Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 24.654
Filtrar
1.
JAMA Netw Open ; 7(3): e243133, 2024 Mar 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38512254

RESUMO

Importance: Young children are ingesting illicit drugs at increased rates, but it is unknown what the associated child protection system (CPS) responses are when a child tests positive. Objective: To document the child protection system involvement and the characteristics of children who test positive for illicit substances. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cross-sectional study linked medical discharge and child protection system administrative data. The setting was Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, a free-standing pediatric hospital in California. Participants included all emergency department and inpatient medical encounters involving children aged 12 years or younger with a positive urine drug test between 2016 and 2021. Statistical analysis was performed from February 2023 to January 2024. Exposure: Drug type, including amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, fentanyl, opiates, and phencyclidine. Main Measures and Outcomes: CPS responses associated with the medical encounter including reports, substantiations, case openings, and out-of-home placements. Results: A total of 511 emergency department and inpatient medical encounters involving children had a positive drug test (262 [51.3%] were female; 309 [60.5%] were age 6 years or younger; fewer than 10 [<3.0%] were American Indian or Alaska Native; 252 [49.3%] were Hispanic [any race], 20 [3.9%] were non-Hispanic Asian, 56 [11.0%] were non-Hispanic Black, 143 [28.0%] were non-Hispanic White, 36 [7.0%] had other or unknown race and ethnicity; 233 [43.6%] had a CPS report prior to the medical encounter). Following the positive screen, 244 (47.7%) were reported to child protection, and 61 (11.9%) were placed out-of-home within 30 days. Mean (SD) quarterly counts of encounters with positive drug tests doubled after the COVID-19 pandemic onset (32.9 [9.8]) compared with prior to the pandemic onset (16.5 [4.7]); for encounters positive for cannabis, mean (SD) quarterly counts were 3 times as high after the pandemic onset than prior (16.6 [4.7] vs 5.7 [2.9]). Encounters for children under age 1 were significantly more likely to have associated child protection reports (relative risk [RR], 2.91 [95% CI, 2.21-3.83]) and child protection case openings (RR, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.07-2.72]) than encounters involving older children. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study of emergency department and inpatient medical encounters, less than half of children with positive urine drug screens were reported to CPS; out-of-home placements were uncommon. With increased encounters for positive drug tests, it is unclear what services these children and families are receiving.


Assuntos
Cannabis , Alucinógenos , Criança , Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Pré-Escolar , Masculino , Estudos Transversais , Pandemias , Estudos Retrospectivos , Urina , Urinálise , Agonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides
3.
J Clin Lab Anal ; 38(5): e25004, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38454622

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections are responsible for a significant worldwide disease burden. Performing urine culture is time consuming and labor intensive. Urine flow cytometry might provide a quick and reliable method to screen for urinary tract infection. METHODS: We analyzed routinely collected urine samples received between 2020 and 2022 from both inpatients and outpatients. The UF-4000 urine flow cytometer was implemented with an optimal threshold for positivity of ≥100 bacteria/µL. We thereafter validated the prognostic value to detect the presence of urinary tract infection (UTI) based on bacterial (BACT), leukocyte (WBC), and yeast-like cell (YLC) counts combined with the bacterial morphology (UF gram-flag). RESULTS: In the first phase, in 2019, the UF-4000 was implemented using 970 urine samples. In the second phase, between 2020 and 2022, the validation was performed in 42,958 midstream urine samples. The UF-4000 screen resulted in a 37% (n = 15,895) decrease in performed urine cultures. Uropathogens were identified in 18,673 (69%) positively flagged urine samples. BACT > 10.000/µL combined with a gram-negative flag had a >90% positive predictive value for the presence of gram-negative uropathogens. The absence of gram-positive flag or YLC had high negative predictive values (99% and >99%, respectively) and are, therefore, best used to rule out the presence of gram-positive bacteria or yeast. WBC counts did not add to the prediction of uropathogens. CONCLUSION: Implementation of the UF-4000 in routine practice decreased the number of cultured urine samples by 37%. Bacterial cell counts were highly predictive for the presence of UTI, especially when combined with the presence of a gram-negative flag.


Assuntos
Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Infecções Urinárias , Humanos , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Urinálise/métodos , Bactérias , Contagem de Leucócitos , Urina/microbiologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
5.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis ; 108(4): 116192, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38330685

RESUMO

We hypothesized that the loop material and size could affect the results of the culture when compared to the calibrated pipette. A total of 484 urine samples were included in the study, and each sample was plated by using different loop types and the calibrated pipette. The bacterial counts per milliliter were calculated and compared, with a focus on the important cutoff values of 10³ and 104 CFU/ml for further identification. When considering the 10³ CFU/ml as cutoff value, 1 µl and 10 µl plastic loops gave the highest sensitivity (86.8 %), whereas the 10 µl metal loop had the lowest sensitivity (64.2 %). For the 104 CFU/ml cutoff value, 1 µl plastic loop inoculation demonstrated the highest sensitivity (75.9 %), while the 10 µl metal loop provided the lowest sensitivity (26.5 %). These results suggest that the single use plastic loops are functional, sensitive, useful especially for critical sample.


Assuntos
Infecções Urinárias , Humanos , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Urinálise , Carga Bacteriana , Coleta de Urina , Urina/microbiologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
6.
Cancer Cytopathol ; 132(3): 186-192, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38329359

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Compared with urothelial lesions of the upper urinary tract, the diagnostic performance of urine cytology in detection of renal cell carcinomas is underreported. This study aims to establish the role of urine cytology in the assessment of renal carcinomas by a multi-institute review of urine cytology from nephrectomy confirmed renal cell carcinomas, referenced against renal urothelial and squamous cell carcinomas. METHODS: Records of nephrectomy performed from the 1990s to 2020s at three hospitals were retrieved and matched to urine cytology specimens collected within 1 year prior. Patient demographics, specimen descriptors, and histology and staging parameters were reviewed and compared against cytologic diagnoses. RESULTS: There were 1147 cases of urine cytology matched with renal cell carcinomas, with 666 renal urothelial/squamous carcinomas for comparison. The detection rate for urothelial/squamous (atypia or above [C3+]: 63.1%; suspicious or above [C4+]: 24.0%) were higher than renal cell carcinoma (C3+: 13.1%; C4+: 1.5%) (p < 0.001). The positive rate for upper tract urine exceeded other collection methods at 45.0% (C3+) and 10.0% (C4+) (p < .01). Other factors associated with increased positive rates were male sex, collecting duct carcinoma histology, nuclear grade, and renal/sinus involvement (p < .05). Multivariate analysis revealed additional positive correlations with presence of sarcomatoid tumor cells, lymphovascular invasion, and perinephric fat involvement (p < .05). Larger lesion size and higher urine volume did not improve detection rates (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The detection rate of renal cell carcinomas is suboptimal compared with urothelial carcinomas, although urine samples collected from cystoscopy or percutaneous nephrostomy significantly outperformed voided urine specimens.


Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais , Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Neoplasias Renais , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Carcinoma de Células Renais/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Citologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Citodiagnóstico/métodos , Neoplasias Renais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Urina
8.
JAAPA ; 37(3): 48-49, 2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38386934

Assuntos
Urina , Humanos , Masculino
9.
Sci Total Environ ; 917: 170455, 2024 Mar 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38286288

RESUMO

Microplastics (100 nm-5 mm) and nanoplastics (<100 nm) collectively referred to as micro(nano)plastics (MNPs), which are emerging pollutants all over the world. Environmental differences affect its distribution. The content of MNPs differs between urban and rural environments, according to previous studies. To understand the actual situation of human exposure to MNPs in various environments, this study collected 12 urine samples from volunteers in urban and rural regions of Chongqing and used pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and laser direct infrared spectroscopy (LDIR) to detect and analyze MNPs in urine. With an average abundance of 1.50 (2.31) mg/kg, MNPs were found in 9 samples by Py-GC/MS. Polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyamide 66 (PA66), three different types of MNPs were found, with PE content being the highest among them. By using LDIR, MNPs were found in 7 samples, with an average abundance of 15.17 (23.13) particles/kg. Five different types of MNPs were found, with acrylates (ACR) being the main type, followed by polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The findings demonstrated that urban region had much greater levels and more types of MNPs in human urine than rural. Additionally, regular contact with plastic toys and the use of personal care products are linked to the presence of MNPs. The influence of environmental factors on the actual exposure of the human body to MNPs was preliminary explored in this study, and two different methods were used for the first time to simultaneously detect and analyze MNPs in human urine. This allowed for the feasibility of comprehensively and effectively quantitatively analyzing the actual exposure of the human body to MNPs, and also provided the theoretical foundation for further research on the harm of MNPs to human health in different environments.


Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Humanos , Plásticos , Urina , Polietileno , Acrilatos
11.
Cancer Cytopathol ; 132(1): 50-59, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37812596

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cytokines are known to be a key a factor in numerous malignancies and to exert an important regulatory role in the tumor microenvironment. Interest has grown in understanding how cytokines modulate the tumor microenvironment and which cytokines may serve as markers of the tumor process; however, a complete picture of the cytokine landscape in bladder cancer remains unclear. METHODS: Fresh urine specimens with sufficient volume were collected at random intervals. The urine concentrations of IL-8 (CXCL8), CCL18, and CXCL9 were determined using the standard commercially available enzyme immunoassay. The urine concentrations of IL-6 were determined using the high sensitivity enzyme immunoassay kit. Urinary cytokine concentrations were normalized with urinary creatinine concentrations. RESULTS: Significantly elevated concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were detected in the urine from patients with urothelial carcinoma on follow-up compared to patients with benign follow-up. The presence of both IL-6 and IL-8 in the urine samples from the high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) cohort revealed a clear discrimination when compared to samples from patients with benign follow-up. The presence of the combination of both IL-6 and IL-8 had a sensitivity of 90.0% and a specificity of 81.25%. Similar data were obtained when receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed on both IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in the urine from patients with HGUC vs. the hematuria cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of IL-6 and IL-8 in urine specimens may have predictive value for urothelial carcinoma. However, a large longitudinal study is required to statistically eliminate confounding factors and support this theory.


Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Interleucina-6 , Interleucina-8 , Projetos Piloto , Microambiente Tumoral , Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Urina , Urotélio/patologia
12.
Cytopathology ; 35(2): 235-241, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37916579

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Cytologic evaluation of the upper urinary tract (UUT) can be challenging due to instrumentation artefacts. This study retrospectively reviewed UUT specimens using The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytopathology, second edition (TPS 2.0), compared it with the original reporting system (ORS) and correlated it with histopathologic follow-up. METHODS: An institutional database was reviewed for the UUT biopsy/resection histopathologic specimens, and we included 52 UUT cytology specimens pertinent to these cases in the study. These specimens were blindly reviewed and reclassified using TPS 2.0. The correlation between TPS 2.0, ORS and histopathologic follow-up was assessed. RESULTS: The UUT cytology specimens corresponded to 21 (40.4%) high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC), 27 (51.9%) low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC) and 4 (7.7%) benign cases on follow-up. For HGGC cases, the associated TPS categories included unsatisfactory (n = 1, 4.8%), negative for HGUC (NHGUC; n = 3, 14.3%), atypical urothelial cells (AUC; n = 6, 28.6%), suspicious for HGUC (SHGUC; n = 3, 14.3%) and HGUC (n = 8, 38.1%), while ORS categorised the specimens as unsatisfactory (n = 1, 4.8%), negative for malignant cells (NFMC; n = 3, 14.3%), AUC (n = 5, 23.8%), low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC; n = 0, 0%), SHGUC (n = 5, 23.8%) and HGUC (n = 7, 33.3%). The risks of high-grade malignancy among cytologic categories were similar between ORS and TPS (p > 0.05). The majority of LGUC were classified as AUC similarly by ORS and TPS (55.6% vs. 59.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated comparable performance between TPS 2.0 and ORS for UUT cytology specimens. Cytological diagnosis of UUT specimens remains challenging, especially for LGUC.


Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Sistema Urinário , Neoplasias Urológicas , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Urológicas/patologia , Seguimentos , Citologia , Urotélio/patologia , Sistema Urinário/patologia , Citodiagnóstico , Urina
14.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis ; 108(2): 116121, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37984111

RESUMO

Microbiological services consolidation has increased the usage of preservative-containing urine tubes, potentially inhibiting pathogens in low-volume pediatric urine samples, yielding false-negative results. Our study demonstrates comparable growth with 1 ml versus the recommended 3 ml urine, following different shipping intervals. We advocate for regulators to consider similar large-scale validations, ensuring results' consistency.


Assuntos
Automação Laboratorial , Manejo de Espécimes , Humanos , Criança , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Ácidos Bóricos/farmacologia , Urina/microbiologia
15.
Cytopathology ; 35(2): 199-212, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37919868

RESUMO

Urothelial carcinoma represents a diverse group of tumours with distinct histologic subtypes, each exhibiting unique cytomorphologic features, architectural growth patterns, and/or well-developed aberrant differentiation. In fact, there are more than 13 subtypes of urothelial carcinoma recognized in the 2022 WHO classification of tumours in the urinary tract. The identification of these subtypes is crucial for an accurate diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma, and many have important clinical implications. Variant/divergent features may coexist with conventional high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) or present with 100% variant morphology. In urinary tract cytology (UTC), urothelial carcinoma can display divergent differentiation, such as squamous, glandular, or small cell carcinoma differentiation. The use of cell block preparations and immunohistochemistry with available residual urine can enhance diagnostic accuracy. On the other hand, identifying urothelial carcinoma variants, including nested, micropapillary, and plasmacytoid subtypes, poses significant challenges in UTC. Many cases of these variants are only detected retrospectively after variant histology has been established from resection specimens. Moreover, some variants exhibit features inconsistent with the diagnostic criteria for HGUC according to the Paris System for Reporting Urinary Tract Cytology. Nevertheless, the rarity of pure variant morphology and the occurrence of some false negatives for these variant cases are essential to maintain the specificity of UTC overall. This review covers the histology, cytomorphology, and important clinical aspects observed in urothelial carcinoma exhibiting divergent differentiation and various urothelial carcinoma variants detected in UTC.


Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Sistema Urinário , Neoplasias Urológicas , Humanos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/genética , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sistema Urinário/patologia , Citodiagnóstico , Urotélio/patologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Urológicas/genética , Neoplasias Urológicas/patologia , Urina
18.
J Am Vet Med Assoc ; 262(1): 88-92, 2024 Jan 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37793637

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To collect voided urine from dogs with clinical signs of lower UTI and determine the diagnostic performance of a commercially available rapid immunoassay (RIA) immediately after urine collection and after refrigeration at 4 and 24 hours. ANIMALS: 40 client-owned dogs. METHODS: Aerobic urine culture was performed on urine collected by cystocentesis. Urine samples were collected by voiding, and the RIA performed in triplicate within 30 minutes (time 0) and again in triplicate after 4 and 24 hours of refrigeration. Test precision and agreement between culture results and RIA results at each time point were determined, and factors possibly associated with false results investigated. RESULTS: 14 of 40 dogs (35%) had UTI verified by aerobic urine culture, and all had positive RIA. Three dogs had false positive RIA results. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the RIA were 100, 88%, 82%, and 100%, respectively, and results were not different after 4 and 24 hours of refrigeration. Precision was excellent. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This point-of-care RIA, performed on voided urine refrigerated up to 24 hours, rapidly and accurately identifies bacteriuria in dogs with lower urinary tract clinical signs, inexpensively.


Assuntos
Bacteriúria , Doenças do Cão , Infecções Urinárias , Humanos , Cães , Animais , Bacteriúria/diagnóstico , Bacteriúria/veterinária , Infecções Urinárias/diagnóstico , Infecções Urinárias/veterinária , Infecções Urinárias/urina , Sistemas Automatizados de Assistência Junto ao Leito , Micção , Urinálise/veterinária , Imunoensaio/veterinária , Urina , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/urina
19.
Rev Esp Quimioter ; 37(1): 52-57, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38073260

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Urine culture as a gold standard for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) involves a considerable workload in Clinical Microbiology Departments, due to the high number of samples received that will ultimately be negative. Therefore, it is necessary to use screening systems that also reduce the turnaround time for UTI diagnosis. The new flow cytometer UF-5000 (Sysmex Corporation) is able to differentiate between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria using the BACT-info parameter according to manufacturer. The aim of our study was to evaluate the gram discrimination ability of the UF-5000 cytometer. METHODS: A prospective study with 449 urine samples collected consecutively was conducted, in the period 7/3/2022-27/5/2022, in which the BACT-info flag was compared with urine culture as the reference method. RESULTS: The sensitivity obtained for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was above 95%. However, for Gram-positive bacteria, the moderate Kappa index (0.49) and the low positive predictive value (37.1%) indicated that the correlation between BACT-info flag and urine culture was not acceptable and should not be reported to the requesting clinician. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of the third generation UF-5000 cytometer represents a significant advance in the aetiological orientation of UTIs caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Reporting the Gram morphology in the urine samples reduces the response time in the microbiological diagnosis of UTI, which would have an impact on the reduction and optimisation of empirical treatment, and thus on the generation of antimicrobial resistance.


Assuntos
Infecções Urinárias , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Urinálise/métodos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Urina/microbiologia
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA
...