticos maiores de ácido úrico. Em relação aos achados ecocardiográficos, esses pacientes também apresentaram menor FE do ventrículo esquerdo, com maior prevalência de hipertensão ventricular direita e hipertensão pulmonar, e maior risco de readmissão hospitalar (p < 0,0001). Conclusão: A deterioração da função renal na insuficiência renal crônica está associada com um pior prognóstico, incluindo um maior risco de readmissão hospitalar, eventos cardiovasculares, e morte. Maior atenção deve ser dada a pacientes idosos, diabéticos, com valores muito baixos de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo ou com hipertensão pulmonar

Background: Renal failure is common in patients with chronic heart failure, with a prevalence ranging from 20 % to 57% worldwide. It is associated with a poor prognosis and a high risk of readmission. Objectives: The purpose of our study is to show the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic features of Moroccan patients with chronic heart failure who had developed a chronic renal failure. The endpoints were cardiac death and any cause of hospitalization. Methods: 563 patients followed for chronic heart failure at the heart failure unit in the Department of Cardiology of the University Hospital Ibn Rushd of Casablanca in Morocco, between July 30, 2012 and July 30, 2016 were assessed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of cardiorenal syndrome. Results: Compared to patients who had no cardiorenal syndrome, patients with cardiorenal syndrome tended to be more aged, hypertensive and diabetic. Clinically more patients were at dyspnea stage III or IV. Biologically their hemoglobin was lower and their blood uric acid level was higher. Regarding echocardiography, their ejection fraction of the left ventricle was lower, with more of systolic dysfunction of the right ventricle and pulmonary hypertension in the CRS group, with a higher risk of readmission (p < 0.0001). The mortality was significantly higher in the group CRS (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The deterioration of renal function in chronic renal failure is associated with poor prognosis, including a high risk of rehospitalization, cardiovascular events and death. Patients who are elderly, diabetic, with a low left ventricular ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension are the most concerned

Estado de necesidad: la Cruz Roja Española en Marruecos, 1886-1927 / A state of need: the Spanish Red Cross in Morocco, 1886-1927

Resumen Este trabajo estudia la función central que los Estados-nación continuaron teniendo en la Cruz Roja durante el periodo de entreguerras. A finales del siglo XIX, España lideró la creación de instituciones humanitarias de estilo europeo en Marruecos. Sin embargo, su secular inestabilidad como Estado, agravada por el desastre colonial de 1898, terminó con el proyecto regeneracionista de una Cruz Roja marroquí. Cuando en 1912 se estableció el protectorado español, la Cruz Roja Española quedó marginada por la competencia francesa, la internacionalización de Tánger y el rechazo local. Éste último culminó en la llamada Guerra del Rif de 1921-1927, mezcla de revuelta anticolonial y guerra internacional, que expuso de forma cruda las prolongadas necesidades del Estado español y su Cruz Roja.

Abstract This article studies the central role of nation-states in the Red Cross during the interwar period. In the late nineteenth century, Spain pioneered the creation of European-style humanitarian institutions in Morocco. However, its perennial instability as a state, aggravated by the colonial disaster of 1898, put an end to the regenerationist project of a Moroccan Red Cross. When the Spanish protectorate was established in 1912, the Spanish Red Cross was overshadowed by competition from its French counterpart, the internationalization of Tangiers and resistance from the local inhabitants. This culminated in the so-called Rif War of 1921-1927, a mixture of anticolonial revolt and international war that vividly exposed the ingrained deficiencies of the Spanish State and its Red Cross.

Thermophilic bacteria in Moroccan hot springs, salt marshes and desert soils

The diversity of thermophilic bacteria was investigated in four hot springs, three salt marshes and 12 desert sites in Morocco. Two hundred and forty (240) thermophilic bacteria were recovered, identified and characterized. All isolates were Gram positive, rod-shaped, spore forming and halotolerant. Based on BOXA1R-PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the recovered isolates were dominated by the genus Bacillus (97.5%) represented by B. licheniformis (119), B. aerius (44), B. sonorensis (33), B. subtilis (subsp. spizizenii (2) and subsp. inaquosurum (6)), B. amyloliquefaciens (subsp. amyloliquefaciens (4) and subsp. plantarum (4)), B. tequilensis (3), B. pumilus (3) and Bacillus sp. (19). Only six isolates (2.5%) belonged to the genus Aeribacillus represented by A. pallidus (4) and Aeribacillus sp. (2). In this study, B. aerius and B. tequilensis are described for the first time as thermophilic bacteria. Moreover, 71.25%, 50.41% and 5.41% of total strains exhibited high amylolytic, proteolytic or cellulolytic activity respectively.

Comparison between two methods of scorpion venom milking in Morocco

Background The present study compared two methods used successfully in a large-scale program for the collection of scorpion venoms, namely the milking of adult scorpions via manual and electrical stimulation. Results Our immunobiochemical characterizations clearly demonstrate that regularly applied electrical stimulation obtains scorpion venom more easily and, most importantly, in greater quantity. Qualitatively, the electrically collected venom showed lack of hemolymph contaminants such as hemocyanin. In contrast, manual obtainment of venom subjects scorpions to maximal trauma, leading to hemocyanin secretion. Our study highlighted the importance of reducing scorpion trauma during venom milking. Conclusions In conclusion, to produce high quality antivenom with specific antibodies, it is necessary to collect venom by the gentler electrical stimulation method.(AU)

Melliferous floaa and apiculture in the pre-rif of the province of taza (north of Mroocco) / Floramelifera y la apicultura en el pre-rif de la provincia de taza (norte de Marruecos)

To quantify the plant diversity values in the Pre-Rif of the province of Taza (North of Morocco), as an environmental economic approach, investigations and field surveys have highlighted values of the local melliferous flora for apiculture. Honey flora, whose population pulls profit, consists mainly of 28 species and interests also itinerant beekeepers. We estimated an average of 12.1±10.8 beekeepers by rural settlement or "douar", of which 66.3% are itinerant and 33.7% are sedentary, and an average of 36.3±30.4 hives by apiarist. Moreover, several types of honeys are produced locally and consumed extensively as a health food. The hive yield in honey is depending on the foraged species: low for Origanum spp., Thymus spp. and Arbutus unedo, and high for Anthyllis cytisoides, Rosmarinus officinalis, Ceratonia siliqua and Ziziphus lotus. The direct benefits of honey flora are assessed to 14,859 MAD.beekeeper-1.year-1.

Para cuantificar los valores de diversidad de plantas en el Pre-Rif de la provincia de Taza (Norte de Marruecos), como un enfoque económico del medio ambiente, investigaciones y encuestas de campo han subrayado valores de la flora melífera local para la apicultura. La flora melífera, cuya población saca beneficio, se compone principalmente de 28 especies y interesa también a los apicultores itinerantes. Se estimó un promedio de 12,1±10,8 apicultores por asentamiento rural o "douar", de los cuales 66,3% son itinerantes y el 33,7% son sedentarios, y un promedio de 36,3±30,4 colmenas por apicultor. Por otra parte, varios tipos de mieles se producen localmente y se consume ampliamente como un alimento saludable. La producción de miel en la colmena depende de la especie forrajera: baja para Origanum spp., Thymus spp. y Arbutus unedo, y alta para Anthyllis cytisoides, Rosmarinus officinalis,.

Oral lichen planus and Hepatitis C virus infection: an epidemiological study of 149 cases / Liquen plano oral e infección del virus de la Hepatitis C: un estudio epidemiológico de 149 casos

The objective of this investigation was to assess the prevalence of oral lichen planus (OLP) in Moroccan patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) from the Hepatology service of Ibn Sina University hospital of Rabat. The study group consisted of 149 patients with HCV infection. All patients with clinical features of OLP were submitted to the service of oral surgery for confirmation. Among the 149 HCV-infected patients of the study group, 35 patients had OLP which represents a prevalence of 23.5 percent. Two out of these 35 patients with OLP-HCV association had cutaneous lichen planus (CLP) as well. Our findings indicate that there is a significant association between OLP and HCV infection especially for reticular and erosive types of OLP.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la prevalencia de liquen plano oral (LPO) en los pacientes marroquíes infectados con hepatitis C (VHC) del Servicio de Hepatología del Hospital Universitario Ibn Sina de Rabat. El grupo de estudio consistió de 149 pacientes con infección por el VHC. Todos los pacientes con características clínicas de LPO se presentaron al servicio de cirugía oral para su confirmación. Entre los 149 pacientes infectados por VHC del grupo de estudio, 35 pacientes presentaban LPO, una prevalencia de 23,5 por ciento. Dos de estos 35 pacientes con LPO asociado al VHC tenían también liquen plano cutáneo (LPC). Nuestros hallazgos indican que existe una asociación significativa entre la LPO y la infección por el VHC, especialmente para los tipos de LPO reticular y erosivo.

Medicinal and cosmetic use of plants from the province of Taza, Northern Morocco / Uso medicinal y cosmético de las plantas de la provincia de Taza, Norte de Marruecos

This work aims to make an inventory of plants and their medicinal and cosmetic uses in the Pre-Rif (foothills of the Rif, a massif in Northern Morocco) of the province of Taza. Following ethnobotanical investigations, carried out with the local population and field surveys, 73 plant species used locally in traditional medicine have been identified, as well as six species which have ethno-veterinary properties. They belong to 39 botanical families and were collected essentially in the study area. Most remedies are prepared as decoctions (40 species) or with an aqueous base (infusion, aqueous macerate-8 species); more species are used for internal or oral administration (61 species) compared with external or local ones (27 species). These plants, 14.8 percent of which are central to herbalists’ activity in the region, are widely used in indigenous pharmacopoeia to treat common symptoms, such as gastrointestinal disorders (33 species), articular-system disruption, ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) diseases and headaches (24 species), and skin problems (11 species). Moreover, 13 species in particular are used by women for cosmetic purposes. The local population uses medicinal plant species for daily care which may increase the pressure on natural resources, e.g. vulnerable species such as Origanum compactum and Rosmarinus officinalis. Hence, the adoption of a sustainable-management approach to safeguard and preserve the local medicinal flora is urgent.

El propósito de este trabajo es el de realizar un inventario de plantas, sus usos medicinales y cosméticos en el Pre-Rif (estribaciones del Rif, un macizo en el norte de Marruecos) de la provincia de Taza. A partir de investigaciones etnobotánicas realizadas con la población local y de estudios de campo, se han identificado 73 especies de plantas (pertenecientes a 39 familias), utilizadas localmente en la medicina tradicional, seis de las cuales tienen además usos etno-veterinarios. La mayor parte de estas especies fueron recolectadas en la región. La mayoría de los remedios se preparan en decocciones (40 especies), o con una base acuosa (infusión, maceración acuosa - 8 especies). Del mismo modo, la mayor parte de las especies se administran por vía oral o interna (61 especies), en comparación con aquellas aplicadas de modo externo o local (27 especies). Estas plantas, 14,8 por ciento de las cuales son en el centro de la actividad de los herbolarios de la región, son ampliamente utilizadas en la farmacopea indígena para atenuar síntomas comunes, tales como trastornos gastrointestinales (33 especies), alteraciones articulares, enfermedades otorrinológicas (oído, nariz y garganta), dolores de cabeza (24 especies) y problemas de la piel (11 especies). Además, 13 especies son especialmente utilizadas por las mujeres para fines cosméticos. El uso cotidiano de la población local de estas especies medicinales podría acentuar la presión sobre los recursos naturales, es decir, las especies vulnerables tales como Origanum compactum y Rosmarinus officinalis. Por lo tanto, es urgente gestionar un manejo sostenible de estos recursos de modo de garantizar su protección y preservación.

Socioeconomic interest and valorization of medicinal plants from the Rissani oasis (SE of Morocco) / Interés socioeconómico y valorización de plantas medicinales del oasis de Rissani (SE de Marruecos)

The survival and sustenance of man depends largely on plants which generate directly 87 percent of its food needs and constitute a source of basic health care in developing countries. Based on socio-economic surveys and field observations led in the Rissani oasis (SE of Morocco), we have identified 109 species belonging to 45 botanical families and 102 genera. The distribution in families is: Lamiaceae (15.2 percent, Asteraceae (11.5 percent), Fabaceae (8.46 percent, Poaceae (8.12 percent) and Apiaceae (6.75 percent). The species used in traditional medicine correspond to 57.8 percent, for food 10.1 percent and for other uses 28.4 percent. Of these species, 10.1 percent are cultivated, naturalized, introduced and/or weeds. Byproducts of 46.8 percent of these species are imported from other regions of Morocco and locally marketed. Many medicinal species from this area are not recognized by the inhabitants, and their sensitization towards the use and conservation of local plant diversity is needed.

La supervivencia y sustentabilidad de la humanidad depende en gran medida de las plantas. Estas satisfacen directamente el 87 por ciento de sus necesidades alimenticias y constituyen, en países en desarrollo, una fuente para el cuidado de salud. Basados en estudios y observaciones de campo realizadas en el oasis de Rissani (SE de Marruecos), hemos identificado las 109 especies de plantas más utilizadas que pertenecen a 45 familias y 102 géneros. La distribución por familia es: Lamiaceae (15.2 por ciento), Asteraceae (11.5 por ciento), Fabaceae (8.46 por ciento), Proaceae (8.12 por ciento) y Apiaceae (6.75 por ciento). Las especies utilizadas en medicina tradicional corresponden al 57.8 por ciento, en alimentación 28.5 por ciento y para usos múltiples 28.4 por ciento. De estas especies el 10.1 por ciento son cultivadas, naturalizadas, introducidas y/o corresponden a malezas. Subproductos del 48.8 por ciento de estas especies son importados de otras regiones de Marrueco para su comercialización. Muchas de las especies medicinales no son reconocidas por los habitantes del oasis y es necesario sensibilizarlos en relación a su utilización y conservación.

Satisfacción de las necesidades básicas en la población inmigrante femenina Marroquí en Arteixo / Satisfação das necessidades básicas na populaçao imigrante feminina marroquina em Arteixo / Fulfillment of basic needs of the moroccan female immigrant population in Arteixo

Aunque hace unos años la población inmigrante marroquí era en su mayor parte masculina, cada día aumenta el número de mujeres, colectivo del que se ocupa este trabajo. Conocer cómo afecta la emigración en la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas de Virginia Henderson, qué transformaciones y adaptaciones se tienen que realizar para satisfacerlas y qué reinterpretaciones y estrategias se ponen en marcha para minimizar el impacto del choque cultural. Durante un año 2004-2005 hemos realizado una investigación cualitativa mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 20 mujeres musulmanas inmigrantes en un municipio de Galicia (España). En la persona musulmana, toda su vida está regulada por la religión, por lo que las necesidades afectadas están estrechamente relacionadas con la necesidad de actuar según valores y creencias. Por ello, la valoración de dicha necesidad aporta datos fundamentales para orientar las actividades dirigidas a mantener y recuperar la salud.

Embora a população imigrante marroquina seja eminentemente masculina, atualmente é cada dia maior o número de mulheres. E é neste coletivo que se concentra este estudo, cujos objetivos são: saber como a emigração afeta a satisfação das Necessidades Básicas de Virginia Henderson, que transformações e adaptações tem que se realizar para satisfazê-las, e que reinterpretações e estratégias são postas em prática para minimizar o impacto do choque cultural. Para isso se fez uma investigação qualitativa mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas durante o período de 2004 - 2005, que nos mostra que, na pessoa muçulmana, toda a sua vida está dirigida pela religião, pelo que as necessidades afetadas estão estritamente relacionadas com a necessidade de atuar segundo os valores e crenças. Por isso, a valorização de tal necessidade aponta dados fundamentais para orientar as atividades dirigidas a manter e recuperar a saúde.

Although some years ago the Moroccan immigrant population was mostly male, the number of women is increasing every day. This research is focused on this group, and has the following objectives: to know how emigration affects the fulfillment of Virginia Henderson's basic needs; what transformations and adaptations must be adopted in order to fulfill them; and what reinterpretations and strategies are implemented in order to minimize the impact of culture shock. A qualitative study was performed from 2004-2005 by means of semi-structured interviews to 20 Muslim immigrant women in a municipality of Galicia (Spain), and showed that for Muslim people, everything is regulated by religion, so the necessities affected are strongly related with the need of acting according to one's values and beliefs. Therefore, valuing the referred need provides fundamental data in order to direct the activities towards keeping and recovering health.

Género, sanidad y colonialidad: la 'mujer marroquí' y la 'mujer española' en la política sanitaria de España en Marruecos / Gender and coloniality: the 'Moroccan woman' and the 'Spanish woman' in Spain's sanitary policies in Morocco

Desde una perspectiva que considera el discurso como tecnología del poder que sirve para ordenar y dar forma al 'cuerpo social', en este trabajo se trata de mostrar por qué es relevante un enfoque de género en el abordaje del problema de la colonialidad y la diferencia colonial en general y del Protectorado de España en Marruecos en particular. La reflexión y el análisis se concretan en la relevancia que tuvieron las relaciones de género y las mujeres en el discurso y la práctica médico-sanitaria en el espacio colonial, y viceversa: cómo la sanidad colonial intervino en la configuración de las relaciones de género; también se constituye en una cuestión central la manera en que resultaron esenciales estas relaciones que, implícita o explícitamente, formaron parte de las actuaciones sanitarias para establecer una distinción clara entre 'nosotros' y 'ellos', para establecer identidades y relaciones que no fueron sólo de género, permitiendo el ejercicio del poder colonial, a la vez que posibilitaron complicidades entre determinados grupos de colonizados y colonizadores.

"Del maestro sangrador al médicoà europeo": medicina, ciencia y diferencia colonial en el protectorado español de Marruecos (1912-1956)

El objeto de este trabajo es indagar acerca del papel que la ciencia y la medicina occidental jugaron en el proceso colonizador llevado a cabo por el Estado español entre 1912 y 1956 en el norte de Marruecos. Para ello se ha tenido en cuenta la estrategia seguida por los colonizadores para imponer la 'superioridad' del método científico a través de la medicina. La 'retórica de la verdad científica' cobraría más importancia, como instrumento colonizador efectivo, que la actuación e imposición de dogmas en otros campos más conflictivos como el derecho o, sobre todo, la religión. Las fuentes utilizadas abarcan distintos documentos manuscritos generados por la Administración española y marroquí (Majzen) que se encuentran en el Archivo General de la Administración (Alcalá de Henares, España) y en la Biblioteca General y Archivos de Tetuán (Marruecos), así como escritos realizados por médicos españoles en monografías, artículos de revista y prensa general tanto de la metrópoli como de la colonia.

Extending shelf life of fresh minced camel meat at ambient temperature by Lactobacillus dlbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii

Studies were conducted to stabilize minced meat by fermentation using mixed lactic acid bacteria cultures isolated from natural fermented foodstuffs and selected for their antimicrobial activity against some hazardous microorganisms. Fresh meat of camel purchased from the slaughterhouse of Rabat (Morocco) was minced separately with a meat mincer and supplied with 5 percent glucose, then inoculated with lactic acid bacteria. Microbiological analyses were carried out to determine standard plate count (SPC), staphylococci, coliforms, enterococci, and lactic acid bacteria. All analyses were determined after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days during the storage. Results showed that a low pH of 4.0-4.2 can be achieved (within 3 days at 22ºC), with a drastic reduction in SPC, coliforms, enterococci and staphylococci. Results suggested that the use of lactic acid bacteria would help in preserving fresh camel meat for extended periods at 22ºC.