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1.
Andes Pediatr ; 93(2): 259-264, 2022 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35735306

RESUMO

Catheter-related bacteriemia by Cupriavidus spp. is a rare condition with very few cases reported in the literature. Most of them occurred in immunocompromised patients. OBJECTIVE: To report a case of recurrent catheter-related bacteriemia by Cupriavidus pauculus in an immunocompromised infant in order to analyze possible therapeutic options, especially in relation to the need or not for central venous catheter (CVC) removal. CLINICAL CASE: 22-month-old infant with B-cell acute lymphoblas tic leukemia (ALL) in reinduction phase, CVC carrier. He presented to the Emergency Room with fever without focus on examination. Blood tests were performed (without increase of acute phase reactants) and differential blood cultures (peripheral and CVC). He was hospitalized and empirical antibiotic therapy was started with intravenous fourth-generation cephalosporin (cefepime). After 24 hours, blood cultures were positive for Cupriavidus pauculus, growing first in the CVC culture. We maintained cefepime, adding catheter lock therapy with ciprofloxacin. Afterward, the infection was resolved, allowing us to keep the CVC. Seven months later, in the context of fever, Cupriavidus pauculus was again identified in CVC blood culture. We decided this time to remove the catheter, in addition to the administration of intravenous cefepime. The patient has not presented new episodes nine months after de removal of the CVC. CONCLUSION: Catheter-related bacteremia by Cupriavidus is a rare condition in children that usually occurs in immunocompromised patients. Catheter lock therapy associated with systemic antibiotics could be a safe option in patients with difficult CVC re moval. However, if persistent colonization of the CVC is suspected, it may be necessary to remove it.


Assuntos
Bacteriemia , Cateteres Venosos Centrais , Cupriavidus , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/etiologia , Cefepima , Cateteres Venosos Centrais/efeitos adversos , Criança , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino
2.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 107(Pt A): 260-268, 2020 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33031900

RESUMO

In the present study, two C-type lectins (designated as VpClec-3 and VpClec-4) were identified and characterized from the manila clam Venerupis philippinarum. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic relationship analysis strongly suggested that VpClec-3 and VpClec-4 belong to the C-type lectin family. In nonstimulated clams, the VpClec-3 transcript was dominantly expressed in the hepatopancreas, while the VpClec-4 transcript was mainly expressed in gill tissues. Both VpClec-3 and VpClec-4 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated following Vibrio anguillarum challenge. Recombinant VpClec-4 (rVpClec-4) was shown to bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and glucan in vitro, whereas recombinant VpClec-3 (rVpClec-3) only bound to glucan. In addition, rVpClec-3 and rVpClec-4 displayed broad agglutination activities towards Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio splendidus and V. anguillarum, while no agglutination activities towards Enterobacter cloacae or Aeromonas hydrophila were observed in rVpClec-3. Moreover, hemocyte phagocytosis was significantly enhanced by rVpClec-3 and rVpClec-4. All the results showed that VpClecs function as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with distinct recognition spectra and are potentially involved in the innate immune responses of V. philippinarum.


Assuntos
Bivalves/genética , Bivalves/imunologia , Glucanos/farmacologia , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/fisiologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Lectinas Tipo C/imunologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Aglutinação , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Lectinas Tipo C/química , Alinhamento de Sequência
3.
Jpn J Infect Dis ; 73(4): 263-267, 2020 07 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32115541

RESUMO

Infectious diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing and underdeveloped countries. The present study documented the etiology of bacterial enteropathogens in three tribal districts of Odisha from July 2010 to September 2013. A total of 1427 rectal swabs were collected and bacteriologically analyzed by following standard procedure. Among the 930 (65.2%) culture positive samples, Escherichia coli (E. coli) constituted 636 (44.6%); Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) O1, 146 (10.2%); Salmonella species (spp.), 10 (0.7%); Shigella spp., 79 (5.5%); and Aeromonas spp., 59 (4.1%). Of the 729 environmental water samples taken from river, open well, Nala (a small stream), and Chua (a shallow pit on a river bed), 14 (1.9%) contained non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae and 13 (1.8%) had V. cholerae O1 strains. An analysis of the demographics showed that people in the 14 to 40-year age group were highly susceptible to diarrhea caused by V. cholerae which occurred mainly during the rainy and post-rainy seasons. All enteropathogens were multidrug-resistant and found throughout the study period. The V. cholerae strains isolated were El Tor variants carrying the classical, El Tor, and Haitian cholera toxin subunit B (ctxB) genes. The classical ctxB was the dominant allele, and the prevalence of the Haitian ctxB allele increased during the test period. These findings indicate that active surveillance is needed to monitor the changing antibiotic resistance patterns of V. cholerae serogroups and biotypes present in this region.


Assuntos
Diarreia/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Aeromonas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Escherichia coli , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Índia/epidemiologia , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Salmonella , Shigella , Vibrio cholerae/efeitos dos fármacos , Vibrio cholerae/genética , Microbiologia da Água , Adulto Jovem
4.
Singapore Med J ; 61(8): 419-425, 2020 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31363784

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is the commonest complication of liver cirrhosis. Timely and appropriate treatment of SBP is crucial, particularly with the rising worldwide prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). We aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes of SBP in Singapore. METHODS: All cirrhotic patients with SBP diagnosed between January 2014 and December 2017 were included. Nosocomial SBP (N-SBP) was defined as SBP diagnosed more than 48 hours after hospitalisation. Clinical outcomes were analysed as categorical outcomes using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: There were 33 patients with 39 episodes of SBP. Their mean age was 64.5 years and 69.7% were male. The commonest aetiology of cirrhosis was hepatitis B (27.3%). The Median Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was 17; 33.3% had acute-on-chronic liver failure and 60.6% had septic shock at presentation. N-SBP occurred in 25.6% of SBP cases. N-SBP was more commonly associated with MDROs, previous antibiotic use in the past three months (p = 0.014) and longer length of stay (p = 0.011). The 30-day and 90-day mortality among SBP patients was 30.8% and 51.3%, respectively. MELD score > 20 was a predictor for 30-day mortality. N-SBP and MELD score > 20 were predictors for 90-day mortality. CONCLUSION: N-SBP was significantly associated with recent antibiotic use, longer hospitalisation, more resistant organisms and poorer survival among patients with SBP. N-SBP and MELD score predict higher mortality in SBP. Judicious use of antibiotics may reduce N-SBP and improve survival among cirrhotic patients.


Assuntos
Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/epidemiologia , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Peritonite/epidemiologia , Peritonite/microbiologia , Idoso , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Ascite/microbiologia , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/complicações , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/isolamento & purificação , Hospitais de Ensino , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peritonite/tratamento farmacológico , Peritonite/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , Singapura/epidemiologia , Resistência beta-Lactâmica
5.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol ; 41(1): 1-18, 2020 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31767041

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Describe common pathogens and antimicrobial resistance patterns for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) that occurred during 2015-2017 and were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). METHODS: Data from central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), ventilator-associated events (VAEs), and surgical site infections (SSIs) were reported from acute-care hospitals, long-term acute-care hospitals, and inpatient rehabilitation facilities. This analysis included device-associated HAIs reported from adult location types, and SSIs among patients ≥18 years old. Percentages of pathogens with nonsusceptibility (%NS) to selected antimicrobials were calculated for each HAI type, location type, surgical category, and surgical wound closure technique. RESULTS: Overall, 5,626 facilities performed adult HAI surveillance during this period, most of which were general acute-care hospitals with <200 beds. Escherichia coli (18%), Staphylococcus aureus (12%), and Klebsiella spp (9%) were the 3 most frequently reported pathogens. Pathogens varied by HAI and location type, with oncology units having a distinct pathogen distribution compared to other settings. The %NS for most pathogens was significantly higher among device-associated HAIs than SSIs. In addition, pathogens from long-term acute-care hospitals had a significantly higher %NS than those from general hospital wards. CONCLUSIONS: This report provides an updated national summary of pathogen distributions and antimicrobial resistance among select HAIs and pathogens, stratified by several factors. These data underscore the importance of tracking antimicrobial resistance, particularly in vulnerable populations such as long-term acute-care hospitals and intensive care units.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/epidemiologia , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/epidemiologia , Adulto , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/tratamento farmacológico , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Cateteres Venosos Centrais/efeitos adversos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Bacilos e Cocos Aeróbios Gram-Negativos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hospitais , Humanos , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/tratamento farmacológico , Estados Unidos , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia
6.
Viruses ; 11(11)2019 10 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31683607

RESUMO

Horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) is a key aspect of the evolution of bacterial pathogens. Transduction by bacteriophages is especially important in this process. Bacteriophages-which assemble a machinery for efficient encapsidation and transfer of genetic material-often transfer MGEs and other chromosomal DNA in a more-or-less nonspecific low-frequency process known as generalized transduction. However, some MGEs have evolved highly specific mechanisms to take advantage of bacteriophages for their own propagation and high-frequency transfer while strongly interfering with phage production-"molecular piracy". These mechanisms include the ability to sense the presence of a phage entering lytic growth, specific recognition and packaging of MGE genomes into phage capsids, and the redirection of the phage assembly pathway to form capsids with a size more appropriate for the size of the MGE. This review focuses on the process of assembly redirection, which has evolved convergently in many different MGEs from across the bacterial universe. The diverse mechanisms that exist suggest that size redirection is an evolutionarily advantageous strategy for many MGEs.


Assuntos
Bacteriófagos/genética , Capsídeo/virologia , Sequências Repetitivas Dispersas , Interações Microbianas/genética , Montagem de Vírus , Proteínas do Capsídeo/metabolismo , Firmicutes/virologia , Ilhas Genômicas/genética , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/virologia , Fagos de Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/virologia , Transdução Genética , Fatores de Virulência/genética
7.
Mar Drugs ; 17(3)2019 Mar 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30934619

RESUMO

Saline environments, such as marine and hypersaline habitats, are widely distributed around the world. They include sea waters, saline lakes, solar salterns, or hypersaline soils. The bacteria that live in these habitats produce and develop unique bioactive molecules and physiological pathways to cope with the stress conditions generated by these environments. They have been described to produce compounds with properties that differ from those found in non-saline habitats. In the last decades, the ability to disrupt quorum-sensing (QS) intercellular communication systems has been identified in many marine organisms, including bacteria. The two main mechanisms of QS interference, i.e., quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) and quorum quenching (QQ), appear to be a more frequent phenomenon in marine aquatic environments than in soils. However, data concerning bacteria from hypersaline habitats is scarce. Salt-tolerant QSI compounds and QQ enzymes may be of interest to interfere with QS-regulated bacterial functions, including virulence, in sectors such as aquaculture or agriculture where salinity is a serious environmental issue. This review provides a global overview of the main works related to QS interruption in saline environments as well as the derived biotechnological applications.


Assuntos
Organismos Aquáticos/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/fisiologia , Percepção de Quorum/efeitos dos fármacos , Água do Mar/microbiologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Aquicultura , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/efeitos dos fármacos , Percepção de Quorum/fisiologia , Salinidade , Áreas Alagadas
8.
Biochemistry ; 58(9): 1311-1317, 2019 03 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30729778

RESUMO

The human gut microbiome is a ripe space for the discovery of new proteins and novel functions. Many genes in the gut microbiome encode glycoside hydrolases that help bacteria scavenge sugars present in the human gut. Glycoside hydrolase family 2 (GH2) is one group of sugar-scavenging proteins, which includes ß-glucuronidases (GUS) and ß-galacturonidases (GalAses), enzymes that cleave the sugar conjugates of the epimers glucuronate and galacturonate. Here we structurally and functionally characterize a GH2 GalAse and a hybrid GUS/GalAse, which reveal the molecular details that enable these GHs to differentiate a single stereocenter. First, we characterized a previously annotated GUS from Eisenbergiella tayi and demonstrated that it is, in fact, a GalAse. We determined the crystal structure of this GalAse, identified the key residue that confers GalAse activity, and convert this GalAse into a GUS by mutating a single residue. We performed bioinformatic analysis of 279 putative GUS enzymes from the human gut microbiome and identified 12 additional putative GH2 GalAses, one of which we characterized and confirmed is a GalAse. Lastly, we report the structure of a hybrid GUS/GalAse from Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans, which revealed a unique hexamer that positions the N-terminus of adjacent protomers in the aglycone binding site. Taken together, these data reveal a new class of bacterial GalAses in the human gut microbiome and unravel the structural details that differentiate GH2 GUSs and GalAses.


Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Glucuronidase/química , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , Domínio Catalítico , Cristalografia por Raios X , Fezes/microbiologia , Glucuronidase/genética , Glucuronidase/metabolismo , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/genética , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/genética , Humanos , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Conformação Proteica
9.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol ; 40(1): 47-52, 2019 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30426908

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Hospital environmental surfaces are frequently contaminated by microorganisms. However, the causal mechanism of bacterial contamination of the environment as a source of transmission is still debated. This prospective study was performed to characterize the nature of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) transmission between the environment and patients using standard microbiological and molecular techniques. SETTING: Prospective cohort study at 2 academic medical centers. DESIGN: A prospective multicenter study to characterize the nature of bacterial transfer events between patients and environmental surfaces in rooms that previously housed patients with 1 of 4 'marker' MDROs: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Clostridium difficile, and MDR Acinetobacter baumannii. Environmental and patient microbiological samples were obtained on admission into a freshly disinfected inpatient room. Repeat samples from room surfaces and patients were taken on days 3 and 7 and each week the patient stayed in the same room. The bacterial identity, antibiotic susceptibility, and molecular sequences were compared between organisms found in the environment samples and patient sources. RESULTS: We enrolled 80 patient-room admissions; 9 of these patients (11.3%) were asymptomatically colonized with MDROs at study entry. Hospital room surfaces were contaminated with MDROs despite terminal disinfection in 44 cases (55%). Microbiological Bacterial Transfer events either to the patient, the environment, or both occurred in 12 patient encounters (18.5%) from the microbiologically evaluable cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Microbiological Bacterial Transfer events between patients and the environment were observed in 18.5% of patient encounters and occurred early in the admission. This study suggests that research on prevention methods beyond the standard practice of room disinfection at the end of a patient's stay is needed to better prevent acquisition of MDROs through the environment.


Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Desinfecção , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/isolamento & purificação , Bacilos Gram-Positivos Formadores de Endosporo/isolamento & purificação , Idoso , Equipamentos e Provisões Hospitalares , Feminino , Instalações de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , North Carolina , Quartos de Pacientes , Estudos Prospectivos
10.
Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol ; 74(Pt 10): 946-955, 2018 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30289404

RESUMO

The biological conversion of lignocellulosic matter into high-value chemicals or biofuels is of increasing industrial importance as the sector slowly transitions away from nonrenewable sources. Many industrial processes involve the use of cellulolytic enzyme cocktails - a selection of glycoside hydrolases and, increasingly, polysaccharide oxygenases - to break down recalcitrant plant polysaccharides. ORFs from the genome of Teredinibacter turnerae, a symbiont hosted within the gills of marine shipworms, were identified in order to search for enzymes with desirable traits. Here, a putative T. turnerae glycoside hydrolase from family 8, hereafter referred to as TtGH8, is analysed. The enzyme is shown to be active against ß-1,4-xylan and mixed-linkage (ß-1,3,ß-1,4) marine xylan. Kinetic parameters, obtained using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection and 3,5-dinitrosalicyclic acid reducing-sugar assays, show that TtGH8 catalyses the hydrolysis of ß-1,4-xylohexaose with a kcat/Km of 7.5 × 107 M-1 min-1 but displays maximal activity against mixed-linkage polymeric xylans, hinting at a primary role in the degradation of marine polysaccharides. The three-dimensional structure of TtGH8 was solved in uncomplexed and xylobiose-, xylotriose- and xylohexaose-bound forms at approximately 1.5 Šresolution; the latter was consistent with the greater kcat/Km for hexasaccharide substrates. A 2,5B boat conformation observed in the -1 position of bound xylotriose is consistent with the proposed conformational itinerary for this class of enzyme. This work shows TtGH8 to be effective at the degradation of xylan-based substrates, notably marine xylan, further exemplifying the potential of T. turnerae for effective and diverse biomass degradation.


Assuntos
Endo-1,4-beta-Xilanases/química , Gammaproteobacteria/enzimologia , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/enzimologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Biomassa , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , Cinética , Células Vegetais/metabolismo , Plantas/química , Plantas/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Conformação Proteica , Xilanos/metabolismo
11.
N Z Vet J ; 66(6): 312-318, 2018 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30092716

RESUMO

AIMS To evaluate the Rapid Mastitis test (RMT, or California Mastitis test) and electrical conductivity (EC) at drying off when used alone or in combination with herd test data (maximum or last herd test somatic cell counts (SCC) before drying off), to define cows or quarters with intramammary infection, using microbiological culture as the gold standard. METHODS Quarter-level milk samples (n=609) from clinically healthy cows (n=153), in three herds in the Waikato region of New Zealand, were tested at drying off using the RMT and EC, and were collected for microbiological culture. The maximum SCC and the SCC at the last herd test of the preceding lactation were determined for each cow. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for each test were calculated for different cut-points, using microbiological culture as the gold standard. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each test. The same parameters were calculated for combinations of two tests in parallel or in series. RESULTS Infection with any pathogen was detected in 62/153 (40.5%) cows and 99/609 (16.3%) quarters, and with major pathogens in 7/153 (4.6%) cows and 8/609 (1.3%) quarters. When predicting infection with any pathogen at the cow-level, the coefficient of agreement was highest for SCC (<0.32) and RMT (<0.28) and lowest for EC (<0.12); the AUC for RMT and EC when used singly ranged from 0.57-0.69, and in combination with SCC ranged from 0.68-0.75. AUC were similar for tests that used either the last or the maximum SCC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE When evaluated singly, RMT and EC had only low to moderate diagnostic utility compared to bacteriological culture. When they were combined with SCC and interpreted in parallel, the results were improved, but only moderately. For herds that conduct herd testing, a single herd test late in lactation was as predictive of intramammary infection at drying off as multiple herd tests through the lactation. For herds that do not conduct herd testing, RMT has greater utility than EC.


Assuntos
Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/normas , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/veterinária , Mastite Bovina/diagnóstico , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/epidemiologia , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Lactação , Glândulas Mamárias Animais , Mastite Bovina/epidemiologia , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Curva ROC , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
12.
J Fish Dis ; 40(12): 1805-1813, 2017 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28548686

RESUMO

Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) is used as a biological delousing agent for sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis K.) infestations in Norwegian aquaculture. Here, we present a study on the antibody response and vaccine side effects after intramuscular and intraperitoneal injection of lumpfish with two vaccines. Both vaccines contained bacterial antigens from atypical Aeromonas salmonicida A-layer types V and VI, Vibrio anguillarum serotype O1 and Moritella viscosa sp., but one vaccine contained a vegetable oil-based adjuvant, while the other contained a mineral oil-based adjuvant. Intramuscular injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine caused a high acute mortality of fish within 48 hr after immunization. Intraperitoneal injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine resulted in a lower severity of intra-abdominal side effects than the vegetable oil-based vaccine. Intramuscular injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine resulted in a significantly higher antibody response against A. salmonicida when compared to controls and the vegetable oil-based vaccine group. The antibody response was poor against V. anguillarum and M. viscosa for all groups. Our results indicate that intramuscular injection of oil-based vaccines might be feasible for providing immunological protection for Atlantic lumpfish against bacterial diseases, especially atypical A. salmonicida, but more work is required to identity optimal adjuvants.


Assuntos
Formação de Anticorpos/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Perciformes , Vacinação/veterinária , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Animais , Aquicultura/métodos , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/prevenção & controle , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/imunologia , Injeções Intramusculares/efeitos adversos , Injeções Intramusculares/veterinária , Injeções Intraperitoneais/efeitos adversos , Injeções Intraperitoneais/veterinária , Óleo Mineral/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacocinética , Vacinação/efeitos adversos
13.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol ; 37(12): 1433-1439, 2016 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27678022

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE To evaluate risk factors for and molecular characteristics of community-onset extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R) Enterobacteriaceae (EB) urinary tract infections (UTIs) in a US health system. DESIGN Case-control study. PARTICIPANTS All patients presenting to the emergency department or outpatient practices with EB UTIs from December 21, 2010, through April 22, 2013, were included. Case patients had ESC-R EB UTIs. Control patients had ESC-susceptible EB UTIs and were matched 1:1 on study year. METHODS Risk factors for ESC-R EB UTI were assessed using multivariable conditional logistic regression. A subset of case isolates was evaluated for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. RESULTS A total of 302 patients with community-onset EB UTI were included, of which 151 were cases. On multivariable analysis, risk factors for ESC-R EB UTI included trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use in the prior 6 months (odds ratio, 2.40 [95% CI, 1.22-4.70]; P=.01), older age (1.03 [1.01-1.04]; P<.001), diabetes (2.91 [1.32-6.41]; P=.008), and presentation to the emergency department ( 2.42 [1.31-4.46]; P=.005). The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among 120 case isolates was 52% CTX-M, 29% TEM, 20% OXA, and 13% SHV. The prevalence of AmpC was 25%. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of the CTX-M Escherichia coli isolates showed no distinct clusters. CONCLUSIONS Use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, older age, diabetes, and presentation to the emergency department were associated with community-onset ESC-R EB UTI. There was a high prevalence of CTX-M among our community isolates. Further studies are needed to determine strategies to limit emergence of these organisms in the community. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1433-1439.


Assuntos
Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/etiologia , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos , Adulto , Idoso , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Resistência às Cefalosporinas , Cefalosporinas/uso terapêutico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pennsylvania/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores de Risco , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol
14.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol ; 37(12): 1426-1432, 2016 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27619507

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE To determine the typical microbial bioburden (overall bacterial and multidrug-resistant organisms [MDROs]) on high-touch healthcare environmental surfaces after routine or terminal cleaning. DESIGN Prospective 2.5-year microbiological survey of large surface areas (>1,000 cm2). SETTING MDRO contact-precaution rooms from 9 acute-care hospitals and 2 long-term care facilities in 4 states. PARTICIPANTS Samples from 166 rooms (113 routine cleaned and 53 terminal cleaned rooms). METHODS Using a standard sponge-wipe sampling protocol, 2 composite samples were collected from each room; a third sample was collected from each Clostridium difficile room. Composite 1 included the TV remote, telephone, call button, and bed rails. Composite 2 included the room door handle, IV pole, and overbed table. Composite 3 included toileting surfaces. Total bacteria and MDROs (ie, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci [VRE], Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and C. difficile) were quantified, confirmed, and tested for drug resistance. RESULTS The mean microbial bioburden and range from routine cleaned room composites were higher (2,700 colony-forming units [CFU]/100 cm2; ≤1-130,000 CFU/100 cm2) than from terminal cleaned room composites (353 CFU/100 cm2; ≤1-4,300 CFU/100 cm2). MDROs were recovered from 34% of routine cleaned room composites (range ≤1-13,000 CFU/100 cm2) and 17% of terminal cleaned room composites (≤1-524 CFU/100 cm2). MDROs were recovered from 40% of rooms; VRE was the most common (19%). CONCLUSIONS This multicenter bioburden summary provides a first step to determining microbial bioburden on healthcare surfaces, which may help provide a basis for developing standards to evaluate cleaning and disinfection as well as a framework for studies using an evidentiary hierarchy for environmental infection control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1426-1432.


Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/isolamento & purificação , Bacilos Gram-Positivos Formadores de Endosporo/isolamento & purificação , Desinfetantes/administração & dosagem , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Equipamentos e Provisões Hospitalares , Instalações de Saúde , Humanos , Quartos de Pacientes , Estudos Prospectivos
15.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol ; 37(11): 1288-1301, 2016 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27573805

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE To describe antimicrobial resistance patterns for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) that occurred in 2011-2014 and were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Healthcare Safety Network. METHODS Data from central line-associated bloodstream infections, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, ventilator-associated pneumonias, and surgical site infections were analyzed. These HAIs were reported from acute care hospitals, long-term acute care hospitals, and inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Pooled mean proportions of pathogens that tested resistant (or nonsusceptible) to selected antimicrobials were calculated by year and HAI type. RESULTS Overall, 4,515 hospitals reported that at least 1 HAI occurred in 2011-2014. There were 408,151 pathogens from 365,490 HAIs reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, most of which were reported from acute care hospitals with greater than 200 beds. Fifteen pathogen groups accounted for 87% of reported pathogens; the most common included Escherichia coli (15%), Staphylococcus aureus (12%), Klebsiella species (8%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (8%). In general, the proportion of isolates with common resistance phenotypes was higher among device-associated HAIs compared with surgical site infections. Although the percent resistance for most phenotypes was similar to earlier reports, an increase in the magnitude of the resistance percentages among E. coli pathogens was noted, especially related to fluoroquinolone resistance. CONCLUSION This report represents a national summary of antimicrobial resistance among select HAIs and phenotypes. The distribution of frequent pathogens and some resistance patterns appear to have changed from 2009-2010, highlighting the need for continual, careful monitoring of these data across the spectrum of HAI types. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1-14.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/epidemiologia , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/epidemiologia , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/microbiologia , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Cateteres Venosos Centrais/efeitos adversos , Cateteres Venosos Centrais/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Bacilos e Cocos Aeróbios Gram-Negativos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hospitais , Humanos , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/microbiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Infecções Urinárias/etiologia , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia
16.
Microb Pathog ; 94: 117-22, 2016 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26835659

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The subgingival prevalence of gram-negative facultative rods not usually inhabiting or indigenous to the oral cavity (non-oral GNFR), as well as selected periodontal bacterial pathogens, were evaluated by culture in untreated and treated chronic periodontitis patients. METHODS: Subgingival biofilm specimens from 102 untreated and 101 recently treated adults with chronic periodontitis in the Netherlands were plated onto MacConkey III and Dentaid selective media with air-5% CO2 incubation for isolation of non-oral GNFR, and onto enriched Oxoid blood agar with anaerobic incubation for recovery of selected periodontal bacterial pathogens. Suspected non-oral GNFR clinical isolates were identified to a species level with the VITEK 2 automated system. RESULTS: A total of 87 (42.9%) out of 203 patients yielded subgingival non-oral GNFR. Patients recently treated with periodontal mechanical debridement therapy demonstrated a greater prevalence of non-oral GNFR (57.4% vs 28.4%, P < 0.0001), and a greater number of different non-oral GNFR species (23 vs 14 different species), than untreated patients. Sphingomonas paucimobilis was the most frequently isolated subgingival non-oral GNFR species. Several GNFR species normally found in animals and human zoonotic infections, and not previously detected in human subgingival biofilms, were recovered from some patients, including Bordetella bronchispetica, Pasteurella canis, Pasteurella pneumotropica and Neisseria zoodegmatis. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were significantly associated with the presence of subgingival non-oral GNFR. CONCLUSIONS: A surprisingly high proportion of Dutch chronic periodontitis patients yielded cultivable non-oral GNFR in periodontal pockets, particularly among those recently treated with periodontal mechanical debridement therapy. Since non-oral GNFR species may resist mechanical debridement from periodontal pockets, and are often not susceptible to many antibiotics frequently used in periodontal practice, their subgingival presence may complicate periodontal treatment in species-positive patients and increase risk of potentially dangerous GNFR infections developing at other body sites.


Assuntos
Periodontite Crônica/microbiologia , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/isolamento & purificação , Microbiota , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Biofilmes , Periodontite Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Periodontite Crônica/terapia , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Feminino , Gengiva/microbiologia , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Boca/microbiologia , Desbridamento Periodontal/métodos , Bolsa Periodontal/microbiologia
17.
Lab Chip ; 14(21): 4237-43, 2014 Nov 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25205636

RESUMO

In this paper, for the first time, an on-chip optofluidic imaging system is innovated to measure the biophysical signatures of single waterborne bacteria, including both their refractive indices and morphologies (size and shape), based on immersion refractometry. The key features of the proposed optofluidic imaging platform include (1) multiple sites for single-bacterium trapping, which enable parallel measurements to achieve higher throughput, and (2) a chaotic micromixer, which enables efficient refractive index variation of the surrounding medium. In the experiments, the distinctive refractive index of Echerichia coli, Shigella flexneri and Vibrio cholera are measured with a high precision of 5 × 10(-3) RIU. The developed optofluidic imaging system has high potential not only for building up a database of biophysical signatures of waterborne bacteria, but also for developing single-bacterium detection in treated water that is in real-time, label-free and low cost.


Assuntos
Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/química , Técnicas Analíticas Microfluídicas/instrumentação , Técnicas Analíticas Microfluídicas/métodos , Imagem Óptica/instrumentação , Imagem Óptica/métodos , Fenômenos Biofísicos , Desenho de Equipamento , Refratometria , Microbiologia da Água
18.
J Med Microbiol ; 63(Pt 6): 892-895, 2014 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24681996

RESUMO

We retrospectively examined medical records of 87 patients with bacteraemia caused by members of the HACEK group (Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus, Cardiobacterium spp., Eikenella corrodens and Kingella spp.) to determine whether endocarditis was present, as defined by the Duke criteria. The overall positive predictive value (PPV) of HACEK bacteraemia for endocarditis was 60 %. The PPV varied with different HACEK species from 0 % (E. corrodens) to 100 % (A. actinomycetemcomitans).


Assuntos
Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Endocardite Bacteriana/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/isolamento & purificação , Endocardite Bacteriana/epidemiologia , Humanos , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia
19.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol ; 64(Pt 3): 907-914, 2014 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24282142

RESUMO

A catalase-positive, rod-shaped, non-proteolytic, non-motile, anaerobic bacterial strain, designated B086562(T), was isolated from a blood culture of an 84-year-old male patient in Israel. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny, this strain has no known close relatives among recognized bacteria but should be placed within the family Lachnospiraceae. The most closely related recognized bacteria were from the 'Clostridium clostridioforme group': C. clostridioforme (92.4%) and Clostridium bolteae (92.3%). The isolate produced butyrate, lactate, acetate and succinate as major metabolic end products. The major fatty acids were C16:0 and C18:1 cis 9 DMA and the DNA G+C content was 46.0 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, the blood isolate represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Lachnospiraceae, for which the name Eisenbergiella tayi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Eisenbergiella tayi is B086562(T) ( = LMG 27400(T) = DSM 26961(T) = ATCC BAA-2558(T)).


Assuntos
Sangue/microbiologia , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/classificação , Filogenia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Composição de Bases , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Ácidos Graxos/química , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/genética , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Israel , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA
20.
Acta Odontol Latinoam ; 26(1): 24-30, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24294820

RESUMO

Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial infectious disease associated with Gram-negative anaerobes which are part of the subgingival microflora. In recent years, studies have been conducted to assess the presence of Gram-negative facultative anaerobes (Enterobacteriaceae) and their participation in the development and progression of chronic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Enterobacteriaceae in patients with chronic periodontitis and gingivitis and to assess antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates. A descriptive, observational study was performed including 64 patients with chronic periodontitis and 22 patients with gingivitis. Microbiological samples were taken from the gingival sulcus using paper points, which then were placed in thioglycollate broth. Samples were incubated for 4 hours at 37 degrees C and finally replated on MacConkey agar Bacteria were identified using the API-20E system (Biomerieux, France) and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method. The evaluation of samples showed presence of 29 enterobacterial species distributed as follows: 7 in the group with gingivitis and 22 in the group with chronic periodontitis. In the chronic periodontitis group the most common species were: K. oxytoca n = 5, S. liquefaciens n = 4 and K. pneumoniae and E. coli with n = 3. The gingivitis group had the highest frequency of Erwinia sp. (n = 2). Clinical isolates showed very low sensitivity levels to beta-lactam ampicillin and amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid, 17.2% and 27.6% respectively, and higher sensitivity levels to ciprofloxacin (96.6%), amikacin (79.3%), gentamicin (68.9%) and ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, kanamycin and trimethoprimsulfa (65.5%). In conclusion, the existence of a high frequency of enterobacteria in patients with chronic periodontitis and gingivitis shows that periodontologists should pay greater attention to prevention protocols, and develop mechanical and antimicrobial therapies in which antimicrobial susceptibility profile reports should be considered as part of periodontal treatment.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Periodontite Crônica/microbiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Gengivite/microbiologia , Feminino , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacilos Gram-Negativos Anaeróbios Facultativos/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
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