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1.
Microbiol Res ; 281: 127611, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38228018

RESUMO

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by bacteria play an important, yet relatively unexplored role in interactions between plants and phytopathogens. In this study, the soil bacterium Bacillus halotolerans NYG5 was identified as a potent biocontrol agent against several phytopathogenic fungi (Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) through the production of VOCs. NYG5-emitted VOCs also inhibited the growth of bacterial pathogens (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Xanthomonas campestris, Clavibacter michiganensis, and Pseudomonas syringae). When cultured in various growth media, NYG5 produced a variety of VOCs. Five distinct VOCs (2-methylbutanoic acid, 5-methyl-2-hexanone, 2,3-hexanedione, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and 6-methyl-2-heptanone) were identified using headspace GC-MS. 2,3-Hexanedione exhibited potent lethal effects on the tested phytopathogens and nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne javanica at a concentration of 50 ppm. In addition, 0.05 ppm 2,3-hexanedione stimulated the expression of pathogenesis-related genes 1 and 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Interestingly, 2,3-hexanedione is used as a food additive at higher concentrations than those tested in this study. Hence, 2,3-hexanedione is a promising biologically active compound that might serve as a sustainable alternative to common chemical pesticides and an elicitor of plant defense.


Assuntos
Bacillus , Hexanonas , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/farmacologia , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/metabolismo , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus/metabolismo , Bactérias/metabolismo
2.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37248089

RESUMO

Hexane is a widely used organic solvent in industry, and chronic hexane poisoning is the main occupational toxic lesion in China. In particular, axonal and myelin lesions in the distal thick fibers of the peripheral nervous system may be caused by 2, 5-hexanedione (2, 5-HD), an intermediate metabolite of n-hexane in humans. Hexane has toxic effects not only on the nervous system but also on the liver, kidneys, and reproductive organs. In this paper, we review the progress of research on the mechanism of n-hexane toxic neuropathy.


Assuntos
Hexanos , Hexanonas , Humanos , Hexanos/toxicidade , Indústrias , Solventes
3.
J Pharmacol Sci ; 152(1): 39-49, 2023 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37059490

RESUMO

Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1) is a morphogen produced by Dictyostelium discoideum that inhibits the proliferation and migration of both D. discoideum and most mammalian cells. Herein, we assessed the effect of DIF-1 on mitochondria, because DIF-3, which is similar to DIF-1, reportedly localizes in the mitochondria when added exogenously, however the significance of this localization remains unclear. Cofilin is an actin depolymerization factor that is activated by dephosphorylation at Ser-3. By regulating the actin cytoskeleton, cofilin induces mitochondrial fission, the first step in mitophagy. Here, we report that DIF-1 activates cofilin and induces mitochondrial fission and mitophagy mainly using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), a downstream molecule of DIF-1 signaling, is required for cofilin activation. Pyridoxal phosphatase (PDXP)-known to directly dephosphorylate cofilin-is also required for the effect of DIF-1 on cofilin, indicating that DIF-1 activates cofilin through AMPK and PDXP. Cofilin knockdown inhibits mitochondrial fission and decreases mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) protein levels, a hallmark of mitophagy. Taken together, these results indicate that cofilin is required for DIF-1- induced mitochondrial fission and mitophagy.


Assuntos
Dictyostelium , Hexanonas , Animais , Humanos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Fatores de Despolimerização de Actina/metabolismo , Fatores de Despolimerização de Actina/farmacologia , Dinâmica Mitocondrial , Dictyostelium/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolases , Piridoxal/farmacologia , Hexanonas/farmacologia , Mamíferos/metabolismo
4.
Molecules ; 27(17)2022 Aug 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36080135

RESUMO

The electropolymerization of three phenylphenol isomers was studied in methyl isobutyl ketone and mesityl oxide, and the remarkable differences highlighted the importance of the carbon-carbon double bond in mesityl oxide. In the case of each substrate, a brownish deposit formed during the electrooxidation. The obvious difference between the polymers formed from the two solvents was recognized via voltammetric signal enhancement of 4-methoxyphenol and 4-chlorophenol, and it was only observed in the case of mesityl oxide. The experiments highlighted that incorporation of a cavitand with biphenyl groups on the upper rim of the polymers of phenylphenols improved the results to a small extent. The cavitand was, itself, electroactive without any fouling effect. As 2-phenylphenol is by far the cheapest of the three isomers, a cavitand was incorporated into its polymer, which was exploited to solve analytical problems while mesityl oxide was used as solvent. Useful quantifications were achieved in organic solvents; however, it failed under aqueous conditions due to the high hydrophobicity of the deposit. Application of differential pulse voltammetry for 4-methoxyphenol and 4-chlorophenol gave detection limits of 9.28 and 50.8 µM in acetonitrile, respectively. This procedure resulted in the immobilization of cavitand derivatives onto the electrode's surface, and the layer formed offered selective sensing of phenols by electrochemical methods.


Assuntos
Fenóis , Polímeros , Carbono , Eletrodos , Éteres Cíclicos , Hexanonas , Metil n-Butil Cetona , Polimerização , Resorcinóis , Solventes
5.
ChemSusChem ; 15(13): e202200437, 2022 Jul 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35394696

RESUMO

The development of sustainable and efficient catalysts -namely Ru supported on activated biochars- is carried out for the selective hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 1-hydroxy-2,5-hexanedione (HHD). Activated biochars obtained from pyrolysis and steam-based physical activation of two different biomasses from animal (leather tannery waste; ALw ) and vegetal (hazelnut shells; AHSw ) origins show completely different chemical, textural, and morphological properties. Compared to ALw , after impregnation with 0.5 wt % Ru, AHSw , with inner micro-mesochannels and cavities and higher layer stacking disorder, leads to better trapping and anchoring of Ru nanoparticles on the catalyst and a suitable Ru single crystal dispersion. This leads to a highly active Ru/AHSw catalyst in the proposed reaction, giving more than 80 % selectivity to HHD and full HMF conversion at 100 °C with 30 bar H2 for 3 h. Ru/AHSw also shows promising performance compared to a commercial Ru/C catalyst.


Assuntos
Rutênio , Catálise , Carvão Vegetal , Furaldeído/análogos & derivados , Hexanonas , Hidrogenação , Rutênio/química
6.
ChemSusChem ; 15(13): e202102444, 2022 Jul 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34918485

RESUMO

Currently, low intimacy between hydrogenation sites and acidic sites causes unsatisfactory catalytic activity and selectivity for the synthesis of 2,5-hexanedione from C6 furan aldehydes (5-methylfurfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural). Herein, iodine(I) modification of Pd-supported catalysts (such as PdI/Al2 O3 and PdI/SiO2 ) was investigated to modulate the hydrogenation sites and acidic sites. Unlike Pd catalysts that produced 71.4 % yield of 2-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl tetrahydrofuran via an overhydrogenation route of 5-methylfurfural, PdI catalysts showed a high efficiency for 2,5-hexanedione with 93.7 % yield by a hydrogenative ring-opening route. More importantly, the selective synthesis of 2,5-hexanedione from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with a high yield of 50.2 % by the hydrogenolysis and subsequent ring-opening route was reported for the first time. I-modified Pd nanoparticles produced in-situ hydrogen spillover, which promoted the selective C=O hydrogenation and ring-opening steps by regulating the adsorption configuration of the reactants and the transformation of Lewis to Brønsted acidity, respectively.


Assuntos
Aldeídos , Iodo , Furanos , Hexanonas , Iodetos , Dióxido de Silício
7.
Biochem Pharmacol ; 194: 114834, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34774530

RESUMO

Malaria, which is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, remains a major endemic public health problem worldwide. Since artemisinin combination therapies are used as a first-line treatment in all endemic regions, the emergence of parasites resistant to these regimens has become a serious problem. Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1) is a chlorinated alkylphenone originally found in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. DIF-1 and its derivatives exhibit a range of biological activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 41 DIF derivatives on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro using four laboratory strains and 12 field isolates. Micromolar concentrations of several DIF derivatives strongly suppressed the growth of the four laboratory strains, including strains that exhibited resistance to chloroquine and artemisinin, as well as strains that were susceptible to these drugs. In addition, DIF-1(+2), the most potent derivative, strongly suppressed the growth of 12 field isolates. We also examined the effects of DIF-1(+2) on the activity of the rodent malarial parasite Plasmodium berghei in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of DIF-1(+2) over 4 days (50 or 70 mg/kg/day) significantly suppressed the growth of the parasite in the blood with no apparent adverse effects, and a dose of 70 mg/kg/day significantly prolonged animal survival. These results suggest that DIF derivatives, such as DIF-1(+2), could serve as new lead compounds for the development of antimalarial agents.


Assuntos
Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Dictyostelium , Hexanonas/farmacologia , Parasitos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plasmodium berghei/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plasmodium falciparum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Células 3T3-L1 , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Parasitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasmodium berghei/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasmodium falciparum/efeitos dos fármacos
8.
J Chem Ecol ; 47(12): 941-949, 2021 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34532812

RESUMO

Here, we study the pheromone chemistry of two South American cerambycid beetle species, and their behavioral responses to candidate pheromone components. Adult males of Stizocera phtisica Gounelle (subfamily Cerambycinae: tribe Elaphidiini) produced a sex-specific blend of (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one with lesser amounts of 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol. In field bioassays, traps baited with racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol did not catch conspecific beetles, but did catch both sexes of a sympatric species, Chydarteres dimidiatus dimidiatus (F.) (Cerambycinae: Trachyderini). We found that males of this species also produce (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol, and small amounts of 2-phenylethanol. Subsequent bioassays with these compounds showed that a blend of 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol constitutes the aggregation-sex pheromone of C. d. dimidiatus, with 2-phenylethanol not influencing the attraction of conspecifics. During the field bioassays, six other species in the Cerambycinae also were caught in significant numbers, including Aglaoschema ventrale (Germar) (tribe Compsocerini), congeners Chrysoprasis aurigena (Germar), Chrysoprasis linearis Bates, and an unidentified Chrysoprasis species (Dichophyiini), and Cotyclytus curvatus (Germar) and Itaclytus olivaceus (Laporte & Gory) (both Clytini), suggesting that one or more of the compounds tested are also pheromone components for these species.


Assuntos
Besouros/efeitos dos fármacos , Feromônios/farmacologia , Animais , Besouros/fisiologia , Hexanonas/farmacologia , Masculino , América do Sul , Especificidade da Espécie
11.
Stem Cell Res Ther ; 12(1): 436, 2021 08 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34348774

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: N-hexane, with its metabolite 2,5-hexanedine (HD), is an industrial hazardous material. Chronic hexane exposure causes segmental demyelination in the peripheral nerves, and high-dose intoxication may also affect central nervous system. Demyelinating conditions are difficult to treat and stem cell therapy using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is a promising novel strategy. Our previous study found that BMSCs promoted motor function recovery in rats modeling hexane neurotoxicity. This work aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms and focused on the changes in spinal cord. METHODS: Sprague Dawley rats were intoxicated with HD (400 mg/kg/day, i.p, for 5 weeks). A bolus of BMSCs (5 × 107 cells/kg) was injected via tail vein. Demyelination and remyelination of the spinal cord before and after BMSC treatment were examined microscopically. Cultured oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) were incubated with HD ± BMSC-derived conditional medium (BMSC-CM). OPC differentiation was studied by immunostaining and morphometric analysis. The expressional changes of Hes1, a transcription factor negatively regulating OPC-differentiation, were studied. The upstream Notch1 and TNFα/RelB pathways were studied, and some key signaling molecules were measured. The correlation between neurotrophin NGF and TNFα was also investigated. Statistical significance was evaluated using one-way ANOVA and performed using SPSS 13.0. RESULTS: The demyelinating damage by HD and remyelination by BMSCs were evidenced by electron microscopy, LFB staining and NG2/MBP immunohistochemistry. In vitro cultured OPCs showed more differentiation after incubation with BMSC-CM. Hes1 expression was found to be significantly increased by HD and decreased by BMSC or BMSC-CM. The change of Hes1 was found, however, independent of Notch1 activation, but dependent on TNFα/RelB signaling. HD was found to increase TNFα, RelB and Hes1 expression, and BMSCs were found to have the opposite effect. Addition of recombinant TNFα to OPCs or RelB overexpression similarly caused upregulation of Hes1 expression. The secretion of NGF by BMSC and activation of NGF receptor was found important for suppression of TNFα production in OPCs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that BMSCs promote remyelination in the spinal cord of HD-exposed rats via TNFα/RelB-Hes1 pathway, providing novel insights for evaluating and further exploring the therapeutical effect of BMSCs on demyelinating neurodegenerative disease.


Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Células Precursoras de Oligodendrócitos , Remielinização , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Hexanonas , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Medula Espinal , Fatores de Transcrição HES-1/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética
12.
Biosci Rep ; 41(4)2021 04 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33792642

RESUMO

Increasing evidence suggests that n-hexane induces nerve injury via neuronal apoptosis induced by its active metabolite 2,5-hexanedione (HD). However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Studies have confirmed that pro-nerve growth factor (proNGF), a precursor of mature nerve growth factor (mNGF), might activate apoptotic signaling by binding to p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in neurons. Therefore, we studied the mechanism of the proNGF/p75NTR pathway in HD-induced neuronal apoptosis. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were injected with 400 mg/kg HD once a day for 5 weeks, and VSC4.1 cells were treated with 10, 20, and 40 mM HD in vitro. Results showed that HD effectively induced neuronal apoptosis. Moreover, it up-regulated proNGF and p75NTR levels, activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Jun, and disrupted the balance between B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). Our findings revealed that the proNGF/p75NTR signaling pathway was involved in HD-induced neuronal apoptosis; it can serve as a theoretical basis for further exploration of the neurotoxic mechanisms of HD.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Hexanonas/farmacologia , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurotoxinas/farmacologia , Precursores de Proteínas/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Hexanonas/toxicidade , MAP Quinase Quinase 4/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurotoxinas/toxicidade , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Medula Espinal/citologia , Medula Espinal/metabolismo
13.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(5)2021 Feb 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33669058

RESUMO

Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) is a chlorinated alkylphenone (a polyketide) found in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. DIF-1 and its derivative, DIF-1(3M) promote glucose consumption in vitro in mammalian cells and in vivo in diabetic rats; they are expected to be the leading antiobesity and antidiabetes compounds. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the actions of DIF-1 and DIF-1(3M). In isolated mouse liver mitochondria, these compounds at 2-20 µM promoted oxygen consumption in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that they act as mitochondrial uncouplers, whereas CP-DIF-1 (another derivative of DIF-1) at 10-20 µM had no effect. In confluent mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, DIF-1 and DIF-1(3M) but not CP-DIF-1 induced phosphorylation (and therefore activation) of AMP kinase (AMPK) and promoted glucose consumption and metabolism. The DIF-induced glucose consumption was reduced by compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) or AMPK knock down. These data suggest that DIF-1 and DIF-1(3M) promote glucose uptake, at least in part, via an AMPK-dependent pathway in 3T3-L1 cells, whereas cellular metabolome analysis revealed that DIF-1 and DIF-1(3M) may act differently at least in part.


Assuntos
Adenilato Quinase/metabolismo , Dictyostelium/metabolismo , Glucose/metabolismo , Hexanonas/farmacologia , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacologia , Metaboloma/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Células 3T3 , Adenilato Quinase/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Camundongos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação , RNA Interferente Pequeno , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos
14.
Plant Cell Physiol ; 62(4): 610-623, 2021 Sep 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33508105

RESUMO

In maize, nitrate regulates root development thanks to the coordinated action of many players. In this study, the involvement of strigolactones (SLs) and auxin as putative components of the nitrate regulation of lateral root (LR) was investigated. To this aim, the endogenous SL content of maize root in response to nitrate was assessed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and measurements of LR density in the presence of analogues or inhibitors of auxin and SLs were performed. Furthermore, an untargeted RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq)-based approach was used to better characterize the participation of auxin and SLs to the transcriptional signature of maize root response to nitrate. Our results suggested that N deprivation induces zealactone and carlactonoic acid biosynthesis in root, to a higher extent if compared to P-deprived roots. Moreover, data on LR density led to hypothesize that the induction of LR development early occurring upon nitrate supply involves the inhibition of SL biosynthesis, but that the downstream target of SL shutdown, besides auxin, also includes additional unknown players. Furthermore, RNA-seq results provided a set of putative markers for the auxin- or SL-dependent action of nitrate, meanwhile also allowing to identify novel components of the molecular regulation of maize root response to nitrate. Globally, the existence of at least four different pathways was hypothesized: one dependent on auxin, a second one mediated by SLs, a third deriving from the SL-auxin interplay, and a last one attributable to nitrate itself through further downstream signals. Further work will be necessary to better assess the reliability of the model proposed.


Assuntos
Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Lactonas/metabolismo , Nitratos/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Germinação , Hexanonas/farmacologia , Nitratos/farmacologia , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Orobanchaceae/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Triazóis/farmacologia , Zea mays/efeitos dos fármacos , Zea mays/metabolismo
15.
Free Radic Biol Med ; 162: 561-570, 2021 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33212186

RESUMO

Chronic exposure to n-hexane causes sensorimotor neuropathy, which is mediated by 2,5-hexanedione (HD), a toxic metabolite of n-hexane. Activation of the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether the NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to HD-induced neurotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, the effects of HD on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the underlying mechanisms were determined by using HD-treated rat and cell culture models. Increased NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1ß production were observed in both the brain and spinal cord of HD-treated rats. Double-immunofluorescence staining showed that ASC speck formation and caspase-1 expression were mainly localized in microglia. HD-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was further mirrored in BV2 microglial cells and was associated with NADPH oxidase activation. Interestingly, inhibition of NADPH oxidase by apocynin or specific siRNAs significantly mitigated HD-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, apocynin suppressed activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Blocking activation of p38-MAPK and NF-κB significantly reduced HD-induced capase-1 activation and interleukin-1ß maturation, indicating a critical role of NADPH oxidase and downstream MAPK and NF-κB pathways in regulating activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, in HD-treated microglia. Finally, we found that inhibition of microglial NLRP3 inflammasome and NADPH oxidase activation abrogated HD-induced microglial activation and neurodegeneration in both SHSY5Y neuronal cells and primary cortical neuron-glia cultures. Altogether, our findings suggest that NADPH oxidase-dependent activation of microglial NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to HD-induced neurotoxicity, providing novel insight into the mechanisms of this solvent-induced neuropathy.


Assuntos
Inflamassomos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR , Animais , Hexanonas , Interleucina-1beta/genética , NADPH Oxidases/genética , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Oxirredutases , Ratos
16.
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res ; 1868(2): 118909, 2021 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33189784

RESUMO

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell source for tissue regeneration and repair. However, their low differentiation efficacy currently impedes the development of MSC therapy. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) on the differentiation efficacy of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) into adipogenic or osteogenic lineages. BM-MSCs, which were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats, were positive for the MSC markers (CD29, CD73, and CD90). DIF-1 alone neither affected cell surface antigen expression nor induced adipogenic or osteogenic differentiation. However, DIF-1 significantly enhanced the effects of adipogenic differentiation stimuli, which were evaluated as the number of oil red-O positive cells and the expression of adipocyte differentiation markers (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, and adiponectin). In contrast, DIF-1 significantly attenuated the effects of osteogenic differentiation stimuli, which were evaluated as alizarin red-S positive calcium deposition, and the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase, runt-related transcription factor 2, and osteopontin. We further investigated the mechanism by which DIF-1 affects MSC differentiation efficacy and found that glycogen synthase kinase-3 was the main factor mediating the action of DIF-1 on the adipogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs, whereas it was only partially involved in osteogenic differentiation. These results suggest that DIF-1 supports MSC differentiation toward the desired cell fate by enhancing the differentiation efficacy.


Assuntos
Adipogenia/efeitos dos fármacos , Hexanonas/farmacologia , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Animais , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Masculino , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos
17.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol ; 409: 115335, 2020 12 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33197454

RESUMO

The mechanisms by which 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) exposure adversely affects reproduction are unclear. In the present study, whole neonatal mouse ovaries were exposed to 2,5-HD in vitro and then assessed for progesterone levels to determine the effects of this compound on ovary function. Ovarian histomorphological analyses were performed to assess the effects of 2,5-HD on follicular development, and PI3K signaling pathway was evaluated to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of 2,5-HD-mediated toxicity on follicular development. The results showed that after ovarian exposure to 2,5-HD in vitro, the percentage of secondary follicles decreased, while the progesterone levels and the percentage of unhealthy follicles increased, with oocytes identified as the target of damage. The 2,5-HD treatment significantly decreased the of the gene encoding the apoptosis-related protein caspase-8, and PI3K/AKT/FOXO3 pathway signaling was also altered. Furthermore, the effects of 2,5-HD on the gene expression of the PI3K/AKT/FOXO3 and follicular development were blocked by 740Y-P (a PI3K activator), miR-214-3p was abnormally expressed, and luciferase reporter assay results demonstrated that the 3' untranslated region of PI3K was a direct target of miR-214-3p. Overall, the results of the present study indicate that 2,5-HD exposure inhibits follicular development, and the underlying mechanism may involve interference with miR-214-3p-mediated regulation of the PI3K signaling pathway.


Assuntos
Hexanonas/farmacologia , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Folículo Ovariano/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Camundongos , Oócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Oócitos/metabolismo , Folículo Ovariano/metabolismo , Ovário/metabolismo
18.
Molecules ; 25(20)2020 Oct 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33066391

RESUMO

Three different metal oxides (basic MgO, basic-acidic Al2O3 and acidic-basic Nb2O5) characterized by comparable surface areas (MgO-130 m2/g; Al2O3-172 m2/g and Nb2O5-123 m2/g) and pore systems (domination of mesopores with narrow pore size distribution) were modified with tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TAEA) via two methods: (i) direct anchoring of amine on metal oxide and (ii) anchoring of amine on metal oxide functionalized with (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane. The obtained hybrid materials were characterized in terms of effectiveness of modifier anchoring (elemental analysis), their structural/textural properties (nitrogen adsorption/desorption, XRD), acidity/basicity of support (2-propanol dehydration and dehydrogenation, dehydration and cyclization of 2,5-hexanedione), states of modifier deposited on supports (XPS, FTIR, UV-VIS) and the strength of interaction between the modifier and the support (TG/DTG). It was evidenced that acidic-basic properties of metal oxides as well as the procedure of modification with TAEA determined the ways of amine anchoring and the strength of its interaction with the support. The obtained hybrid materials were tested in Knoevenagel condensation between furfural and malononitrile. The catalysts based on MgO showed superior activity in this reaction. It was correlated with the way of TAEA anchoring on basic MgO and the strength of modifier anchoring on the support. To the best of our knowledge tris(2-aminoethyl)amine has not been used as a modifier of solid supports for enhancement of the catalyst activity in Knoevenagel condensation.


Assuntos
Etilenodiaminas/química , Óxidos/química , 2-Propanol/química , Catálise , Ciclização , Furaldeído/química , Hexanonas/química , Óxido de Magnésio/química , Nitrilas/química , Nitrogênio/química , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Difração de Raios X
20.
J Chem Ecol ; 46(9): 809-819, 2020 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32761298

RESUMO

The citrus borer, Diploschema rotundicolle, is a Neotropical longhorn beetle that has become a serious citrus pest in southern South America. Management strategies for this insect rely on trimming off damaged shoots, which is expensive and inefficient. We studied the chemical communication system in D. rotundicolle in search of attractants for monitoring or control. GC-MS and enantioselective GC analyses of volatile extracts from field-collected adults showed that males produce (R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, irregularly accompanied by minor amounts of 2,3-hexanediol (all four stereoisomers) and 2,3-hexanedione. Males emit the compounds only at night, when the adults are active. GC-EAD analyses of natural and synthetic compounds showed that both male and female antennae respond to the natural enantiomer (R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, suggesting that it may function as an aggregation-sex pheromone as seen in many cerambycines. The non-natural (S) enantiomer as well as the minor component 2,3-hexanediol did not trigger antennal responses. Field tests with the racemic 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, enantiomerically pure (R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, as well as a mixture of racemic 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone and 2,3-hexanediol, showed in all cases low capture levels of D. rotundicolle. However, increasing the elevation of the trap and the emission rate of dispensers enhanced field captures in traps baited with racemic hydroxyketone. Incidental catches of another native cerambycine, Retrachydes thoracicus, in traps baited with 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone are also reported. This is the first report of pheromone chemistry in the genus Diploschema and in the tribe Torneutini, reaffirming the pheromone parsimony well established for the Cerambycinae. Potential factors explaining the weak attraction of D. rotundicolle in the field are discussed.


Assuntos
Citrus/parasitologia , Besouros/fisiologia , Feromônios/química , Atrativos Sexuais/química , Animais , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Glicóis/química , Hexanonas/química , Masculino , Controle de Pragas , Comportamento Sexual Animal
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