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1.
J Exp Clin Cancer Res ; 43(1): 88, 2024 Mar 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38515178

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: This study explores the repurposing of Auranofin (AF), an anti-rheumatic drug, for treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) adenocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Drug repurposing in oncology offers a cost-effective and time-efficient approach to developing new cancer therapies. Our research focuses on evaluating AF's selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells, identifying RNAseq-based biomarkers to predict AF response, and finding the most effective co-therapeutic agents for combination with AF. METHODS: Our investigation employed a comprehensive drug screening of AF in combination with eleven anticancer agents in cancerous PDAC and NSCLC patient-derived organoids (n = 7), and non-cancerous pulmonary organoids (n = 2). Additionally, we conducted RNA sequencing to identify potential biomarkers for AF sensitivity and experimented with various drug combinations to optimize AF's therapeutic efficacy. RESULTS: The results revealed that AF demonstrates a preferential cytotoxic effect on NSCLC and PDAC cancer cells at clinically relevant concentrations below 1 µM, sparing normal epithelial cells. We identified Carbonic Anhydrase 12 (CA12) as a significant RNAseq-based biomarker, closely associated with the NF-κB survival signaling pathway, which is crucial in cancer cell response to oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that cancer cells with low CA12 expression are more susceptible to AF treatment. Furthermore, the combination of AF with the AKT inhibitor MK2206 was found to be particularly effective, exhibiting potent and selective cytotoxic synergy, especially in tumor organoid models classified as intermediate responders to AF, without adverse effects on healthy organoids. CONCLUSION: Our research offers valuable insights into the use of AF for treating NSCLC and PDAC. It highlights AF's cancer cell selectivity, establishes CA12 as a predictive biomarker for AF sensitivity, and underscores the enhanced efficacy of AF when combined with MK2206 and other therapeutics. These findings pave the way for further exploration of AF in cancer treatment, particularly in identifying patient populations most likely to benefit from its use and in optimizing combination therapies for improved patient outcomes.


Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Antineoplásicos , Anidrases Carbônicas , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Auranofina/farmacologia , Auranofina/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Pulmão/patologia , Biomarcadores , Organoides/metabolismo
2.
ACS Appl Bio Mater ; 7(3): 2012-2022, 2024 Mar 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38450675

RESUMO

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a clinical challenge due to molecular, metabolic, and genetic heterogeneity as well as the lack of validated drug targets. Thus, therapies or delivery paradigms are needed. Gold-derived compounds including the FDA-approved drug, auranofin have shown promise as effective anticancer agents against several tumors. To improve the solubility and bioavailability of auranofin, we hypothesized that the nanodelivery of auranofin using biodegradable chitosan modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanoparticles (NPs) will enhance anticancer activity against TNBC by comparing the best nanoformulation with the free drug. The selection of the nanoformulation was based on synthesis of various chitosan PEG copolymers via formaldehyde-mediated engraftment of PEG onto chitosan to form [chitosan-g-PEG] copolymer. Furthermore, altered physiochemical properties of the copolymer was based on the formaldehyde ratio towards nanoparticles (CP 1-4 NPs). Following the recruitment of PEG onto the chitosan polymer surface, we explored how this process influenced the stiffness of the nanoparticle using atomic force microscopy (AFM), a factor crucial for in vitro and in vivo studies. Our objective was to ensure the full functionality and inherent properties of chitosan as the parent polymer was maintained without allowing PEG to overshadow chitosan's unique cationic properties while improving solubility in neutral pH. Hence, CP 2 NP was chosen. To demonstrate the efficacy of CP 2 NP as a good delivery carrier for auranofin, we administered a dose of 3 mg/kg of auranofin, in contrast to free auranofin, which was given at 5 mg/kg. In vivo studies revealed the potency of encapsulated auranofin against TNBC cells with a severe necrotic effect following treatment superior to that of free auranofin. In conclusion, chitosan-g-PEG nanoparticles have the potential to be an excellent delivery system for auranofin, increasing its effectiveness and potentially reducing its clinical limitations.


Assuntos
Quitosana , Nanopartículas , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Quitosana/química , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Auranofina/farmacologia , Auranofina/uso terapêutico , Polímeros/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Nanopartículas/química , Formaldeído/uso terapêutico
3.
Cancer Genomics Proteomics ; 21(2): 178-185, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38423598

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/AIM: Chemoresistance in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is associated with poor survival, necessitating the development of novel anticancer drugs. Auranofin (AUR), an anti-rheumatic drug, is a thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD) inhibitor with anticancer properties. Although patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are essential for studying cancer biology, reports on sarcomas using the PDX model are scarce because of their rarity. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of AUR treatment in RMS using a PDX model to evaluate its impact on local progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 20-year-old woman who was diagnosed with alveolar RMS was used to generate the PDX model. RMS PDX tumors were implanted in nude mice and divided into non-treated (vehicle) and treated (AUR) groups. Tumor volume and weight were evaluated, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate local progression of the sarcoma. The relationship between the TXNRD-1 expression and survival probability of patients with RMS was evaluated using publicly available expression cohorts. RESULTS: AUR significantly suppressed RMS tumor progression over time. It also significantly suppressed the tumor size and weight at the time of excision. Histological evaluation showed that AUR induced oxidative stress in the PDX mouse models and inhibited the local progression of RMS by inducing apoptosis. High TXNRD-1 expression was found to be a negative prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with RMS. CONCLUSION: AUR-induced inhibition of TXNRDs can significantly impede the local progression of RMS through the oxidative stress-apoptosis pathway as demonstrated in PDX models. Thus, targeting TXNRD inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of RMS.


Assuntos
Rabdomiossarcoma , Sarcoma , Feminino , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Tiorredoxina Dissulfeto Redutase , Camundongos Nus , Rabdomiossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Auranofina , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Linhagem Celular Tumoral
4.
Anticancer Res ; 44(3): 1045-1049, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38423669

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/AIM: Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare malignant tumor with a poor survival rate. Our previous study reported that auranofin (AUR), a thioredoxin reductase inhibitor, suppresses OS pulmonary metastases; however, the local progression of OS is not affected, in vivo. Nonetheless, the development of augmentation therapy with AUR to inhibit OS local progression remains challenging. Celecoxib (CE), an anti-inflammatory drug, potently enhances the therapeutic activity of AUR against colon cancer. Consequently, this study investigated the combined effects of AUR and CE on OS local progression and pulmonary metastases, in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: C3H/HeSlc mice were implanted with the murine OS cell line, LM8. The mice were treated either with a vehicle control, AUR, or combination of AUR and CE (AUR-CE). The primary tumor size and weight were evaluated for the study duration and at resection, respectively. Hematoxylin and eosin and Ki-67 staining were performed to evaluate OS local progression and pulmonary metastases. RESULTS: Mice in the AUR-CE group showed statistically significantly suppressed tumor sizes and weights at the time of excision compared with those in the vehicle. The mice in the AUR group did not show a statistically significant effect. Histopathological analysis of the primary tumor revealed a statistically significant decrease of the Ki-67-positive cells in the AUR-CE group compared with the vehicle group. Histopathological and quantitative analyses demonstrated that the AUR and AUR-CE groups had statistically significant reductions in the development of OS pulmonary metastases compared with the vehicle group. CONCLUSION: The combination of AUR and CE significantly inhibited OS local progression and pulmonary metastases.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Osteossarcoma , Animais , Camundongos , Auranofina/farmacologia , Celecoxib/farmacologia , Celecoxib/uso terapêutico , Antígeno Ki-67 , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Osteossarcoma/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia
5.
ACS Nano ; 18(9): 7011-7023, 2024 Mar 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38390865

RESUMO

Ferroptotic cancer therapy has been extensively investigated since the genesis of the ferroptosis concept. However, the therapeutic efficacy of ferroptosis induction in heterogeneous and plastic melanoma has been compromised, because the melanocytic and transitory cell subpopulation is resistant to iron-dependent oxidative stress. Here, we report a phenotype-altering liposomal nanomedicine to enable the ferroptosis-resistant subtypes of melanoma cells vulnerable to lipid peroxidation via senescence induction. The strategy involves the ratiometric coencapsulation of a cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor (palbociclib) and a ferroptosis inducer (auranofin) within cRGD peptide-modified targeted liposomes. The two drugs showed a synergistic anticancer effect in the model B16F10 melanoma cells, as evidenced by the combination index analysis (<1). The liposomes could efficiently deliver both drugs into B16F10 cells in a targeted manner. Afterward, the liposomes potently induced the intracellular redox imbalance and lipid peroxidation. Palbociclib significantly provoked cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, which sensitized auranofin-caused ferroptosis through senescence induction. Meanwhile, palbociclib depleted intracellular glutathione (GSH) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), further boosting ferroptosis. The proof-of-concept was also demonstrated in the B16F10 tumor-bearing mice model. The current work offers a promising ferroptosis-targeting strategy for effectively treating heterogeneous melanoma by manipulating the cellular plasticity.


Assuntos
Ferroptose , Melanoma , Animais , Camundongos , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Lipossomos/farmacologia , Coenzimas/farmacologia , Auranofina/farmacologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos
6.
Microbiol Spectr ; 12(2): e0320123, 2024 Feb 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38206016

RESUMO

Drug repurposing efforts led to the discovery of bactericidal activity in auranofin, a gold-containing drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Auranofin kills Gram-positive bacteria by inhibiting thioredoxin reductase, an enzyme that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite the presence of thioredoxin reductase in Gram-negative bacteria, auranofin is not always active against them. It is not clear whether the lack of activity in several Gram-negative bacteria is due to the cell envelope barrier or the presence of other ROS protective enzymes such as glutathione reductase (GOR). We previously demonstrated that chemical analogs of auranofin (MS-40 and MS-40S), but not auranofin, are bactericidal against the Gram-negative Burkholderia cepacia complex. Here, we explore the targets of auranofin, MS-40, and MS-40S in Burkholderia cenocepacia and elucidate the mechanism of action of the auranofin analogs by a genome-wide, randomly barcoded transposon screen (BarSeq). Auranofin and its analogs inhibited the B. cenocepacia thioredoxin reductase and induced ROS but did not inhibit the bacterial GOR. Genome-wide, BarSeq analysis of cells exposed to MS-40 and MS-40S compared to the ROS inducers arsenic trioxide, diamide, hydrogen peroxide, and paraquat revealed common and unique mediators of drug susceptibility. Furthermore, deletions of gshA and gshB that encode enzymes in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway led to increased susceptibility to MS-40 and MS-40S. Overall, our data suggest that the auranofin analogs kill B. cenocepacia by inducing ROS through inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and that the glutathione system has a role in protecting B. cenocepacia against these ROS-inducing compounds.IMPORTANCEThe Burkholderia cepacia complex is a group of multidrug-resistant bacteria that can cause infections in the lungs of people with the autosomal recessive disease, cystic fibrosis. Specifically, the bacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia can cause severe infections, reducing lung function and leading to a devastating type of sepsis, cepacia syndrome. This bacterium currently does not have an accepted antibiotic treatment plan because of the wide range of antibiotic resistance. Here, we further the research on auranofin analogs as antimicrobials by finding the mechanism of action of these potent bactericidal compounds, using a powerful technique called BarSeq, to find the global response of the cell when exposed to an antimicrobial.


Assuntos
Burkholderia cenocepacia , Complexo Burkholderia cepacia , Humanos , Auranofina/química , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Tiorredoxina Dissulfeto Redutase , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Glutationa
7.
Microbiol Spectr ; 12(2): e0296823, 2024 Feb 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38206030

RESUMO

Auranofin, an FDA-approved drug for rheumatoid arthritis, has emerged as a promising antiparasitic medication in recent years. The gold(I) ion in auranofin is postulated to be responsible for its antiparasitic activity. Notably, aurothiomalate and aurothioglucose also contain gold(I), and, like auranofin, they were previously used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Whether they have antiparasitic activity remains to be elucidated. Herein, we demonstrated that auranofin and similar derivatives, but not aurothiomalate and aurothioglucose, inhibited the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro. We found that auranofin affected the T. gondii biological cycle (lytic cycle) by inhibiting T. gondii's invasion and triggering its egress from the host cell. However, auranofin could not prevent parasite replication once T. gondii resided within the host. Auranofin treatment induced apoptosis in T. gondii parasites, as demonstrated by its reduced size and elevated phosphatidylserine externalization (PS). Notably, the gold from auranofin enters the cytoplasm of T. gondii, as demonstrated by scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).IMPORTANCEToxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is a devastating disease affecting the brain and the eyes, frequently affecting immunocompromised individuals. Approximately 60 million people in the United States are already infected with T. gondii, representing a population at-risk of developing toxoplasmosis. Recent advances in treating cancer, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplants have contributed to this at-risk population's exponential growth. Paradoxically, treatments for toxoplasmosis have remained the same for more than 60 years, relying on medications well-known for their bone marrow toxicity and allergic reactions. Discovering new therapies is a priority, and repurposing FDA-approved drugs is an alternative approach to speed up drug discovery. Herein, we report the effect of auranofin, an FDA-approved drug, on the biological cycle of T. gondii and how both the phosphine ligand and the gold molecule determine the anti-parasitic activity of auranofin and other gold compounds. Our studies would contribute to the pipeline of candidate anti-T. gondii agents.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide , Fosfinas , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose , Humanos , Auranofina/farmacologia , Auranofina/uso terapêutico , Ouro/farmacologia , Ouro/uso terapêutico , Ligantes , Aurotioglucose/farmacologia , Aurotioglucose/uso terapêutico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Tiomalato Sódico de Ouro/farmacologia , Tiomalato Sódico de Ouro/uso terapêutico , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico
8.
Int J Biol Sci ; 20(1): 249-264, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38164168

RESUMO

Lung cancer is one of the most lethal diseases in the world. Although there has been significant progress in the treatment of lung cancer, there is still a lack of effective strategies for advanced cases. Lenvatinib, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has achieved much attention due to its antitumor properties. Nevertheless, the use of lenvatinib is restricted by the characteristics of poor efficacy and drug resistance. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of lenvatinib combined with thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) inhibitors in human lung cancer cells. Our results indicate that the combination therapy involving TrxR1 inhibitors and lenvatinib exhibited significant synergistic antitumor effects in human lung cancer cells. Moreover, siTrxR1 also showed significant synergy with lenvatinib in lung cancer cells. Mechanically, we demonstrated that ROS accumulation significantly contributes to the synergism between lenvatinib and TrxR1 inhibitor auranofin. Furthermore, the combination of lenvatinib and auranofin can activate endoplasmic reticulum stress and JNK signaling pathways to achieve the goal of killing lung cancer cells. Importantly, combination therapy with lenvatinib and auranofin exerted a synergistic antitumor effect in vivo. To sum up, the combination therapy involving lenvatinib and auranofin may be a potential strategy for treating lung cancer.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares , Tiorredoxina Redutase 1 , Humanos , Tiorredoxina Redutase 1/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Auranofina/farmacologia , Auranofina/uso terapêutico , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Morte Celular
9.
Cell Biochem Funct ; 42(1): e3903, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38269508

RESUMO

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcriptional factor which acts as a regulator for cellular oxidative stress, and tightly regulated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). In this study, we found that auranofin and paclitaxel combination treatment increased TUNEL positive apoptotic cells and enhanced the DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The immunoblotting analysis revealed the combination of auranofin and paclitaxel significantly increased the FOXO3 expression in a concentration dependent manner. Further we observed that auranofin and paclitaxel treatment prevents the translocation of Nrf2 in a concentration dependent manner. The increased FOXO3 expression might be involved in the cytoplasmic degradation of Nrf1-Keap1 complex. Further, the molecular docking results confirm auranofin act as the agonist for Foxo3. Therefore, the present results suggest that auranofin sensitize the breast cancer cells to paclitaxel via regulating FOXO3/Nrf2/Keap1signaling pathway.


Assuntos
Neoplasias , Paclitaxel , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Auranofina/farmacologia , Proteína 1 Associada a ECH Semelhante a Kelch , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2 , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Transdução de Sinais , Morte Celular
10.
Anticancer Drugs ; 35(2): 129-139, 2024 02 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37615540

RESUMO

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the world's most common and deadly cancers. According to GLOBOCAN2020's global incidence rate and mortality estimates, CRC is the third main cause of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved auranofin for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is a gold-containing chemical that inhibits thioredoxin reductase. Auranofin has a number of biological activities, including anticancer activity, although it has not been researched extensively in CRC, and the mechanism of action on CRC cells is still unknown. The goal of this research was to see how Auranofin affected CRC cells in vivo and in vitro . The two chemical libraries were tested for drugs that make CRC cells more responsive. The CCK-8 technique was used to determine the cell survival rate. The invasion, migration, and proliferation of cells were assessed using a transwell test and a colony cloning experiment. An electron microscope was used to observe autophagosome formation. Western blotting was also used to determine the degree of expression of related proteins in cells. Auranofin's tumor-suppressing properties were further tested in a xenograft tumor model of human SW620 CRC cells. Auranofin dramatically reduced the occurrence of CRC by decreasing the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells, according to our findings. Through a mTOR-dependent mechanism, auranofin inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induces autophagy in CRC cells. Finally, in-vivo tests revealed that auranofin suppressed tumor growth in xenograft mice while causing no harm. In summary, auranofin suppresses CRC cell growth, invasion, and migration. Auranofin inhibits the occurrence and progression of CRC by decreasing EMT and inducing autophagy in CRC cells via a mTOR-dependent mechanism. These findings suggest that auranofin could be a potential chemotherapeutic medication for the treatment of human CRC.


Assuntos
Auranofina , Neoplasias Colorretais , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Auranofina/farmacologia , Auranofina/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Autofagia , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica
11.
J Inorg Biochem ; 251: 112452, 2024 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38070433

RESUMO

Three gold(I) linear compounds, sharing the general formula [AuI(LPh3)], have been synthesized and characterized. The nature of the ligand has been modified by moving down among some of the elements of group 15, i.e. phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. The structures of derived compounds have been solved through XRD and the reactivity behaviour towards selected biomolecules has been investigated through a multi-technique approach involving NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry and IR. Moreover, the biological activity of the investigated compounds has been comparatively analyzed through classical methodologies and the disclosed differences are discussed in detail.


Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Auranofina , Auranofina/química , Antimônio/farmacologia , Ligantes , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química
12.
J Helminthol ; 97: e95, 2023 Dec 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38053397

RESUMO

Schistosomiasis is a serious tropical disease. Despite extensive research into the etiology of liver fibrosis, effective therapeutic options remain limited. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of auranofin in treating hepatic granuloma and fibrogenesis produced by Schistosoma (S.) mansoni eggs. Auranofin is a gold complex that contains thioglucose tetraacetate and triethylphosphine. Eighty BALB/c male mice were divided into four groups (n=20/group): negative control (GI), positive control (GII), and early (GIII) and late (GIV) treatment groups with oral auranofin according to beginning of treatment 4th week and 6th week post-infection. Mice were infected subcutaneously in a dose of 60±10 cercariae/mouse. Worm counts, egg loads, and oogram patterns were determined. Biochemical, histological, and immunostaining of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), and smooth muscle actin (SMA) were assessed. GIII showed a significant decrease in the total S. mansoni worm burden and ova/gram in liver tissue (with reduction percent of 63.07% and 78.26%, respectively). Schistosomal oogram patterns, immature and mature ova, also showed a significant decrease. The reduction in granuloma number and size was 40.63% and 48.66%, respectively, in GIII, whereas in GIV, the reduction percent was 76.63% and 67.08%. In addition, the degree of fibrosis was significantly diminished in both treated groups. GIV showed significant reduction in IL-1ß and SMA expression and increase in SIRT3 expression. These findings reveal how auranofin suppresses the development of liver fibrosis. Therefore, it is crucial to take another look at auranofin as a prospective medication for the treatment of S. mansoni egg-induced hepatic granuloma and consequent fibrosis.


Assuntos
Esquistossomose mansoni , Sirtuína 3 , Masculino , Animais , Camundongos , Schistosoma mansoni , Esquistossomose mansoni/tratamento farmacológico , Esquistossomose mansoni/patologia , Auranofina/farmacologia , Auranofina/uso terapêutico , Estudos Prospectivos , Sirtuína 3/farmacologia , Sirtuína 3/uso terapêutico , Óvulo/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Granuloma/tratamento farmacológico , Granuloma/patologia
13.
Nat Commun ; 14(1): 6937, 2023 10 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37907472

RESUMO

Genome-scale metabolic models are widely used to enhance our understanding of metabolic features of organisms, host-pathogen interactions and to identify therapeutics for diseases. Here we present iTMU798, the genome-scale metabolic model of the mouse whipworm Trichuris muris. The model demonstrates the metabolic features of T. muris and allows the prediction of metabolic steps essential for its survival. Specifically, that Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR) enzyme is essential, a prediction we validate in vitro with the drug auranofin. Furthermore, our observation that the T. muris genome lacks gsr-1 encoding Glutathione Reductase (GR) but has GR activity that can be inhibited by auranofin indicates a mechanism for the reduction of glutathione by the TrxR enzyme in T. muris. In addition, iTMU798 predicts seven essential amino acids that cannot be synthesised by T. muris, a prediction we validate for the amino acid tryptophan. Overall, iTMU798 is as a powerful tool to study not only the T. muris metabolism but also other Trichuris spp. in understanding host parasite interactions and the rationale design of new intervention strategies.


Assuntos
Auranofina , Trichuris , Animais , Camundongos , Trichuris/genética , Trichuris/metabolismo , Glutationa , Glutationa Redutase/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno
14.
J Hematol Oncol ; 16(1): 113, 2023 11 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37993905

RESUMO

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a type of hematologic tumor with malignant proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. However, traditional clinical treatment of T-ALL included chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation always lead to recurrence and poor prognosis, thus new therapeutic targets and drugs are urgently needed for T-ALL treatment. In this study, we showed that TET1 (ten-eleven translocation 1), a key participant of DNA epigenetic control, which catalyzes the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) to modulate gene expression, was highly upregulated in human T-ALL and negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients. Knockdown of TET1 suppressed T-ALL growth and progression, suggesting that TET1 inhibition maybe an effective way to fight T-ALL via DNA epigenetic modulation. Combining structure-guided virtual screening and cell-based high-throughput screening of FDA-approved drug library, we discovered that auranofin, a gold-containing compound, is a potent TET1 inhibitor. Auranofin inhibited the catalytic activity of TET1 through competitive binding to its substrates binding pocket and thus downregulated the genomic level of 5hmC marks and particularly epigenetically reprogramed the expression of oncogene c-Myc in T-ALL in TET1-dependent manner and resulted in suppression of T-ALL in vitro and in vivo. These results revealed that TET1 is a potential therapeutic target in human T-ALL and elucidated the mechanism that TET1 inhibitor auranofin suppressed T-ALL through the TET1/5hmC/c-Myc signaling pathway. Our work thus not only provided mechanism insights for T-ALL treatment, but also discovered potential small molecule therapeutics for T-ALL.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide , Dioxigenases , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras , Humanos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Auranofina/farmacologia , Auranofina/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/genética , Dioxigenases/genética , Dioxigenases/metabolismo , Oxigenases de Função Mista/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Metilação de DNA , DNA/metabolismo , Morte Celular , Artrite Reumatoide/genética
15.
Biochem Pharmacol ; 218: 115908, 2023 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37931662

RESUMO

Targeting overexpressed thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in cancer cells to induce oxidative stress has been proved to be an effective strategy for cancer therapy. However, the treatment was hindered by the low efficiency and frequent administration of TrxR inhibitors, and hence more potent TrxR inhibitors were urgently needed. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of TrxR inhibitors based on arsenicals. Among these, compound 1d inhibited the proliferation of a variety of cancer cells at low micromolar concentrations and exhibited low toxicity to normal cells. Importantly, compound 1d induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting the TrxR activity, further causing the collapse of the redox system, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and DNA damage, followed by oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis. In vivo data showed that, compared with the clinical TrxR inhibitor auranofin (AUR), compound 1d could more effectively eliminate tumors by 90 % at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg without any obvious side effects. These results indicated that compound 1d was a potent TrxR inhibitor against cancer.


Assuntos
Neoplasias , Tiorredoxina Dissulfeto Redutase , Humanos , Estresse Oxidativo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Auranofina/farmacologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Apoptose
16.
Protein Pept Lett ; 30(10): 854-867, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37921157

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that activation of glutamate kainate receptor subunit 2 (GluK2) subunit-containing glutamate receptors and the following Fas ligand(FasL) up-regulation, caspase-3 activation, result in delayed apoptosis-like neuronal death in hippocampus CA1 subfield after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Nitric oxide-mediated S-nitrosylation might inhibit the procaspase activation, whereas denitrosylation might contribute to cleavage and activation of procaspases. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying procaspase-3 denitrosylation and activation following kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity in rat hippocampus. METHODS: S-nitrosylation of procaspase-3 was detected by biotin-switch method. Activation of procaspase-3 was shown as cleavage of procaspase-3 detected by immunoblotting. FasL expression was detected by immunoblotting. Cresyl violets and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect apoptosis-like neuronal death in rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields. RESULTS: KA led to the activation of procaspase-3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the activation was inhibited by KA receptor antagonist NS102. Procaspase-3 was denitrosylated at 3 h after kainic acid administration, and the denitrosylation was reversed by SNP and GSNO. FasL ASODNs inhibited the procaspase-3 denitrosylation and activation. Moreover, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitor auranofin prevented the denitrosylation and activation of procaspase-3 in rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields. NS102, FasL AS-ODNs, and auranofin reversed the KAinduced apoptosis and cell death in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields. CONCLUSIONS: KA led to denitrosylation and activation of procaspase-3 via FasL and TrxR. Inhibition of procaspase-3 denitrosylation by auranofin, SNP, and GSNO played protective effects against KA-induced apoptosis-like neuronal death in rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields. These investigations revealed that the procaspase-3 undergoes an initial denitrosylation process before becoming activated, providing valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and possible treatment of excitotoxicity.


Assuntos
Auranofina , Ácido Caínico , Ratos , Animais , Ácido Caínico/toxicidade , Ácido Caínico/metabolismo , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Auranofina/metabolismo , Auranofina/farmacologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Hipocampo/metabolismo
17.
Life Sci ; 332: 122131, 2023 Nov 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37778414

RESUMO

AIMS: Studies in the past have shown that inhibition of the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase sensitizes cancer cells to genotoxic anticancer treatments, however, clinical use of ATR inhibitors in combination with DNA damaging chemotherapy is limited due to toxicity in healthy tissues. In this study, we investigated the synergistic anticancer effect between ATR inhibition and oxidative DNA damage induced by the thioredoxin reductase inhibitor auranofin. MAIN METHODS: Cytotoxicity was evaluated by cell viability assays. Western blot, comet assay, immunostaining and flow cytometry were performed to dissect the underlying mechanisms. In vivo efficacy was examined against tumor xenografts. KEY FINDINGS: Nontoxic doses of auranofin alone increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer but not noncancerous cells, resulting in oxidative DNA damage and activation of the ATR DNA damage response pathway selectively in cancer cells. Inhibition of ATR in auranofin-treated cancer cells resulted in unscheduled firing of dormant DNA replication origins, abrogation of the S phase cell cycle checkpoint and extensive DNA breakage, leading to replication catastrophe and potent synergistic lethality. Both the antioxidant NAC and the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin reduced replication stress and synergistic cytotoxicity, implicating replication stress-driven catastrophic cell death resulted from collision between oxidative DNA damage and dysregulated DNA replication. In vivo, auranofin and VE822 coadministration enabled marked regressions of tumor xenografts, while each drug alone had no effect. SIGNIFICANCE: As increased generation of ROS is a universal feature of tumors, our findings may open new routes to broaden the therapeutic potential of ATR inhibitors.


Assuntos
Auranofina , Neoplasias , Humanos , Auranofina/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Estresse Oxidativo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , DNA/metabolismo , Quinase 1 do Ponto de Checagem/genética , Quinase 1 do Ponto de Checagem/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/genética , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/metabolismo
18.
Cell Biochem Funct ; 41(8): 1305-1318, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37792847

RESUMO

The intrinsic redox status of cancer cells limits the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Auranofin, a Food and Drug Administration-approved gold-containing compound, documented with effective pharmacokinetics and safety profiles in humans, has recently been repurposed for anticancer activity. This study examined the paclitaxel-sensitizing effect of auranofin by targeting redox balance in the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Auranofin treatment depletes the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and alters the redox ratio in the breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, it has been noticed that auranofin augmented paclitaxel-mediated cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines. Moreover, auranofin increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (observed using 2, 7-diacetyl dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining) and subsequently altered the mitochondrial membrane potential (rhodamine-123 staining) in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, the expression of apoptotic marker p21 was found to be higher in auranofin plus paclitaxel-treated breast cancer cells compared to paclitaxel-alone treatment. Thus, the present results illustrate the chemosensitizing property of auranofin in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines via oxidative metabolism. Therefore, auranofin could be considered a chemosensitizing agent during cancer chemotherapy.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Paclitaxel , Humanos , Feminino , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Auranofina/farmacologia , Auranofina/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células MCF-7 , Apoptose
19.
Sci Rep ; 13(1): 14733, 2023 09 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37679389

RESUMO

Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) are responsible for a significant number of antibiotic-associated diarrheal cases. The standard-of-care antibiotics for C. difficile are limited to fidaxomicin and vancomycin, with the recently obsolete metronidazole recommended if both are unavailable. No new antimicrobials have been approved for CDI since fidaxomicin in 2011, despite varying rates of treatment failure among all standard-of-care drugs. Drug repurposing is a rational strategy to generate new antimicrobials out of existing therapeutics approved for other indications. Auranofin is a gold-containing anti-rheumatic drug with antimicrobial activity against C. difficile and other microbes. In a previous report, our group hypothesized that inhibition of selenoprotein biosynthesis was auranofin's primary mechanism of action against C. difficile. However, in this study, we discovered that C. difficile mutants lacking selenoproteins are still just as sensitive to auranofin as their respective wild-type strains. Moreover, we found that selenite supplementation dampens the activity of auranofin against C. difficile regardless of the presence of selenoproteins, suggesting that selenite's neutralization of auranofin is not because of compensation for a chemically induced selenium deficiency. Our results clarify the findings of our original study and may aid drug repurposing efforts in discovering the compound's true mechanism of action against C. difficile.


Assuntos
Auranofina , Clostridioides difficile , Auranofina/farmacologia , Clostridioides , Fidaxomicina , Ácido Selenioso , Selenoproteínas/genética
20.
Nat Commun ; 14(1): 4798, 2023 08 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37558718

RESUMO

UBA1 is the primary E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme responsible for generation of activated ubiquitin required for ubiquitination, a process that regulates stability and function of numerous proteins. Decreased or insufficient ubiquitination can cause or drive aging and many diseases. Therefore, a small-molecule enhancing UBA1 activity could have broad therapeutic potential. Here we report that auranofin, a drug approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is a potent UBA1 activity enhancer. Auranofin binds to the UBA1's ubiquitin fold domain and conjugates to Cys1039 residue. The binding enhances UBA1 interactions with at least 20 different E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, facilitating ubiquitin charging to E2 and increasing the activities of seven representative E3s in vitro. Auranofin promotes ubiquitination and degradation of misfolded ER proteins during ER-associated degradation in cells at low nanomolar concentrations. It also facilitates outer mitochondrial membrane-associated degradation. These findings suggest that auranofin can serve as a much-needed tool for UBA1 research and therapeutic exploration.


Assuntos
Enzimas de Conjugação de Ubiquitina , Ubiquitina , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Enzimas de Conjugação de Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Auranofina/farmacologia , Ubiquitinação , Enzimas Ativadoras de Ubiquitina/metabolismo
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