Bilayer wound dressing composed of asymmetric polycaprolactone membrane and chitosan-carrageenan hydrogel incorporating storax balsam.

A comprehensive approach is needed to develop multifunctional wound dressing that is simple yet efficient. In this work, Liquidambar orientalis Mill. storax loaded hydroxyethyl chitosan (HECS)-carrageenan (kC) based hydrogel (HECS-kC) and polydopamine coated asymmetric polycaprolactone membrane (PCL-DOP) were used to develop a multifunctional and modular bilayer wound dressing. Asymmetric PCL-DOP membrane was prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) followed by polydopamine coating and demonstrated an excellent barrier against bacteria while allowing permeability for 5.45 ppm dissolved­oxygen and 2130 g/m2 water vapor transmission in 24 h in addition to 805 kPa tensile strength. Storax loaded HECS-kC hydrogel, on the other hand, demonstrated a pH-responsive degradation and swelling to provide necessary conditions to facilitate wound healing. The hydrogels showed stretchability above 140 %, mild adhesive strength on sheep skin and PCL-DOP membrane, while the storax incorporation enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, rat full-thickness skin defect model showed that the developed bilayer wound dressing could significantly facilitate wound healing compared to Tegaderm™ and control groups. This study shows that the bilayered wound dressing has the potential to be used as a simple and effective wound care system.

Ecological engineering in low land rice for brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) management.

Rice field bunds and edges can act as near crop habitats, available for planting flowering plants to attract and conserve the natural enemies. We evaluated the effect of ecological engineering on the incidence of Brown Planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera; Delphacidae) and the abundance of its predators in the rice variety Pusa Basmati-1121. Plots included the oilseed crops viz. sesamum, sunflower and soybean, with plantings of flowering crops marigold, balsam and gaillardia as bund flora around the edges of rice plots. Ecologically engineered plots contained both crops+flowers and resulted in a significantly reduced BPH population per hill in rice plots for 2019 (6.3) and 2020 (9.4) compared to the control plots (9.8 and 14.4). Ecologically engineered plots also witnessed the delayed appearance of BPH during each growing season. Peak BPH populations are lower in the ecologically engineered plots than in the control grounds. Furthermore, the activity of natural enemies, viz., spiders, mirid bugs and rove beetles was the highest in rice fields planted with oilseed crops like sesamum, sunflower and soybean. Olfactory response studies showed that the attraction response of spiders toward sesamum and balsam leaves was more significant than in other crop plants. Rice yield was enhanced in plots planted with crops+flowers during both seasons compared to control plots. Planting of oilseed crops plants such as sesamum, sunflower and soybean with flowering crops such as marigold, balsam and gaillardia as bund flora on the bunds around the main rice field enhanced the natural enemy activity, suppressed the planthopper population, and increased yields. Based on the results, we recommend including ecological engineering techniques as one of the management components in the Integrated Pest Management programme for rice crops.

The estimation of permitted daily exposure (PDE) values for Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms, balsamum (balsam of Peru) for regulatory toxicology purposes: application of various toxicological strategies.

Myroxylon pereirae resin (MP; balsam of Peru) is a botanical balsam which is derived from a tree known as Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms, balsamum. This natural substance has a long history of medicinal use (antiseptic and for wound healing) but surprisingly there is a lack of toxicological data. The medicinal application of Peru balsam has been documented throughout a period of at least 30 years, however, due to the high risk of sensitisation and other treatment options available in the proposed indication, the medicinal use of MP in EU today is limited. The aim of this article is deriving Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) values for MP for regulatory purposes using various toxicological strategies due to the problems with toxicological data. The results described in this article fills a gap in the literature on toxicological aspects of MP for the first time.

Contradictory effect of climate change on American and European populations of Impatiens capensis Meerb. - is this herb a global threat?

AIMS: The present study is the first-ever attempt to generate information on the potential present and future distribution of Impatiens capensis (orange balsam) under various climate change scenarios. Moreover, the differences in bioclimatic preferences of native and non-native populations were evaluated. LOCATION: Global. TAXON: Angiosperms. METHODS: A database of I. capensis localities was compiled based on the public database - the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), herbarium specimens, and a field survey in Poland. The initial dataset was verified, and each record was assigned to one of two groups - native (3664 records from North America) or non-native (750 records from Europe and the western part of North America). The analyses involved bioclimatic variables in 2.5 arc-minutes of interpolated climate surface downloaded from WorldClim v. 2.1. MaxEnt version 3.3.2 was used to conduct the ecological niche modeling based on presence-only observations of I. capensis. Forecasts of the future distribution of the climatic niches of the studied species in 2080-2100 were made based on climate projections developed by the CNRM/CERFACS modeling and Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC-6). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Distribution models created for "present time" showed slightly broader potential geographical ranges of both native and invasive populations of orange balsam. On the other hand, some areas (e.g. NW Poland, SW Finland), settled by the species, are far outside the modeled climate niche, which indicates a much greater adaptation potential of I. capensis. In addition, the models have shown that climate change will shift the native range of orange balsam to the north and the range of its European populations to the northwest. Moreover, while the coverage of niches suitable for I. capensis in America will extend due to climate change, the European populations will face 31-95 % habitat loss.

A NIR fluorescence probe for monitoring Cys upregulation induced by balsam pear polysaccharide and imaging in zebrafish.

In this work, we introduced the acrylate recognition group into dicyanoisophorone derivative DCI-C-OH to construct the NIR fluorescent probe DCI-C-Cys with a large Stokes shift (240 nm). DCI-C-Cys could specifically respond to Cys, resulting in a 22-fold increase in fluorescence intensity at 702 nm. Meanwhile, the probe has the advantages of good water solubility, high sensitivity (93 nM), and excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, DCI-C-Cys successfully monitored endogenous and exogenous Cys in HepG2 cells and zebrafish. Most importantly, we found that balsam pear polysaccharide could lead to the increase of intracellular Cys levels, which might be conducive to the further study of the antioxidant mechanism of balsam pear polysaccharide.

Fast and Reproducible 96-Well Plate-Based Method for the Evaluation of the Antigerminative Potential of Plant Extracts and Phytotoxic Compounds.

With the aim of evaluating the antigerminative activity of plant extracts, a miniaturized assay using 96-well plates (WP assay) was developed and compared to the long-established assay using Petri dishes (PD assay). The WP assay yielded results comparable to those of the PD assay using an ethanolic extract of the Himalayan balsam and lawsone as a standard. It also allowed the needed volume of the test solution to be cut by half and the number of required cress seeds to be cut by more than 1.5. The WP assay was then successfully applied to various extracts of Himalayan balsam, molecules (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), glyphosate, and 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-MNQ)) and target seeds (radish, lettuce, and wheat). By being adapted to a 96-well plate format, the antigerminative WP assay is a promising alternative to the PD assay. Besides, its convenience and low resource consumption make it ready for accelerated and high-throughput screening, as well as automation.

Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains.

The "mountain" dusky is a charismatic ecomorph of Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus): smaller (~20-50mm SVL), more terrestrial and montane woodland species, typically with round tails and extremely variable, often colorful patterns. Originally considered a single species (D. ochrophaeus), populations across the Appalachians are now divided into D. abditus, D. carolinensis, D. ochrophaeus, D. ocoee, and D. orestes, which do not form a clade but are instead scattered across the phylogeny of Desmognathus. A Coastal Plain species with a mountain dusky phenotype (D. apalachicolae) is also nested within a lineage related to D. ocoee. Within the current concept of D. ocoee, there are up to 8 genetically distinct geographic lineages which display significantly different but substantially overlapping morphologies. Recent studies have suggested that as many as six species could reasonably be delimited based on genetic data. We evaluate the strength of that evidence here and find support for five species in the D. apalachicolae + D. ocoee group. The first is D. apalachicolae in essentially its originally described form from the Coastal Plain. The second and third are D. adatsihi sp. nov. and D. balsameus sp. nov., endemic to the Great Smoky/Plott Balsam and Great Balsam Mountains, respectively. The fourth corresponds to the resurrected D. perlapsus for populations from the Alarka and Cowee Mountains in North Carolina, through the Chattahoochee River drainage to the Fall Line in the Piedmont of Georgia and Alabama. The fifth is D. ocoee, here restricted to populations in the Nantahala and Unicoi Mountains and southernmost Blue Ridge escarpment, along with previously recognized populations from the Cumberland Escarpment and Cumberland Plateau of south-central Tennessee and northeastern Alabama. This taxon concept of D. ocoee includes three deeply divergent geographic genetic segments that hybridize across two contact zones, while D. apalachicolae may be nested within some southern Blue Ridge populations of D. ocoee. The resurrected form of D. perlapsus also exhibits some admixture with the newly restricted D. ocoee. While this taxonomic arrangement is robust and stably derived from mitochondrial, morphological, and nuclear data, more sophisticated future analyses sampling additional populations and loci to estimate relationships may reach more subtle conclusions regarding the identity of some lineages within D. ocoee.

Hermit Treutler's Jerusalem Balsam.

This paper describes research about a historical bottle found in the Polish town of Skarszewy in 2004. Upon discovery, the find was labeled "In Nazareth Aechter Jerusalemer Balsam im goldnen Engel", sealed and ⅓ filled with liquid. The Jerusalem Balsam mentioned on the label was a popular medicament in Europe in the 18th century. From 1719 it was produced by Father Antonio Menzani da Cuna in the Franciscan Pharmacy at the convent of Saint Savior in Jerusalem. In the 19th century, the Balsam became extremely popular in Silesia thanks to the hermit Johannes Treutler from Marianska Hill near Klodzko. It's fame spread north to Prussia and south to Bohemia (Czechia). After the hermit's death, the license for production was obtained by the owner of the Mohren-Apotheke pharmacy, but he had to deal with unfair competition from other pharmacies counterfeiting the Balsam. An attempt was made to determine where the found bottle came from. In the course of the research, it was found that the medicine certainly does not come from authorized production sources, as evidenced by accurate label comparisons.

Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Contact Sensitization with respect to the Occupational Profiles in a Greek Patient Cohort: A Retrospective Analysis of a Greek Referral Centre and Future Perspectives.

Contact dermatitis is a frequent skin disorder related to environmental and occupational etiological factors, which could potentially affect all age groups, as well as both genders. The current study is aimed at exploring the patterns of contact sensitization with respect to the population's occupational patterns in Greece. A retrospective analysis was performed in a cohort of 1978 patients from 2014 to 2016. Patients were divided into two categories; blue collars (BlC) and white collars (WhC), as well as detailed occupation was considered. Separation was performed on the basis of their profession, i.e., labor workers and handicraftsmen were sorted to the BlC group, while office employees were sorted to the WhC group. The common allergen in all occupational subgroups was nickel sulphate. The three most prevalent allergens in both BlC and WhC were nickel sulphate 5%, fragrance mix (I) 8%, and Balsam of Peru 25%. WhC males were uniquely sensitized to colophony 20% and formaldehyde 2%, and WhC females were uniquely sensitized to 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT) and neomycin sulphate 20%. Sensitization to allergens manifested occupation-specific patterns. Allergic contact dermatitis surveillance is of great importance towards the clinical and systematic understanding of the disease, especially with respect to the patient's occupational profile.

Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru): Still worth testing?

BACKGROUND: Because Myroxylon pereirae (MP), or balsam of Peru, is nowadays almost not used "as such," and fragrance mix 1 (FM1) apparently is more sensitive in detecting fragrance allergy, the usefulness of testing MP in baseline series was recently questioned. OBJECTIVES: Identification of the number of clinically relevant patch test reactions to MP not detected by FM1. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 12 030 patients patch tested with MP and FM1 for contact dermatitis between January 2018 and December 2019 in 13 Italian dermatology clinics. RESULTS: Four hundred thirty-nine patients (3.6%) had a positive patch test reaction to MP; 437 (3.6%) had a positive patch test reaction to FM1. Positive reactions to both MP and FM1 were observed in 119 subjects (1.0%), 310 (2.6%) reacted to MP only, 304 (2.5%) to FM1 only, 5 to MP and sorbitan sesquioleate (SSO), 9 to FM1 and SSO, and 5 to MP, FM1, and SSO. Single sensitizations were clinically relevant in 75.2% of cases for MP (62.9% current, 12.3% past) and 76.3% for FM1 (70.1% current, 6.2% past). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, MP appears to be still worth testing along with FM1 in baseline series, because it allows detection of a remarkable number of fragrance allergies, often relevant, which would be otherwise missed.

Dr. Seth Arnold's Balsam: A Rebus Mystery Solved (Almost).

The term rebus is exemplified in Figure 1. "Two bee oar knot two bee" is an easy rebus to figure out, while others are much more challenging. A simple definition of this unique concepts is; "A rebus is a code or reference where pictures, letters, or symbols represent certain words or phrases…"1 Along with hidden image puzzle cards,2 some purchasers of Victorian Era advertising used rebus puzzle cards to challenge peoples' "figuring out" abilities. An example is this card for "The Great Household Remedy," Dr. Seth Arnold's Balsam (Figs. 2 and 3). The text on the reverse side of the card offered this patent medicine for treatment of "Diarrhoea, Dysentery, and for all Bowel Complaints." Additionally, "FOR CHILDREN TEETHING" it could give "the little sufferers REST, SLEEP, HEALTH" and saves lives. A testimonial by James F. Carlen even claimed that sick children treated with medicines, different from Seth Arnold's Balsam, died!

Molecular profiling of Peru Balsam reveals active ingredients responsible for its pharmaceutical properties.

Peru Balsam, a resinous substance derived from Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae, has historically been used as a topical ointment for various skin conditions such as scabies, poorly healing wounds, eczema, and haemorrhoids. The ingredients responsible for these properties are not fully elucidated. We investigated the chemical composition of two Peru Balsam samples, one historical and one modern, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify the active ingredients responsible for its pharmaceutical properties. Both Peru Balsam specimens investigated had similar compositions, showing the stability of the substance. Components identified are effective against scabies, exhibit antimicrobial activity and aid skin penetration. These properties are consistent with historical uses of Peru Balsam. Several ingredients are also known allergens. This study, combining chemical information with scientific literature related to pharmaceutical properties of natural substances, represents a breakthrough in the elucidation of active ingredients in Peru Balsam.

Patch test results with the European baseline series and additions thereof in the ESSCA network, 2015-2018.

BACKGROUND: Clinical surveillance of the prevalence of contact allergy in consecutively patch tested patients is a proven instrument to continually assess the importance of contact allergens (haptens) assembled in a baseline series. OBJECTIVES: To present current results from the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies, including 13 countries represented by 1 to 11 departments. METHODS: Anonymized or pseudonymized patch test and clinical data from various data capture systems used locally or nationally as transferred to the Erlangen data centre were pooled and descriptively analysed after quality control. RESULTS: In the 4 years (2015-2018), data from 51 914 patients patch tested with the European baseline series (EBS) of contact allergens were analysed. Contact allergy to nickel was most frequent (17.6% positive), followed by contact allergy to fragrance mix I (6.9%), methylisothiazolinone (MI; 6.2%), and Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru; 5.8%). CONCLUSIONS: While the prevalence of MI contact allergy decreased substantially following regulatory intervention, the persistently high levels of allergy to metals, fragrances, other preservatives, and rubber chemicals point to problems needing further research and, potentially, preventive efforts. Results with national additions to the baseline series provide important information on substances possibly to be considered for inclusion in the EBS.

"Peruvian balsam": an example of transoceanic transfer of medicinal knowledge.

BACKGROUND: Connections between China and the new Spanish colonies in America are known for an exchange of silver for silks and porcelains. That also medicinal drugs and medicinal knowledge crossed the Pacific Ocean is hardly known or discussed. Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms ("New World" or "Peruvian balsam") is a botanical balsam that has a long history of medicinal use, particularly as antiseptic and for wound healing. Except for a Chinese article discussing the reception of balsam in China and Japan, no scientific studies on its impact in China and Japan and the channels of transfer from the Americas to Asia exist. METHODS: Description: (1) This section provides a general introduction into Commiphora gileadensis ("Old World" balsam) as a medicinal category and discusses the specific medicinal properties of Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms. The section "Historical research and uses" provides a brief survey on some historical analyses of balsam. Aim, design, setting: (2) Applying a comparative textual and archaeological analysis the article critically examines Chinese and Japanese sources (texts, maps) to show (i) what Chinese and Japanese scholars knew about balsam, (ii) where and how it was used, and (iii) to identify reasons why the "digestion" of knowledge on balsam as a medicinal developed so differently in China and Japan. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This chapter discusses the introduction of "Peruvian balsam" into, its uses as a medicinal as well as its scholarly reception in early modern China and Japan and introduces the channels of transmission from Spanish America to Asia. It is shown that Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms was partly a highly valued substance imported from the Americas into China and Japan. But the history of the reception of medicinal knowledge on Peruvian balsam was significantly different in China and Japan. CONCLUSIONS: In Japan, the knowledge on Myroxylon balsamum was continuously updated, especially through mediation of Dutch physicians; Japanese scholars, doctors and pharmacists possessed a solid knowledge on this balsam, its origin and its medicinal uses. In China, on the contrary, there was no further "digestion" or development of the knowledge on either Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms or Commiphora gileadensis. By the late nineteenth century, related medicinal and even geographic knowledge had mostly been lost. The interest in "balsam" in late Qing scholarship was pure encyclopaedic and philosophic.

Contemporary analytical techniques reveal the secret composition of a 19th century Jerusalem Balsam.

In 1719, Antonio Menzani di Cuna from the Saint Savior monastery published an alcoholic extract formula made from plant and herb resins under the name Jerusalem Balsam. The Balsam gained high popularity due to its remedial benefits. At the end of the 19 th century, Jerusalem Balsam produced by the hermit Johannes Treutler was found to be particularly popular. We analysed a sample of a valuable find coming from the last decade of the 19 th century, making it probably the oldest surviving Jerusalem Balsam in the world. The purpose of this work was to investigate the composition of the historical sample and to try to determine the origin of its components. This was achieved by comparing the profile of volatile compounds extracted from the balsam using HS-SPME technique with the profile characteristic for plant resins as classic ingredients of the Johannes Treutler formula. The use of two chromatographic columns of different polarity, as well as the transformation of the polar components of the sample into TMS derivatives, allowed to obtain new information on the historical composition of the Balsam. Also, it can be stated with high probability that plant resins were indeed used in the production of the Balsam as referred to in the original recipe of Johannes Treutler. We also discuss challenges in determining the original composition of the Balsam.