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1.
Zootaxa ; 5405(4): 545-561, 2024 Feb 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480171

RESUMO

Hylophthirus spinosus, new genus and new species (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Enderleinellidae), is described from specimens collected from the particoloured flying squirrel, Hylopetes alboniger in Khammouane Province, Laos (Lao Peoples Democratic Republic). Both sexes of the new louse are illustrated with stacked microphotographs, scanning electron micrographs and line drawings. An updated morphological identification key to the six genera (Atopophthirus, Enderleinellus, Hylophthirus, Microphthirus, Phthirunculus and Werneckia) now recognised within the family Enderleinellidae is presented. The new genus is unique within the Enderleinellidae in having massive spines (modified setae) on some abdominal sternites, partially bulbous 5th antennal segments, mesothoracic spiracles borne on protuberances and the morphology of the genitalia of both sexes. Tables showing all genera of sucking lice that include species parasitising sciurids (squirrels, chipmunks, susliks and marmots), and all known species of enderleinellids, with their known host associations and geographical distributions are included and briefly discussed in relation to the new genus and species.


Assuntos
Anoplura , Infestações por Piolhos , Ftirápteros , Doenças dos Roedores , Feminino , Masculino , Animais , Anoplura/anatomia & histologia , Laos , Sciuridae , Infestações por Piolhos/veterinária
2.
Zootaxa ; 5424(3): 389-395, 2024 Mar 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480277

RESUMO

A new ceratophyllid flea species, Nosopsyllus (Nosopsyllus) spiniformis n. sp., is described and illustrated. Specimens were collected from Gnthers vole, Microtus guentheri (Danford & Alston), Schidlovskys vole, Microtus schidlovskii Argyropulo, in Adana province, and stone marten, Martes foina (Erxleben), in Tokat province. With the new species, the number of Nosopsyllus taxa known from Trkiye now tallies 11 (six species and five subspecies).


Assuntos
Infestações por Pulgas , Mustelidae , Doenças dos Roedores , Sifonápteros , Animais , Arvicolinae
3.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 55(1): 212-218, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38453505

RESUMO

Improved methods are needed to prevent wildlife deaths from anthrax. Caused by Bacillus anthracis, naturally occurring outbreaks of anthrax are frequent but unpredictable. The commercially available veterinary vaccine is labeled for subcutaneous injection and is impractical for large-scale wildlife vaccination programs; therefore, oral vaccination is the most realistic method to control and prevent these outbreaks. We reported the induction of an anthrax-specific lethal toxin (LeTx) neutralizing antibody response in mice following oral vaccination with alginate microcapsules containing B. anthracis Sterne strain 34F2 spores, coated with poly-L-lysine (PLL) and vitelline protein B (VpB). We continued evaluating our novel vaccine formulation through this proof-of-concept study in white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus; n = 9). We orally vaccinated WTD via needle-free syringe with three formulations of the encapsulated vaccine: 1) PLL-VpB-coated microcapsules with 107-8 spores/ml (n = 5), 2) PLL-VpB-coated microcapsules with 109-10 spores/ml (n = 2), and 3) PLL-coated microcapsules with 109-10 spores/ml (n = 2). Although the limited sample sizes require continued experimentation, we observed an anthrax-specific antibody response in WTD serum following oral vaccination with PLL-coated microcapsules containing 109 spores/ ml. Furthermore, this antibody response neutralized anthrax LeTx in vitro, suggesting that continued development of this vaccine may allow for realistic wildlife anthrax vaccination programs.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra Antraz , Antraz , Bacillus anthracis , Cervos , Doenças dos Roedores , Animais , Camundongos , Antraz/prevenção & controle , Antraz/veterinária , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Cápsulas , Espectroscopia de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônica/veterinária , Vacinação/veterinária , Animais Selvagens , Anticorpos Antibacterianos
4.
BMC Vet Res ; 20(1): 83, 2024 Mar 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38454460

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) poisoning was diagnosed in 3 Patagonian maras (Dolichotis patagonum) raised in the mara farm in Thailand. To date, there have been no reports of maras with diagnosed AR poisoning. CASE PRESENTATION: The first clinical sign of the sickening maras was anorexia. Fifteen from 50 maras were dead over a 3-5 day period after the clinical signs had occurred. Positive results to AR were detected in all of the maras' liver specimens by screening test using thin layer chromatography and spectrophotometry methods. Supportive therapy was selected for the treatment of the 35 surviving maras. During the follow - up observation period of 12 months, all of the surviving maras were healthy and no reproductive loss. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on suspected AR poisoning in maras in Thailand based on history taking, clinical signs, gross pathology lesions and chemical analysis. AR poisoning in the present report is possibly from contaminated animal food. Therefore, quality control of food should be fastidious when feeding maras.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Roedores , Rodenticidas , Animais , Fazendas , Roedores , Anticoagulantes
5.
Parasit Vectors ; 17(1): 118, 2024 Mar 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38459572

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that is particularly responsible for abortions in cattle and neuromuscular disease in dogs. Due to the limited effectiveness of currently available drugs, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches to control neosporosis. Luciferase-based assays are potentially powerful tools in the search for antiprotozoal compounds, permitting the development of faster and more automated assays. The aim of this study was to construct a luciferase-expressing N. caninum and evaluate anti-N. caninum drugs. METHODS: Luciferase-expressing N. caninum (Nc1-Luc) was constructed using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). After testing the luciferase expression and phenotype of the Nc1-Luc strains, the drug sensitivity of Nc1-Luc strains was determined by treating them with known positive or negative drugs and calculating the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The selective pan-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (pan-RAF) inhibitor TAK-632 was then evaluated for anti-N. caninum effects using Nc1-Luc by luciferase activity reduction assay and other in vitro and in vivo studies. RESULTS: The phenotypes and drug sensitivity of Nc1-Luc strains were consistent with those of the parental strains Nc1, and Nc1-Luc strains can be used to determine the IC50 for anti-N. caninum drugs. Using the Nc1-Luc strains, TAK-632 showed promising activity against N. caninum, with an IC50 of 0.6131 µM and a selectivity index (SI) of 62.53. In vitro studies demonstrated that TAK-632 inhibited the invasion, proliferation, and division of N. caninum tachyzoites. In vivo studies showed that TAK-632 attenuated the virulence of N. caninum in mice and significantly reduced the parasite burden in the brain. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a luciferase-expressing N. caninum strain was successfully constructed, which provides an effective tool for drug screening and related research on N. caninum. In addition, TAK-632 was found to inhibit the growth of N. caninum, which could be considered as a candidate lead compound for new therapeutics for neosporosis.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Coccidiose , Doenças do Cão , Neospora , Nitrilas , Doenças dos Roedores , Gravidez , Feminino , Animais , Camundongos , Bovinos , Cães , Coccidiose/tratamento farmacológico , Coccidiose/veterinária , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Neospora/genética , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Benzotiazóis/metabolismo , Benzotiazóis/farmacologia , Benzotiazóis/uso terapêutico
6.
Vet Res ; 55(1): 31, 2024 Mar 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38493147

RESUMO

Pasteurella multocida is an opportunistic zoonotic pathogen that primarily causes fatal respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia and respiratory syndromes. However, the precise mechanistic understanding of how P. multocida disrupts the epithelial barrier in mammalian lung remains largely unknown. In this study, using unbiased RNA-seq analysis, we found that the evolutionarily conserved Hippo-Yap pathway was dysregulated after P. multocida infection. Given the complexity of P. multocida infection associated with lung injury and systemic inflammatory processes, we employed a combination of cell culture models, mouse models, and rabbit models to investigate the dynamics of the Hippo-Yap pathway during P. multocida infection. Our findings reveal that P. multocida infection activates the Hippo-Yap pathway both in vitro and in vivo, by upregulating the upstream factors p-Mst1/2, p-Lats1, and p-Yap, and downregulating the downstream effectors Birc5, Cyr61, and Slug. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of the Hippo pathway by XMU-MP-1 significantly rescued pulmonary epithelial cell apoptosis in vitro and reduced lung injury, systemic inflammation, and mouse mortality in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that P. multocida induced up-regulation of Rassf1 expression, and Rassf1 enhanced Hippo-Yap pathway through phosphorylation. Accordingly, in vitro knockdown of Rassf1 significantly enhanced Yap activity and expression of Yap downstream factors and reduced apoptosis during P. multocida infection. P. multocida-infected rabbit samples also showed overexpression of Rassf1, p-Lats1, and p-Yap, suggesting that P. multocida activates the Rassf1-Hippo-Yap pathway. These results elucidate the pathogenic role of the Rassf1-Hippo-Yap pathway in P. multocida infection and suggest that this pathway has the potential to be a drug target for the treatment of pasteurellosis.


Assuntos
Lesão Pulmonar , Pasteurella multocida , Doenças dos Roedores , Camundongos , Animais , Coelhos , Via de Sinalização Hippo , Transdução de Sinais , Lesão Pulmonar/veterinária , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Apoptose , Proliferação de Células , Mamíferos
7.
Parasit Vectors ; 17(1): 135, 2024 Mar 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38491403

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The geographic distribution and host-parasite interaction networks of Sarcocystis spp. in small mammals in eastern Asia remain incompletely known. METHODS: Experimental infections, morphological and molecular characterizations were used for discrimination of a new Sarcocystis species isolated from colubrid snakes and small mammals collected in Thailand, Borneo and China. RESULTS: We identified a new species, Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov., that features a relatively wide geographic distribution and infects both commensal and forest-inhabiting intermediate hosts. Sarcocystis sporocysts collected from rat snakes (Coelognathus radiatus, C. flavolineatus) in Thailand induced development of sarcocysts in experimental SD rats showing a type 10a cyst wall ultrastructure that was identical with those found in Rattus norvegicus from China and the forest rat Maxomys whiteheadi in Borneo. Its cystozoites had equal sizes in all intermediate hosts and locations, while sporocysts and cystozoites were distinct from other Sarcocystis species. Partial 28S rRNA sequences of S. muricoelognathis from M. whiteheadi were largely identical to those from R. norvegicus in China but distinct from newly sequenced Sarcocystis zuoi. The phylogeny of the nuclear 18S rRNA gene placed S. muricoelognathis within the so-called S. zuoi complex, including Sarcocystis attenuati, S. kani, S. scandentiborneensis and S. zuoi, while the latter clustered with the new species. However, the phylogeny of the ITS1-region confirmed the distinction between S. muricoelognathis and S. zuoi. Moreover, all three gene trees suggested that an isolate previously addressed as S. zuoi from Thailand (KU341120) is conspecific with S. muricoelognathis. Partial mitochondrial cox1 sequences of S. muricoelognathis were almost identical with those from other members of the group suggesting a shared, recent ancestry. Additionally, we isolated two partial 28S rRNA Sarcocystis sequences from Low's squirrel Sundasciurus lowii that clustered with those of S. scandentiborneensis from treeshews. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide strong evidence of broad geographic distributions of rodent-associated Sarcocystis and host shifts between commensal and forest small mammal species, even if the known host associations remain likely only snapshots of the true associations.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Roedores , Sarcocystis , Sarcocistose , Ratos , Animais , Sarcocistose/veterinária , Sarcocistose/parasitologia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Filogenia , Sciuridae , Murinae , Doenças dos Roedores/parasitologia
8.
Parasite Immunol ; 46(3): e13030, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38498004

RESUMO

In previous studies, the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on NLRP3 inflammasome and heme production was documented. This may be employed as a double-bladed sword in schistosomiasis (anti-inflammatory and parasiticidal). In this study, chloroquine's impact on schistosomiasis mansoni was investigated. The parasitic load (worm/egg counts and reproductive capacity index [RCI]), i-Nos/Arg-1 expression, splenomegaly, hepatic insult and NLRP3-immunohistochemical expression were assessed in infected mice after receiving early and late repeated doses of chloroquine alone or dually with praziquantel. By early treatment, the least RCI was reported in dually treated mice (41.48 ± 28.58) with a significant reduction in worm/egg counts (3.50 ± 1.29/2550 ± 479.58), compared with either drug alone. A marked reduction in the splenic index was achieved by prolonged chloroquine administration (alone: 43.15 ± 5.67, dually: 36.03 ± 5.27), with significantly less fibrosis (15 ± 3.37, 14.25 ± 2.22) than after praziquantel alone (20.5 ± 2.65). Regarding inflammation, despite the praziquantel-induced significant decrease in NLRP3 expression, the inhibitory effect was marked after dual and chloroquine administration (liver: 3.13 ± 1.21/3.45 ± 1.23, spleen: 5.7 ± 1.6/4.63 ± 2.41). i-Nos RNA peaked with early/late chloroquine administration (liver: 68.53 ± 1.8/57.78 ± 7.14, spleen: 63.22 ± 2.06/62.5 ± 3.05). High i-Nos echoed with a parasiticidal and hepatoprotective effect and may indicate macrophage-1 polarisation. On the flip side, the chloroquine-induced low Arg-1 seemed to abate immune tolerance and probably macrophage-2 polarisation. Collectively, chloroquine synergised the praziquantel-schistosomicidal effect and minimised tissue inflammation, splenomegaly and hepatic fibrosis.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Roedores , Esquistossomose mansoni , Animais , Camundongos , Cloroquina/farmacologia , Regulação para Baixo , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Inflamação , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Carga Parasitária , Praziquantel/farmacologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/tratamento farmacológico , Esplenomegalia
9.
BMC Vet Res ; 20(1): 110, 2024 Mar 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38500105

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common condition in veterinary medicine that is difficult to manage.Veterinary regenerative therapy based on adipose mesenchymal stem cells seem to be an effective strategy for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. In this study, we evaluated therapeutic efficacy of canine Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs)in a rat TBI model, in terms of improved nerve function and anti-neuroinflammation. RESULTS: Canine AD-MSCs promoted neural functional recovery, reduced neuronal apoptosis, and inhibited the activation of microglia and astrocytes in TBI rats. According to the results in vivo, we further investigated the regulatory mechanism of AD-MSCs on activated microglia by co-culture in vitro. Finally, we found that canine AD-MSCs promoted their polarization to the M2 phenotype, and inhibited their polarization to the M1 phenotype. What's more, AD-MSCs could reduce the migration, proliferation and Inflammatory cytokines of activated microglia, which is able to inhibit inflammation in the central system. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, the present study demonstrates that transplantation of canine AD-MSCs can promote functional recovery in TBI rats via inhibition of neuronal apoptosis, glial cell activation and central system inflammation, thus providing a theoretical basis for canine AD-MSCs therapy for TBI in veterinary clinic.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Doenças do Cão , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Doenças dos Roedores , Ratos , Animais , Cães , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/terapia , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/veterinária , Microglia , Macrófagos , Inflamação/veterinária , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/veterinária , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/métodos
10.
Exp Parasitol ; 259: 108726, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38428664

RESUMO

Cysticercus fasciolaris is a parasitic helminth that usually infects feline and canine mammal hosts. The intermediate hosts (rodents, occasionally lagomorphs, and humans) get infected by the consumption of feed or water contaminated with eggs. Rodents are vectors of disease and reservoirs of various zoonotic parasites. The current survey was aimed at determining endoparasitic helminth infections in rodents in central Morocco. Sampled rodents after specific identification were sacrificed and examined to identify parasitic helminths following ethical guidelines. Parasites were identified using morphological characteristics. A total of 197 specimens of rodents were collected and examined in this study. Ten rodent species were identified morphologically as Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, Apodemus sylvaticus, Mus musculus, M. spretus, Mastomys erythroleucus, Meriones shawi, M. libycus, Gerbillus campestris, and Lemniscomys barbarus. The parasitological results showed that metacestode of tapeworms was found encysted in the liver, the larval stage of Taenia taeniaeformis develops large multinodular fibrosarcomas which envelope the tapeworm cysts in the liver of the R. rattus and R. norvegicus. Based on morphological data, the metacestode was identified as C. fasciolaris in 23 (23/80) R. rattus 2 (2/8) and R. norvegicus with a prevalence of 11.7 % and 1.0 %, respectively. Rodents are major vectors of human and domestic animal diseases worldwide, and therefore, important parasitic zoonotic agents (C. fasciolaris), which are transmitted by black rats (R. rattus) and brown rats (R. norvegicus), must be considered to prevent the infectivity of humans, domestic animals, and livestock such as cattle, sheep, and rabbits.


Assuntos
Helmintos , Doenças dos Roedores , Taenia , Camundongos , Ratos , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Humanos , Coelhos , Bovinos , Ovinos , Cysticercus , Marrocos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Roedores/parasitologia , Animais Domésticos , Gerbillinae
11.
Parasitol Int ; 100: 102876, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38438077

RESUMO

The chewing louse genus Eutrichophilus Mjöberg has 19 species only associated with porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). Of these species, E. cercolabes, E. cordiceps, E. emersoni, E. minor, E. moojeni, and E. paraguayensis have been recorded in Brazil. In the present study, we report E. cordiceps for the first time in the São Paulo State (Bauru Municipality) and for the second time in the Santa Catarina State (Lages Municipality), providing scanning electron images and light microscopy for the eggs, as well as the first molecular data (18S rRNA) for the genus. Additionally, Bartonella sp. was detected for the first time in this chewing lice species.


Assuntos
Bartonella , Doenças das Aves , Iscnóceros , Porcos-Espinhos , Doenças dos Roedores , Animais , Árvores , Bartonella/genética , Brasil , Roedores
12.
Zool Res ; 45(2): 292-298, 2024 Mar 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38485499

RESUMO

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are maternally inherited and have the potential to cause severe disorders. Mitochondrial replacement therapies, including spindle, polar body, and pronuclear transfers, are promising strategies for preventing the hereditary transmission of mtDNA diseases. While pronuclear transfer has been used to generate mitochondrial replacement mouse models and human embryos, its application in non-human primates has not been previously reported. In this study, we successfully generated four healthy cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) via female pronuclear transfer. These individuals all survived for more than two years and exhibited minimal mtDNA carryover (3.8%-6.7%), as well as relatively stable mtDNA heteroplasmy dynamics during development. The successful establishment of this non-human primate model highlights the considerable potential of pronuclear transfer in reducing the risk of inherited mtDNA diseases and provides a valuable preclinical research model for advancing mitochondrial replacement therapies in humans.


Assuntos
Doenças Mitocondriais , Doenças dos Roedores , Camundongos , Humanos , Feminino , Animais , Doenças Mitocondriais/genética , Doenças Mitocondriais/prevenção & controle , Doenças Mitocondriais/veterinária , Haplorrinos/genética , Mitocôndrias/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Primatas/genética
13.
Zool Res ; 45(2): 367-380, 2024 Mar 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38485506

RESUMO

Osteoporosis is a prevalent metabolic bone disease. While drug therapy is essential to prevent bone loss in osteoporotic patients, current treatments are limited by side effects and high costs, necessitating the development of more effective and safer targeted therapies. Utilizing a zebrafish ( Danio rerio) larval model of osteoporosis, we explored the influence of the metabolite spermine on bone homeostasis. Results showed that spermine exhibited dual activity in osteoporotic zebrafish larvae by increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption. Spermine not only demonstrated excellent biosafety but also mitigated prednisolone-induced embryonic neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Notably, spermine showcased protective attributes in the nervous systems of both zebrafish embryos and larvae. At the molecular level, Rac1 was identified as playing a pivotal role in mediating the anti-osteoporotic effects of spermine, with P53 potentially acting downstream of Rac1. These findings were confirmed using mouse ( Mus musculus) models, in which spermine not only ameliorated osteoporosis but also promoted bone formation and mineralization under healthy conditions, suggesting strong potential as a bone-strengthening agent. This study underscores the beneficial role of spermine in osteoporotic bone homeostasis and skeletal system development, highlighting pivotal molecular mediators. Given their efficacy and safety, human endogenous metabolites like spermine are promising candidates for new anti-osteoporotic drug development and daily bone-fortifying agents.


Assuntos
Osteoporose , Doenças dos Roedores , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Peixe-Zebra , Espermina/uso terapêutico , Osteoporose/tratamento farmacológico , Osteoporose/metabolismo , Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Osteoporose/veterinária , Prednisolona/efeitos adversos , Glucocorticoides , Doenças dos Roedores/induzido quimicamente , Doenças dos Roedores/tratamento farmacológico
14.
Zool Res ; 45(2): 398-414, 2024 Mar 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38485508

RESUMO

Structural plasticity is critical for the functional diversity of neurons in the brain. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used model for multiple sclerosis (MS), successfully mimicking its key pathological features (inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss, and gliosis) and clinical symptoms (motor and non-motor dysfunctions). Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of synaptic plasticity in EAE pathogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the features of behavioral alteration and hippocampal structural plasticity in EAE-affected mice in the early phase (11 days post-immunization, DPI) and chronic phase (28 DPI). EAE-affected mice exhibited hippocampus-related behavioral dysfunction in the open field test during both early and chronic phases. Dendritic complexity was largely affected in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and CA3 apical and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions of the hippocampus during the chronic phase, while this effect was only noted in the CA1 apical subregion in the early phase. Moreover, dendritic spine density was reduced in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 apical/basal and DG subregions in the early phase of EAE, but only reduced in the DG subregion during the chronic phase. Furthermore, mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines ( Il1ß, Tnfα, and Ifnγ) and glial cell markers ( Gfap and Cd68) were significantly increased, whereas the expression of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) was reduced during the chronic phase. Similarly, exposure to the aforementioned cytokines in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons reduced dendritic complexity and ARC expression. Primary cultures of hippocampal neurons also showed significantly reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation upon treatment with proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these results suggest that autoimmune neuroinflammation alters structural plasticity in the hippocampus, possibly through the ERK-ARC pathway, indicating that this alteration may be associated with hippocampal dysfunctions in EAE.


Assuntos
Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental , Esclerose Múltipla , Doenças dos Roedores , Camundongos , Animais , Esclerose Múltipla/metabolismo , Esclerose Múltipla/patologia , Esclerose Múltipla/veterinária , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/metabolismo , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/patologia , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/veterinária , Citocinas/metabolismo , Doenças dos Roedores/metabolismo , Doenças dos Roedores/patologia
15.
Vet Res ; 55(1): 35, 2024 Mar 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38520031

RESUMO

The increase in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance has led to great challenges in controlling porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) infections. Combinations of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and antibiotics can synergistically improve antimicrobial efficacy and reduce bacterial resistance. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of porcine myeloid antimicrobial peptide 36 (PMAP-36) in combination with tetracycline against porcine ExPEC PCN033 both in vitro and in vivo. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of AMPs (PMAP-36 and PR-39) against the ExPEC strains PCN033 and RS218 were 10 µM and 5 µM, respectively. Results of the checkerboard assay and the time-kill assay showed that PMAP-36 and antibiotics (tetracycline and gentamicin) had synergistic bactericidal effects against PCN033. PMAP-36 and tetracycline in combination led to PCN033 cell wall shrinkage, as was shown by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, PMAP-36 delayed the emergence of PCN033 resistance to tetracycline by inhibiting the expression of the tetracycline resistance gene tetB. In a mouse model of systemic infection of PCN033, treatment with PMAP-36 combined with tetracycline significantly increased the survival rate, reduced the bacterial load and dampened the inflammatory response in mice. In addition, detection of immune cells in the peritoneal lavage fluid using flow cytometry revealed that the combination of PMAP-36 and tetracycline promoted the migration of monocytes/macrophages to the infection site. Our results suggest that AMPs in combination with antibiotics may provide more therapeutic options against multidrug-resistant porcine ExPEC.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli Extraintestinal Patogênica , Doenças dos Roedores , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Suínos , Camundongos , Escherichia coli Extraintestinal Patogênica/genética , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Tetraciclinas , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/tratamento farmacológico
16.
BMC Vet Res ; 20(1): 117, 2024 Mar 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38521906

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In Bosnia and Herzegovina, domestic and wild carnivores represent a significant driver for the transmission and ecology of zoonotic pathogens, especially those of parasitic aetiology. Nevertheless, there is no systematic research of Trichinella species in animals that have been conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, even though trichinellosis is considered the most important parasitic zoonosis. The available results of the few studies carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina are mainly related to the confirmation of parasitic larvae in the musculature of domestic pigs and wild boars or data related to trichinellosis in humans. The objective of our study was to present the findings of a comprehensive investigation into the species composition of Trichinella among 11 carnivorous species within the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as follows: red fox (Vulpes vulpes), grey wolf (Canis lupus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), wildcat (Felis silvestris), pine marten (Martes martes), European badger (Meles meles), weasel (Mustela nivalis), European polecat (Mustela putorius), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), but also dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and cat (Felis catus). RESULTS: In the period 2013-2023, carnivore musculature samples (n = 629), each consisting of 10 g of muscle tissue, were taken post-mortem and individually examined using the artificial digestion method. In the positive samples (n = 128), molecular genotyping and identification of parasitic larvae of Trichinella spp. were performed using a PCR-based technique up to the species/genotype level. Positive samples were used for basic PCR detection of the genus Trichinella (rrnS rt-PCR technique) and genotyping (rrnl-EVS rt-PCR technique). The Trichinella infection was documented for the first time in Bosnia and Herzegovina among red foxes, grey wolves, brown bears, dogs, badgers and Eurasian lynx, with a frequency rate of 20.3%. Additionally, the presence of T. britovi infection was newly confirmed in Bosnia and Herzegovina, marking the initial documented cases. Furthermore, both T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis infections were observed in the wildcat population, whereas T. britovi and T. spiralis infections were detected in pine martens. Consistent with previous research, our findings align particularly regarding carnivores, with data from other countries such as Germany, Finland, Romania, Poland and Spain, where T. britovi exhibits a wider distribution (62.5-100%) compared to T. spiralis (0.0-37.5%). T. britovi is more common among sylvatic carnivores (89.0%), while T. spiralis prevails in wild boars (62.0%), domestic swine (82.0%) and rodents (75.0%). CONCLUSION: The results of our study represent the first molecular identification of species of the genus Trichinella in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Additionally, our findings underscore the necessity for targeted epidemiological studies to thoroughly assess trichinellosis prevalence across diverse animal populations. Considering the relatively high frequency of trichinellosis infection in investigated animal species and its public health implications, there is an evident need for establishing an effective trichinellosis surveillance system in Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Assuntos
Carnívoros , Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Lynx , Mustelidae , Doenças dos Roedores , Doenças dos Suínos , Trichinella , Triquinelose , Ursidae , Lobos , Humanos , Animais , Suínos , Cães , Gatos , Trichinella/genética , Triquinelose/epidemiologia , Triquinelose/veterinária , Bósnia e Herzegóvina/epidemiologia , Sus scrofa , Carnívoros/parasitologia , Roedores , Furões , Raposas/parasitologia , Larva , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia
17.
Vet Res ; 55(1): 34, 2024 Mar 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38504299

RESUMO

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a major swine pathogen and a zoonotic agent, causing meningitis in both swine and humans, responsible for substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The pathogenesis of infection and the role of bacterial cell wall components in virulence have not been fully elucidated. Lipoproteins, peptidoglycan, as well as lipoteichoic acids (LTA) have all been proposed to contribute to virulence. In the present study, the role of the LTA in the pathogenesis of the infection was evaluated through the characterisation of a mutant of the S. suis serotype 2 strain P1/7 lacking the LtaS enzyme, which mediates the polymerization of the LTA poly-glycerolphosphate chain. The ltaS mutant was confirmed to completely lack LTA and displayed significant morphological defects. Although the bacterial growth of this mutant was not affected, further results showed that LTA is involved in maintaining S. suis bacterial fitness. However, its role in the pathogenesis of the infection appears limited. Indeed, LTA presence reduces self-agglutination, biofilm formation and even dendritic cell activation, which are important aspects of the pathogenesis of the infection caused by S. suis. In addition, it does not seem to play a critical role in virulence using a systemic mouse model of infection.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Roedores , Infecções Estreptocócicas , Streptococcus suis , Doenças dos Suínos , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Suínos , Sorogrupo , Forma Celular , Virulência , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia
18.
Rev Bras Parasitol Vet ; 33(1): e014223, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38511816

RESUMO

The cytokine microenvironment is crucial in generating and polarizing the immune response. A means of monitoring this environment would be of great value for better understanding Toxocara canis immune modulation. The aim of this study was to analyze the dynamics of cytokine transcription ex vivo, during early (24-48 hours) and late (15-30 days) times post-infection, in the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and intestinal mucosa of Balb/c mice experimentally infected with T. canis larvae. Mice in the treated group were infected with 100 third-stage larvae (L3), whereas mice in the control group were not infected. Analyses were performed at different times: 24-48 hours post-infection (HPI), 15-30 days post-infection (DPI). IL4, IL10, IL12 and Ym1 mRNA transcriptions were analyzed through qPCR. This study showed cytokine transcription mediated by migrating larvae in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen at 24-48 HPI, whereas cytokine transcription in the intestinal mucosa was observed only at late times (15-30 DPI). These results suggest that the T. canis larvae migration during infection might play a role in cytokine dynamics. Since the cytokine microenvironment is crucial in modulating immune response, knowledge of cytokine dynamics during T. canis infections pave the way to better understand its interaction with the host.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Roedores , Toxocara canis , Toxocaríase , Animais , Camundongos , Citocinas , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Baço
19.
Rev Bras Parasitol Vet ; 33(1): e020223, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38511819

RESUMO

This study aimed to detect Toxoplasma gondii in artisanal salted meat products sold in street markets in the Ilhéus-Itabuna microregion and to assess the salt concentration used in their preparation and its influence on the parasite's viability. A total of 125 samples of various artisanal meat products sold in street markets located in the Ilhéus-Itabuna microregion were collected during 2021. Serological analysis using indirect hemagglutination (HAI) and molecular analysis (PCR) were performed on these samples to detect the presence of the parasite. Möhr's method was utilized to determine the sodium chloride concentration in the samples. Of all samples, 21 were subjected to a bioassay in albino mice to verify the viability of possible tissue cysts. Among the 125 meat products, 10 (8%) tested positive in the serological analysis including four cured pork sausages, five beef sun-dried meats, and one mixed fresh sausage (pork and chicken). None of 125 samples tested positive in the molecular analysis. On bioassay, all mice tested negative for the presence of the parasite. The NaCl concentration in the positive samples ranged from 2.9% to 8%. The results demonstrated that the salt concentration in the collected samples was sufficient to inactivate the parasite T. gondii.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Produtos da Carne , Doenças dos Roedores , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose Animal , Bovinos , Animais , Camundongos , Produtos da Carne/parasitologia , Cloreto de Sódio , Carne/parasitologia , Bioensaio/veterinária
20.
Pol J Vet Sci ; 27(1): 61-74, 2024 Mar 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38511603

RESUMO

This study aimed to develop an equine-derived hyperimmune serum against SARS-CoV-2 and evaluate its efficacy as a potential immunotherapy tool for the treatment of known and potential variants of COVID-19 in preclinical trials. The novelty of this study is the whole virus and ALUM gel adjuvant formula. The horses were immunized using a whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 antigen, and the final purified hyperimmune serum showed high plaque reduction neutralization (PRNT 50) neutralizing titers. The efficacy of the hyperimmune serum was evaluated histopathologically and biochemically in the lungs, hearts, and serum of K18 hACE2 transgenic mice (n=45), which is an accepted model organism for SARS-CoV-2 studies and was challenged with live SARS-CoV-2. Serum treatment improved the general condition, resulting in lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood plasma, as well as reduced viral RNA titers in the lungs and hearts. Additionally, it reduced oxidative stress significantly and lessened the severity of interstitial pneumonia in the lungs when compared to infected positive controls. The study concluded that equine-derived anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could be used for COVID-19 prevention and treatment, especially in the early stages of the disease and in combination with antiviral drugs and vaccines. This treatment will benefit special patient populations such as immunocompromised individuals, as specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can neutralize the virus before it enters host cells. The rapid and cost-effective production of the serum allows for its availability during the acute phase of the disease, making it a critical intervention in preventing the spread of the disease and saving lives in new variants where a vaccine is not yet developed.


Assuntos
Compostos de Alúmen , COVID-19 , Doenças dos Cavalos , Melfalan , Doenças dos Roedores , gama-Globulinas , Camundongos , Animais , Cavalos , COVID-19/veterinária , SARS-CoV-2 , Anticorpos Antivirais , Camundongos Transgênicos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Doenças dos Cavalos/prevenção & controle
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