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1.
Carbohydr Polym ; 332: 121918, 2024 May 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38431396

RESUMO

Vegetables, cereals and fruit are foods rich in fibre with beneficial and nutritional effects as their consumption reduces the onset of degenerative diseases, especially cardiovascular ones. Among fibres, inulin, oligofructose or fructooligosaccharide (FOS) are the best-studied. Inulin is a generic term to cover all linear ß(2-1) fructans, with a variable degree of polymerization. In this review a better understanding of the importance of the degree of polymerization of inulin as a dietary fibre, functions, health benefits, classifications, types and its applications in the food industry was considered in different fortified foods. Inulin has been used to increase the nutritional and healthy properties of the product as a sweetener and as a substitute for fats and carbohydrates, improving the nutritional value and decreasing the glycemic index, with the advantage of not compromising taste and consistency of the product. Bifidogenic and prebiotic effects of inulin have been well established, inulin-type fructans are fermented by the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids, with important local and systemic actions. Addition of inulin with different degrees of polymerization to daily foods for the production of fortified pasta and bread was reviewed, and the impact on sensorial, technological and organoleptic characteristics even of gluten-free bread was also reported.


Assuntos
Grão Comestível , Inulina , Inulina/farmacologia , Polimerização , Frutanos/farmacologia , Fibras na Dieta/farmacologia
2.
PeerJ ; 12: e16812, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38436034

RESUMO

Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) play pivotal roles in determining plant stress tolerance. Barley is the most salt-tolerant cereal crop. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification and characterization analysis of the FAD gene family in barley (Hordeum vulgare). A total of 24 HvFADs were identified and divided into four subfamilies based on their amino acid sequence similarity. HvFADs unevenly distributed on six of seven barley chromosomes, and three clusters of HvFADs mainly occurred on the chromosome 2, 3 and 6. Segmental duplication events were found to be a main cause for the HvFAD gene family expansion. The same HvFAD subfamily showed the relatively consistent exon-intron composition and conserved motifs of HvFADs. Cis-element analysis in HvFAD promoters indicated that the expression of HvFADs may be subject to complex regulation, especially stress-responsive elements that may involve in saline-alkaline stress response. Combined transcriptomic data with quantitative experiments, at least five HvFADs highly expressed in roots under salt or alkali treatment, suggesting they may participate in saline or alkaline tolerance in barley. This study provides novel and valuable insights for underlying salt/alkali-tolerant mechanisms in barley.


Assuntos
Hordeum , Humanos , Hordeum/genética , Álcalis , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Cromossomos Humanos Par 2 , Grão Comestível , Solução Salina
3.
PeerJ ; 12: e16984, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38426132

RESUMO

Background: Wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) production is critical for global food security. In recent years, due to climate change and the prolonged growing period of rice varieties, the delayed sowing of wheat has resulted in a loss of grain yield in the area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It is of great significance to screen for natural germplasm resources of wheat that are resistant to late sowing and to explore genetic loci that stably control grain size and yield. Methods: A collection of 327 wheat accessions from diverse sources were subjected to genome-wide association studies using genotyping-by-sequencing. Field trials were conducted under normal, delayed, and seriously delayed sowing conditions for grain length, width, and thousand-grain weight at two sites. Additionally, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was applied to evaluate the stability of thousand-grain weight of 327 accessions across multiple sowing dates. Results: Four wheat germplasm resources have been screened, demonstrating higher stability of thousand-grain weight. A total of 43, 35, and 39 significant MTAs were determined across all chromosomes except for 4D under the three sowing dates, respectively. A total of 10.31% of MTAs that stably affect wheat grain size could be repeatedly identified in at least two sowing dates, with PVE ranging from 0.03% to 38.06%. Among these, six were for GL, three for GW, and one for TGW. There were three novel and stable loci (4A_598189950, 4B_307707920, 2D_622241054) located in conserved regions of the genome, which provide excellent genetic resources for pyramid breeding strategies of superior loci. Our findings offer a theoretical basis for cultivar improvement and marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding practices.


Assuntos
Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Fenótipo , Triticum/genética , Melhoramento Vegetal , Grão Comestível/genética
4.
Huan Jing Ke Xue ; 45(3): 1812-1820, 2024 Mar 08.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38471892

RESUMO

Heavy metal contamination of soil has become a hot issue of social concern due to its impact on the safety of agricultural products in recent years. Wheat is one of the most dominant staple food crops worldwide and has become a major source of toxic metals in human diets. Foliar application was considered to be a more efficient and economical method of heavy metal remediation. Field experiments were carried out in Cd-, As-, and Pb-contaminated farmland soils. The effects of foliar conditioners on the accumulation of Cd, As, and Pb in wheat grains were investigated after being sprayed with Zn (0.2% ZnSO4), Mg (0.4% MgSO4), and Mn (0.2% MnSO4) separately and in combination. Thus, the effective foliar conditioners were selected to block the accumulation of Cd, As, and Pb in wheat grains grown in combined heavy metal-contaminated farmland in north China. The results showed that, compared with that in the control, the Cd, As, and Pb contents in wheat grains of the Zn+Mg+Mn foliar treatment were significantly decreased by 18.96%, 23.87%, and 51.31%, respectively, and TFgrain/straw decreased by 14.62%, 27.73%, and 47.70%, respectively. Thus, spraying the compound foliar conditioner of Zn+Mg+Mn could effectively reduce heavy metal accumulation in wheat grains through inhibition translocation of those metals from stem leaves to grain. In addition, the results indicated that Cd and As were mainly distributed at the central endosperm (34.08%-37.08%), whereas Pb was primarily distributed at the pericarp and seed coat (27.78%) of the wheat grain. Compared with that in the control, spraying the compound foliar conditioner of Zn+Mg+Mn extremely decreased Cd and As accumulation in the aleurone layer of the wheat grain by 81.10% and 82.24%, respectively. Except for the pericarp, seed coat, and central endosperm layers, the Pb content in each grain layer was dramatically decreased by 42.85% to 91.15%. There was only a significant negative correlation between heavy metal content and Zn content in the aleurone layer (P2) of wheat flour. In summary, the accumulation of Cd, As, and Pb in wheat grains, especially in the aleurone layer, could be effectively reduced by foliar conditioner application at the jointing, booting, and early filling stages of wheat, separately. Furthermore, besides the foliar treatment, removing wheat bran to reduce Cd contamination in wheat grains is highly recommended to ensure the safe production of wheat.


Assuntos
Arsênio , Metais Pesados , Poluentes do Solo , Humanos , Cádmio/análise , Zinco , Chumbo , Fazendas , Farinha , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Triticum , Solo , Grão Comestível/química
5.
Theor Appl Genet ; 137(3): 68, 2024 Mar 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38441678

RESUMO

KEY MESSAGE: Green Leaf Area Index dynamics is a promising secondary trait for grain yield and drought tolerance. Multivariate GWAS is particularly well suited to identify the genetic determinants of the green leaf area index dynamics. Improvement of maize grain yield is impeded by important genotype-environment interactions, especially under drought conditions. The use of secondary traits, that are correlated with yield, more heritable and less prone to genotype-environment interactions, can increase breeding efficiency. Here, we studied the genetic basis of a new secondary trait: the green leaf area index (GLAI) dynamics over the maize life cycle. For this, we used an unmanned aerial vehicle to characterize the GLAI dynamics of a diverse panel in well-watered and water-deficient trials in two years. From the dynamics, we derived 24 traits (slopes, durations, areas under the curve), and showed that six of them were heritable traits representative of the panel diversity. To identify the genetic determinants of GLAI, we compared two genome-wide association approaches: a univariate (single-trait) method and a multivariate (multi-trait) method combining GLAI traits, grain yield, and precocity. The explicit modeling of correlation structure between secondary traits and grain yield in the multivariate mixed model led to 2.5 times more associations detected. A total of 475 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected. The genetic architecture of GLAI traits appears less complex than that of yield with stronger-effect QTLs that are more stable between environments. We also showed that a subset of GLAI QTLs explains nearly one fifth of yield variability across a larger environmental network of 11 water-deficient trials. GLAI dynamics is a promising grain yield secondary trait in optimal and drought conditions, and the detected QTLs could help to increase breeding efficiency through a marker-assisted approach.


Assuntos
Secas , Zea mays , Zea mays/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Melhoramento Vegetal , Folhas de Planta/genética , Grão Comestível/genética , Água
6.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 5991, 2024 03 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38472315

RESUMO

In this study, the genetic and molecular diversity of 60 quinoa accessions was assessed using agronomically important traits related to grain yield as well as microsatellite (SSR) markers, and informative markers linked to the studied traits were identified using association study. The results showed that most of the studied traits had a relatively high diversity, but grain saponin and protein content showed the highest diversity. High diversity was also observed in all SSR markers, but KAAT023, KAAT027, KAAT036, and KCAA014 showed the highest values for most of the diversity indices and can be introduced as the informative markers to assess genetic diversity in quinoa. Population structure analysis showed that the studied population probably includes two subclusters, so that out of 60 quinoa accessions, 29 (48%) and 23 (38%) accessions were assigned to the first and second subclusters, respectively, and eight (13%) accessions were considered as the mixed genotypes. The study of the population structure using Structure software showed two possible subgroups (K = 2) in the studied population and the results of the bar plot confirmed it. Association study using the general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM) identified the number of 35 and 32 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) for the first year (2019) and 37 and 35 significant MTAs for the second year (2020), respectively. Among the significant MTAs identified for different traits, the highest number of significant MTAs were obtained for grain yield and 1000-grain weight with six and five MTAs, respectively.


Assuntos
Chenopodium quinoa , Fenótipo , Genótipo , Grão Comestível/genética
7.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(5)2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474107

RESUMO

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for more than 50% of the world's population. Owing to its growth characteristics, rice has more than 10-fold the ability to enrich the carcinogen arsenic (As) than other crops, which seriously affects world food security. The consumption of rice is one of the primary ways for humans to intake As, and it endangers human health. Effective measures to control As pollution need to be studied and promoted. Currently, there have been many studies on reducing the accumulation of As in rice. They are generally divided into agronomic practices and biotechnological approaches, but simultaneously, the problem of using the same measures to obtain the opposite results may be due to the different species of As or soil environments. There is a lack of systematic discussion on measures to reduce As in rice based on its mechanism of action. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of the accumulation of As in rice could result in accurate measures to reduce the content of As based on local conditions. Different species of As have different toxicity and metabolic pathways. This review comprehensively summarizes and reviews the molecular mechanisms of toxicity, absorption, transport and redistribution of different species of As in rice in recent years, and the agronomic measures to effectively reduce the accumulation of As in rice and the genetic resources that can be used to breed for rice that only accumulates low levels of As. The goal of this review is to provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of As pollution in rice, facilitate the creation of new types of germplasm aiming to develop without arsenic accumulation or within an acceptable limit to prevent the health consequences associated with heavy metal As as described here.


Assuntos
Arsênio , Oryza , Poluentes do Solo , Humanos , Arsênio/metabolismo , Oryza/genética , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismo , Melhoramento Vegetal , Estruturas Vegetais/metabolismo , Solo , Grão Comestível/metabolismo
8.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(5)2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474136

RESUMO

OVATE family proteins (OFPs) play important roles in plant growth and development, hormone signaling, and stress response pathways. However, the functions of OsOFPs in rice are largely unknown. In this study, a novel gain-of-function rice mutant, Osofp6-D, was identified. This mutant exhibited decreased plant height, erect leaves, reduced panicle size, short and wide seeds, delayed seed germination time, and reduced fertility. These phenotypic changes were attributed to the increased expression of OsOFP6, which was caused by a T-DNA insertion. Complementation of the Osofp6-D phenotype by knockout of OsOFP6 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system confirmed that the Osofp6-D phenotype was caused by OsOFP6 overexpression. In addition, transgenic plants overexpressing OsOFP6 with the 35S promoter mimicked the Osofp6-D phenotype. Cytological observations of the glumes showed that OsOFP6 overexpression altered the grain shape, mainly by altering the cell shape. Hormone response experiments showed that OsOFP6 was involved in the gibberellin (GA) and brassinolide (BR) signaling responses. Further studies revealed that OsOFP6 interacts with E3BB, which is orthologous to the Arabidopsis central organ size-control protein BIG BROTHER (BB). This study further elucidates the regulation mechanism of the rice OFP family on plant architecture and grain shape.


Assuntos
Arabidopsis , Oryza , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Grão Comestível/genética , Sementes/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Hormônios/metabolismo , Oryza/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas
9.
BMC Plant Biol ; 24(1): 167, 2024 Mar 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38438916

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Generating elite rice varieties with high yield and superior quality is the main goal of rice breeding programs. Key agronomic traits, including grain size and seed germination characteristics, affect the final yield and quality of rice. The RGA1 gene, which encodes the α-subunit of rice G-protein, plays an important role in regulating rice architecture, seed size and abiotic stress responses. However, whether RGA1 is involved in the regulation of rice quality and seed germination traits is still unclear. RESULTS: In this study, a rice mutant small and round grain 5 (srg5), was identified in an EMS-induced rice mutant library. Systematic analysis of its major agronomic traits revealed that the srg5 mutant exhibited a semi-dwarf plant height with small and round grain and reduced panicle length. Analysis of the physicochemical properties of rice showed that the difference in rice eating and cooking quality (ECQ) between the srg5 mutant and its wild-type control was small, but the appearance quality was significantly improved. Interestingly, a significant suppression of rice seed germination and shoot growth was observed in the srg5 mutant, which was mainly related to the regulation of ABA metabolism. RGA1 was identified as the candidate gene for the srg5 mutant by BSA analysis. A SNP at the splice site of the first intron disrupted the normal splicing of the RGA1 transcript precursor, resulting in a premature stop codon. Additional linkage analysis confirmed that the target gene causing the srg5 mutant phenotype was RGA1. Finally, the introduction of the RGA1 mutant allele into two indica rice varieties also resulted in small and round rice grains with less chalkiness. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that RGA1 is not only involved in the control of rice architecture and grain size, but also in the regulation of rice quality and seed germination. This study sheds new light on the biological functions of RGA1, thereby providing valuable information for future systematic analysis of the G-protein pathway and its potential application in rice breeding programs.


Assuntos
Oryza , Oryza/genética , Sementes/genética , Germinação/genética , Melhoramento Vegetal , Grão Comestível/genética , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP
10.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0295391, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38457380

RESUMO

Although maize is sensitive to zinc (Zn) deficiencies, the responses of maize cultivars to the foliar application of Zn sulfate (ZnSO4) may vary significantly. Here, we quantified the responses of grain yields and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) absorption to ZnSO4 using 22 modern maize cultivars. The results revealed that 40.9% of the cultivars were not affected by foliar ZnSO4, whereas only 45.5% of the cultivars responded positively to ZnSO4, which was evidenced by increased grain numbers and shortened bald tip lengths. The impact of Zn fertilizer might be manifested in the dry biomass, from the 8-leaf stage (BBCH 18). For Zn-deficiency resistant cultivars, the foliar application of ZnSO4 enhanced N accumulation by 44.1%, while it reduced P and K absorption by 13.6% and 23.7%, respectively. For Zn-deficiency sensitive maize cultivars, foliar applied ZnSO4 improved the accumulation of N and K by 27.3% and 25.0%, respectively; however, it lowered their utilization efficiency. Hence, determining the optimized application of Zn fertilizer, while avoiding Zn toxicity, should not be based solely on the level of Zn deficiency in the soil, but also, take into consideration the sensitivity of some cultivars to Zn, Furthermore, the supplementation of Zn-deficiency sensitive maize cultivars with N and K is key to maximizing the benefits of Zn fertilization.


Assuntos
Sulfato de Zinco , Zinco , Sulfato de Zinco/farmacologia , Zinco/análise , Zea mays , Fertilizantes , Triticum , Minerais , Solo , Grão Comestível/química
11.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0298416, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38452036

RESUMO

Terminal drought and lodging are among the major yield-limiting factors for tef cultivation in the highly weathered soils of the Ethiopian highlands. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess the yield and lodging responses of tef to varying moisture depletion levels (MDL) and the application of carbonized rice husk (CRH). A two-year 4×4 factorial experiment with 20, 35, 55, and 75% MDL and 0, 291, 582, and 873 kg ha-1 of CRH was laid out in a split-plot design, with each treatment replicated four times. The pooled mean ANOVA showed leaf area index (LAI) and lodging index (LI) were not significantly influenced by the main and interaction effects of MDL and CRH (p > 0.05); however, individual year ANOVA showed that both LI and LAI were influenced by the interaction of MDL and CRH (p<0.05) in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The lowest LI (19.7%) was obtained from the application of 873 kg CRH ha-1, followed by 20.6% from 582 kg CRH ha-1 in 2022. A 20.7% LI reduction was recorded in 2022 compared to 2021. Tef plant height and number of tillers per plant were significantly affected by MDL at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively, but not by CRH and its interaction with MDL. The effect of MDL was significant on tef HI (p<0.01) but not on traits including grain yield, straw yield, and water use efficiency. In conclusion, the pooled mean analysis result showed that, though there was no significant difference in yield, tef irrigated at 55% MDL provided a maximum HI of 33.8%, which was 6.21% more than the control, and increased the level of lodging resistance with a LI of 31.9%, which was next to 75% MDL with 582 kg ha-1 CRH. The authors suggested that the research should further be verified across locations for wide application.


Assuntos
Eragrostis , Oryza , Fenótipo , Solo , Grão Comestível
12.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0298600, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38452115

RESUMO

Reducing fertilizer usage is a crucial measure for achieving high-quality development in Chinese agriculture. Utilizing panel data from 31 Chinese provinces spanning from 2004 to 2019, this study empirically analyzes the dynamic relationship between fertilizer application and grain production, exploring the underlying mechanisms. The study findings reveal that the application of fertilizers maintains a positive impact on grain production. The two variables will demonstrate a dynamic alternation between "strong decoupling" and "retreat decoupling," suggesting that grain production may either increase or gradually decline, while fertilizer application exhibits a decreasing trend. Mechanism analysis reveals a distinct substitution relationship between fertilizer use efficiency and application quantity. Increasing fertilizer use efficiency while reducing application quantity still facilitates the stable and increased production of grains. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the efficiency of fertilizer use has a more pronounced impact on grain yield in the eastern and western regions. Increasing fertilizer quantity is detrimental to wheat yield but has a promoting effect on corn yield. However, in the main grain-producing areas, increasing fertilizer quantity can enhance wheat yield but is unfavorable for the overall grain yield. Additionally, nitrogen fertilizer input has exceeded the optimal level compared to potassium fertilizer. Continuously increasing nitrogen fertilizer input will hinder the increase in grain yield. Therefore, there is a need to shift from the notion of "more fertilizer is better" and focus on improving fertilizer use efficiency to transition from the emphasis on "quantity" to "quality" of fertilizer application.


Assuntos
Agricultura , Fertilizantes , Fertilizantes/análise , China , Grão Comestível/química , Nitrogênio/análise , Triticum , Solo
13.
Science ; 383(6687): eadk8838, 2024 Mar 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38452087

RESUMO

Crop yield potential is constrained by the inherent trade-offs among traits such as between grain size and number. Brassinosteroids (BRs) promote grain size, yet their role in regulating grain number is unclear. By deciphering the clustered-spikelet rice germplasm, we show that activation of the BR catabolic gene BRASSINOSTEROID-DEFICIENT DWARF3 (BRD3) markedly increases grain number. We establish a molecular pathway in which the BR signaling inhibitor GSK3/SHAGGY-LIKE KINASE2 phosphorylates and stabilizes OsMADS1 transcriptional factor, which targets TERMINAL FLOWER1-like gene RICE CENTRORADIALIS2. The tissue-specific activation of BRD3 in the secondary branch meristems enhances panicle branching, minimizing negative effects on grain size, and improves grain yield. Our study showcases the power of tissue-specific hormonal manipulation in dismantling the trade-offs among various traits and thus unleashing crop yield potential in rice.


Assuntos
Brassinosteroides , Grão Comestível , Oryza , Proteínas de Plantas , Brassinosteroides/metabolismo , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/genética , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Grão Comestível/genética , Grão Comestível/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Grão Comestível/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/genética , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Oryza/genética , Oryza/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oryza/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo
14.
Mol Biol Rep ; 51(1): 426, 2024 Mar 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38498081

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Drought stress is considered as one of the major production constraints in rice. RPHR-1005R is a restorer line (R-Line) with a popular, medium-slender grain type, and is the male parent of the popular Indian rice hybrid, DRR-H3. However, both the hybrid and its restorer are highly vulnerable to the drought stress, which limits the adoption of the hybrid. Therefore, the selection of the restorer line RPHR-1005R has been made with the objective of enhancing drought tolerance. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, we have introgressed a major QTL for grain yield under drought (qDTY 1.1) from Nagina22 through a marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) strategy. PCR based SSR markers linked to grain yield under drought (qDTY1.1 - RM431, RM11943), fertility restorer genes (Rf3-DRRM-Rf3-10, Rf4-RM6100) and wide compatibility (S5n allele) were deployed for foreground selection. At BC2F1, a single plant (RPHR6339-4-16-14) with target QTL in heterozygous condition and with the highest recurrent parent genome recovery (85.41%) and phenotypically like RPHR-1005R was identified and selfed to generate BC2F2. Fifty-eight homozygous lines were advanced to BC2F4 and six promising restorer lines and a hybrid combination (APMS6A/RPHR6339-4-16-14-3) were identified. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the six improved restorer lines could be employed for developing heterotic hybrids possessing reproductive stage drought tolerance. The hybrid combination (APMS6A/RPHR6339-4-16-14-3) was estimated to ensure stable yields in drought-prone irrigated lowlands as well as in directly seeded aerobic and upland areas of India.


Assuntos
Resistência à Seca , Oryza , Oryza/genética , Melhoramento Genético , Melhoramento Vegetal , Reprodução , Grão Comestível/genética
15.
Theor Appl Genet ; 137(4): 82, 2024 Mar 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38489037

RESUMO

KEY MESSAGE: A novel locus on Agropyron cristatum chromosome 6P that increases grain number and spikelet number was identified in wheat-A. cristatum derivatives and across 3 years. Agropyron cristatum (2n = 4x = 28, PPPP), which has the characteristics of high yield with multiple flowers and spikelets, is a promising gene donor for wheat high-yield improvement. Identifying the genetic loci and genes that regulate yield could elucidate the genetic variations in yield-related traits and provide novel gene sources and insights for high-yield wheat breeding. In this study, cytological analysis and molecular marker analysis revealed that del10a and del31a were wheat-A. cristatum chromosome 6P deletion lines. Notably, del10a carried a segment of the full 6PS and 6PL bin (1-13), while del31a carried a segment of the full 6PS and 6PL bin (1-8). The agronomic characterization and genetic population analysis confirmed that the 6PL bin (9-13) brought about an increase in grain number per spike (average increase of 10.43 grains) and spikelet number per spike (average increase of 3.67) over the three growing seasons. Furthermore, through resequencing, a multiple grain number locus was mapped to the physical interval of 593.03-713.89 Mb on chromosome 6P of A. cristatum Z559. The RNA-seq analysis revealed the expression of 537 genes in the del10a young spike tissue, with the annotation indicating that 16 of these genes were associated with grain number and spikelet number. Finally, a total of ten A. cristatum-specific molecular markers were developed for this interval. In summary, this study presents novel genetic material that is useful for high-yield wheat breeding initiatives to meet the challenge of global food security through enhanced agricultural production.


Assuntos
Agropyron , Agropyron/genética , Melhoramento Vegetal , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Triticum/genética , Grão Comestível/genética , Loci Gênicos
16.
Theor Appl Genet ; 137(4): 84, 2024 Mar 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38493242

RESUMO

KEY MESSAGE: Agronomic traits were evaluated in 1250 foxtail millet accessions, and a crucial gene SiTGW6 governing grain yield was identified. Elite haplotypes and dCAPS markers developed for SiTGW6 facilitate molecular breeding. A comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic characteristics and genetic diversity in germplasm resources are important for gene discovery and breeding improvements. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of 1250 foxtail millet varieties, assessing seven grain yield-related traits and fourteen common agronomic traits over two years. Principal component analysis, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between 1000-grain weight and grain width with grain yield, emphasizing their importance in foxtail millet breeding. Additionally, we found that panicle weight positively correlated with 1000-grain weight but negatively correlated with branch and tiller numbers, indicating selection factors during domestication and breeding. Using this information, we identified 27 germplasm resources suitable for high-yield foxtail millet breeding. Furthermore, through an integration of haplotype variations and phenotype association analysis, we pinpointed a crucial gene, SiTGW6, responsible for governing grain yield in foxtail millet. SiTGW6 encodes an IAA-glucose hydrolase, primarily localized in the cytoplasm and predominantly expressed in flowering panicles. Employing RNAseq analysis, we identified 1439 differentially expressed genes across various SiTGW6 haplotypes. Functional enrichment analysis indicating that SiTGW6 regulates grain yield through the orchestration of auxin and glucan metabolism, as well as plant hormone signaling pathways. Additionally, we have identified elite haplotypes and developed dCAPS markers for SiTGW6, providing valuable technical tools to facilitate molecular breeding efforts in foxtail millet.


Assuntos
Setaria (Planta) , Setaria (Planta)/genética , Melhoramento Vegetal , Fenótipo , Grão Comestível/genética , Variação Genética
17.
Appl Radiat Isot ; 207: 111279, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38461628

RESUMO

The absence of genetic variability among crop genotypes is an impediment to breeding progress, hence mutagenesis could serve as a useful tool to create genetic variation to obtain desirable traits of interest. In this study, four maize genotypes, Obatampa, Dapango, Pann 54 and Honampa which were susceptible to maize streak disease (MSD) were acutely irradiated at 254.3 Gy, using a cobalt 60 (60Co) at a rate of 300 Gy/hr. The irradiated seeds were planted with their parental controls at streak disease highly endemic environment. Field trials for the selected maize genotypes were conducted from the M1 to M4 generations to screen for MSD resistance and improved grain yield. Sixteen putative mutants and four individual parental controls were selected across the four maize genotypes at the end of the M4 generation based on disease severity score and yield indices. Detailed morphological screening and field evaluation of putative mutants showing improved plant architecture, increased grain yield and resistance to maize streak disease were tagged and selected. Obatanpa-induced-genotype was the best mutant identified with a grain yield of 6.8 t ha-1. Data on days to 50% flowering indicated that all 16 putative mutants were maturing plants.


Assuntos
Sementes , Zea mays , Zea mays/genética , Genótipo , Fenótipo , Sementes/genética , Grão Comestível
18.
BMC Plant Biol ; 24(1): 196, 2024 Mar 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38494545

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Chalkiness is a common phenotype induced by various reasons, such as abiotic stress or the imbalance of starch synthesis and metabolism during the development period. However, the reason mainly for one gene losing its function such as NAC (TFs has a large family in rice) which may cause premature is rarely known to us. RESULTS: The Ko-Osnac02 mutant demonstrated an obviously early maturation stage compared to the wild type (WT) with 15 days earlier. The result showed that the mature endosperm of Ko-Osnac02 mutant exhibited chalkiness, characterized by white-core and white-belly in mature endosperm. As grain filling rate is a crucial factor in determining the yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa, ssp. japonica), it's significant that mutant has a lower amylose content (AC) and higher soluble sugar content in the mature endosperm. Interestingly among the top DEGs in the RNA sequencing of N2 (3DAP) and WT seeds revealed that the OsBAM2 (LOC_Os10g32810) expressed significantly high in N2 mutant, which involved in Maltose up-regulated by the starch degradation. As Prediction of Protein interaction showed in the chalky endosperm formation in N2 seeds (3 DAP), seven genes were expressed at a lower-level which should be verified by a heatmap diagrams based on DEGs of N2 versus WT. The Tubulin genes controlling cell cycle are downregulated together with the MCM family genes MCM4 ( ↓), MCM7 ( ↑), which may cause white-core in the early endosperm development. In conclusion, the developing period drastically decreased in the Ko-Osnac02 mutants, which might cause the chalkiness in seeds during the early endosperm development. CONCLUSIONS: The gene OsNAC02 which controls a great genetic co-network for cell cycle regulation in early development, and KO-Osnac02 mutant shows prematurity and white-core in endosperm.


Assuntos
Endosperma , Oryza , Endosperma/metabolismo , Amido/metabolismo , Sementes/genética , Grão Comestível/genética , Homeostase , Oryza/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas
19.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci ; 379(1901): 20230062, 2024 May 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38497254

RESUMO

Interactions between animals and microbes are ubiquitous in nature and strongly impact animal physiology. These interactions are shaped by the host immune system, which responds to infections and contributes to tailor the associations with beneficial microorganisms. In many insects, beneficial symbiotic associations not only include gut commensals, but also intracellular bacteria, or endosymbionts. Endosymbionts are housed within specialized host cells, the bacteriocytes, and are transmitted vertically across host generations. Host-endosymbiont co-evolution shapes the endosymbiont genome and host immune system, which not only fights against microbial intruders, but also ensures the preservation of endosymbionts and the control of their load and location. The cereal weevil Sitophilus spp. is a remarkable model in which to study the evolutionary adaptation of the immune system to endosymbiosis owing to its binary association with a unique, relatively recently acquired nutritional endosymbiont, Sodalis pierantonius. This Gram-negative bacterium has not experienced the genome size shrinkage observed in long-term endosymbioses and has retained immunogenicity. We focus here on the sixteen antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) identified in the Sitophilus oryzae genome and their expression patterns in different tissues, along host development or upon immune challenges, to address their potential functions in the defensive response and endosymbiosis homeostasis along the insect life cycle. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.


Assuntos
Simbiose , Gorgulhos , Animais , Gorgulhos/genética , Gorgulhos/microbiologia , Grão Comestível , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos , Imunidade
20.
Environ Geochem Health ; 46(4): 138, 2024 Mar 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38483661

RESUMO

To assess the total daily mercury intake and main exposure sources of residents, six food groups, including marine fish, freshwater fish, poultry, livestock, vegetables, and cereals, were collected from five districts of Chengdu, China. The median concentrations of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were 12.8 and 6.94 µg kg-1 ww, respectively. Cereals (32.2%), vegetables (30.5%), and livestock (16.2%) contributed to a much larger extent to the total consumption for the participants in Chengdu. All food categories that contributed the most of THg (2.16 µg day-1) and MeHg 1.44 (µg day-1) to the daily intake in Chengdu were cereals and marine fish, respectively. The total Hazard Ratios values below 1 in this study indicate that there is no health risk associated with Hg ingestion from the consumption of these foods for the residents in Chengdu.


Assuntos
Mercúrio , Compostos de Metilmercúrio , Animais , Humanos , Mercúrio/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Compostos de Metilmercúrio/análise , Dieta , Medição de Risco , Verduras , Peixes , Grão Comestível/química , China
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