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1.
Mol Immunol ; 168: 1-9, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38367301

RESUMO

Dysfunctional mutations in SAMHD1 cause Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome, an autoinflammatory encephalopathy with elevated interferon-α levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Whether loss of function mutations in SAMHD1 trigger the expression of other cytokines apart from type I interferons in Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome is largely unclear. This study aimed to explore whether SAMHD1 dysfunction regulated the expression of IL-34, a key cytokine controlling the development and maintenance of microglia, in SH-SY5Y neural cells. We found that downregulation of SAMHD1 in SH-SY5Y cells resulted in the upregulation of IL-34 expression. The protein and mRNA levels of NF-κB p65, the transactivating subunit of a transcription factor NF-κB, were also upregulated in SAMHD1-knockdown SH-SY5Y cells. It was further found SAMHD1 knockdown in SH-SY5Y cells induced an upregulation of IL-34 expression through the canonical NF-κB-dependent pathway in which NF-κB p65, IKKα/ß and the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα were phosphorylated. Moreover, knockdown of SAMHD1 in SH-SY5Y cells led to the translocation of NF-κB p65 into the nucleus and promoted NF-κB transcriptional activity. In conclusion, we found SAMHD1 dysfunction induced IL-34 expression via NF-κB p65 in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. This finding could lay the foundation for exploring the role of IL-34-targeting microglia in the pathogenesis of Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome.


Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes do Sistema Nervoso , Malformações do Sistema Nervoso , Neuroblastoma , Humanos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD , Neuroblastoma/genética , Inibidor de NF-kappaB alfa , Citocinas , Interleucinas
2.
Virol J ; 21(1): 33, 2024 Jan 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38287375

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Influenza A virus (IAV) can cause severe and life-threatening illness in humans and animals. Therefore, it is important to search for host antiviral proteins and elucidate their antiviral mechanisms for the development of potential treatments. As a part of human innate immunity, host restriction factors can inhibit the replication of viruses, among which SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) can restrict the replication of viruses, such as HIV and enterovirus EV71. Viruses also developed countermeasures in the arms race with their hosts. There are few reports about whether SAMHD1 has a restriction effect on IAV. METHODS: To investigate the impact of IAV infection on SAMHD1 expression in A549 cells, we infected A549 cells with a varying multiplicity of infection (MOI) of IAV and collected cell samples at different time points for WB and RT-qPCR analysis to detect viral protein and SAMHD1 levels. The virus replication level in the cell culture supernatant was determined using TCID50 assay. Luciferase assay was used to reveal that H5N1 virus polymerase acidic protein (PA) affected the activity of the SAMHD1 promoter. To assess the antiviral capacity of SAMHD1, we generated a knockdown and overexpressed cell line for detecting H5N1 replication. RESULTS: In this study, we observed that SAMHD1 can restrict the intracellular replication of H5N1 and that the H5N1 viral protein PA can downregulate the expression of SAMHD1 by affecting SAMHD1 transcriptional promoter activity. We also found that SAMHD1's ability to restrict H5N1 is related to phosphorylation at 592-tyrosine. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we found that SAMHD1 may affect the replication of IAVs as a host restriction factor and be countered by PA. Furthermore, SAMHD1 may be a potential target for developing antiviral drugs.


Assuntos
Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Vírus da Influenza A , Influenza Humana , Animais , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo , Replicação Viral , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/metabolismo , Fator Regulador 3 de Interferon/metabolismo
3.
Cell Oncol (Dordr) ; 47(1): 189-208, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37667113

RESUMO

PURPOSE: The lack of validated surrogate biomarkers is still an unmet clinical need in the management of early breast cancer cases that do not achieve complete pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Here, we describe and validate the use of SAMHD1 expression as a prognostic biomarker in residual disease in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: SAMHD1 expression was evaluated in a clinical cohort of early breast cancer patients with stage II-III treated with NACT. Heterotypic 3D cultures including tumor and immune cells were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible of SAMHD1 depletion through whole transcriptomic profiling, immune infiltration capacity and subsequent delineation of dysregulated immune signaling pathways. RESULTS: SAMHD1 expression was associated to increased risk of recurrence and higher Ki67 levels in post-NACT tumor biopsies of breast cancer patients with residual disease. Survival analysis showed that SAMHD1-expressing tumors presented shorter time-to-progression and overall survival than SAMHD1 negative cases, suggesting that SAMHD1 expression is a relevant prognostic factor in breast cancer. Whole-transcriptomic profiling of SAMHD1-depleted tumors identified downregulation of IL-12 signaling pathway as the molecular mechanism determining breast cancer prognosis. The reduced interleukin signaling upon SAMHD1 depletion induced changes in immune cell infiltration capacity in 3D heterotypic in vitro culture models, confirming the role of the SAMHD1 as a regulator of breast cancer prognosis through the induction of changes in immune response and tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION: SAMHD1 expression is a novel prognostic biomarker in early breast cancer that impacts immune-mediated signaling and differentially regulates inflammatory intra-tumoral response.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/genética , Análise de Sobrevida , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral
4.
mSphere ; 9(1): e0036323, 2024 Jan 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38126788

RESUMO

Nucleoside analogs have been used extensively as anti-infective agents, particularly against viral infections, and have long been considered promising anti-parasitic agents. These pro-drugs are metabolized by host-cell, viral, or parasite enzymes prior to incorporation into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication. Here, we report genes that sensitize African trypanosomes to nucleoside analogs, including the guanosine analog, ganciclovir. We applied ganciclovir selective pressure to a trypanosome genome-wide knockdown library, which yielded nucleoside mono- and diphosphate kinases as hits, validating the approach. The two most dominant hits to emerge, however, were Tb927.6.2800 and Tb927.6.2900, which both encode nuclear proteins; the latter of which is HD82, a SAMHD1-related protein and a putative dNTP triphosphohydrolase. We independently confirmed that HD82, which is conserved among the trypanosomatids, can sensitize Trypanosoma brucei to ganciclovir. Since ganciclovir activity depends upon phosphorylation by ectopically expressed viral thymidine kinase, we also tested the adenosine analog, ara-A, that may be fully phosphorylated by native T. brucei kinase(s). Both Tb927.6.2800 and HD82 knockdowns were resistant to this analog. Tb927.6.2800 knockdown increased sensitivity to hydroxyurea, while dNTP analysis indicated that HD82 is indeed a triphosphohydrolase with dATP as the preferred substrate. Our results provide insights into nucleoside/nucleotide metabolism and nucleoside analog metabolism and resistance in trypanosomatids. We suggest that the product of 6.2800 sensitizes cells to purine analogs through DNA repair, while HD82 does so by reducing the native purine pool.IMPORTANCEThere is substantial interest in developing nucleoside analogs as anti-parasitic agents. We used genome-scale genetic screening and discovered two proteins linked to purine analog resistance in African trypanosomes. Our screens also identified two nucleoside kinases required for pro-drug activation, further validating the approach. The top novel hit, HD82, is related to SAMHD1, a mammalian nuclear viral restriction factor. We validated HD82 and localized the protein to the trypanosome nucleus. HD82 appears to sensitize trypanosomes to nucleoside analogs by reducing native pools of nucleotides, providing insights into both nucleoside/nucleotide metabolism and nucleoside analog resistance in trypanosomatids.


Assuntos
Nucleosídeos , Trypanosoma , Animais , Nucleosídeos/metabolismo , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD , Trypanosoma/metabolismo , Purinas/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Ganciclovir/metabolismo , Mamíferos
5.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 51(22): 12443-12458, 2023 Dec 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37930833

RESUMO

The dNTPase activity of tetrameric SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) plays a critical role in cellular dNTP regulation. SAMHD1 also associates with stalled DNA replication forks, DNA repair foci, ssRNA and telomeres. The above functions require nucleic acid binding by SAMHD1, which may be modulated by its oligomeric state. Here we establish in cryo-EM and biochemical studies that the guanine-specific A1 activator site of each SAMHD1 monomer is used to target the enzyme to guanine nucleotides within single-stranded (ss) DNA and RNA. Remarkably, nucleic acid strands containing a single guanine base induce dimeric SAMHD1, while two or more guanines with ∼20 nucleotide spacing induce a tetrameric form. A cryo-EM structure of ssRNA-bound tetrameric SAMHD1 shows how ssRNA strands bridge two SAMHD1 dimers and stabilize the structure. This ssRNA-bound tetramer is inactive with respect to dNTPase and RNase activity.


Assuntos
Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP , RNA , Guanina , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Polímeros/metabolismo , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo
6.
Int J Biol Sci ; 19(14): 4627-4643, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37781035

RESUMO

Genomic instability is a significant driver of cancer. As the sensor of cytosolic DNA, the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway plays a critical role in regulating anti-tumor immunity and cell death. However, the role and regulatory mechanisms of STING in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are still undefined. In this study, we reported that sterile alpha motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) deficiency induced STING expression and inhibited tumor growth in DLBCL. High level of SAMHD1 was associated with poor prognosis in DLBCL patients. Down-regulation of SAMHD1 inhibited DLBCL cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that SAMHD1 deficiency induced DNA damage and promoted the expression of DNA damage adaptor STING. STING overexpression promoted the formation of Caspase 8/RIPK3/ASC, further leading to MLKL phosphorylation, Caspase 3 cleavage, and GSDME cleavage. Up-regulation of necroptotic, apoptotic, and pyroptotic effectors indicated STING-mediated PANoptosis. Finally, we demonstrated that the STING agonist, DMXAA, enhanced the efficacy of a PD-L1 inhibitor in DLBCL. Our findings highlight the important role of STING-mediated PANoptosis in restricting DLBCL progression and provide a potential strategy for enhancing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor agents in DLBCL.


Assuntos
Antígeno B7-H1 , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD , Humanos , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , DNA/metabolismo , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Nucleotidiltransferases/genética , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/genética , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo
7.
mBio ; 14(5): e0225223, 2023 Oct 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37800914

RESUMO

IMPORTANCE: We introduce BLaER1 cells as an alternative myeloid cell model in combination with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to study the influence of sterile α motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) T592 phosphorylation on anti-viral restriction and the control of cellular dNTP levels in an endogenous, physiologically relevant context. A proper understanding of the mechanism of the anti-viral function of SAMHD1 will provide attractive strategies aiming at selectively manipulating SAMHD1 without affecting other cellular functions. Even more, our toolkit may inspire further genetic analysis and investigation of restriction factors inhibiting retroviruses and their cellular function and regulation, leading to a deeper understanding of intrinsic anti-viral immunity.


Assuntos
HIV-1 , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/genética , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo , Edição de Genes , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Macrófagos
8.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 13: 1241305, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37674581

RESUMO

Maintenance of dNTPs pools in Trypanosoma brucei is dependent on both biosynthetic and degradation pathways that together ensure correct cellular homeostasis throughout the cell cycle which is essential for the preservation of genomic stability. Both the salvage and de novo pathways participate in the provision of pyrimidine dNTPs while purine dNTPs are made available solely through salvage. In order to identify enzymes involved in degradation here we have characterized the role of a trypanosomal SAMHD1 orthologue denominated TbHD82. Our results show that TbHD82 is a nuclear enzyme in both procyclic and bloodstream forms of T. brucei. Knockout forms exhibit a hypermutator phenotype, cell cycle perturbations and an activation of the DNA repair response. Furthermore, dNTP quantification of TbHD82 null mutant cells revealed perturbations in nucleotide metabolism with a substantial accumulation of dATP, dCTP and dTTP. We propose that this HD domain-containing protein present in kinetoplastids plays an essential role acting as a sentinel of genomic fidelity by modulating the unnecessary and detrimental accumulation of dNTPs.


Assuntos
Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD , Trypanosoma brucei brucei , Desoxirribonucleotídeos/metabolismo , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/citologia , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/enzimologia , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/genética , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/metabolismo , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/genética , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo , Instabilidade Genômica , Genoma de Protozoário , Dano ao DNA , Ciclo Celular
9.
Plant Sci ; 335: 111819, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37562732

RESUMO

Human Sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) functions as a dNTPase to maintain dNTP pool balance. In eukaryotes, the limiting step in de novo dNTP biosynthesis is catalyzed by RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE (RNR). In Arabidopsis, the RNR1 subunit of RNR is encoded by CRINKLED LEAVES 8 (CLS8), and RNR2 by three paralogous genes, including TSO MEANING 'UGLY' IN CHINESE 2 (TSO2). In plants, DIFFERENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR ASSOCIATED CELLS 1 (DOV1) catalyzes the first step of the de novo biosynthesis of purines. Here, to explore the role of VENOSA4 (VEN4), the most likely Arabidopsis ortholog of human SAMHD1, we studied the ven4-0 point mutation, whose leaf phenotype was stronger than those of its insertional alleles. Structural predictions suggested that the E249L substitution in the mutated VEN4-0 protein rigidifies its 3D structure. The morphological phenotypes of the ven4, cls8, and dov1 single mutants were similar, and those of the ven4 tso2 and ven4 dov1 double mutants were synergistic. The ven4-0 mutant had reduced levels of four amino acids related to dNTP biosynthesis, including glutamine and glycine, which are precursors in the de novo purine biosynthesis. Our results reveal high functional conservation between VEN4 and SAMHD1 in dNTP metabolism.


Assuntos
Arabidopsis , Ribonucleotídeo Redutases , Humanos , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/genética , Ribonucleotídeo Redutases/genética , Ribonucleotídeo Redutases/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/genética , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Fenótipo
10.
Antiviral Res ; 217: 105689, 2023 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37516154

RESUMO

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that causes life-threatening infections in newborns or immunosuppressed patients. For viral replication, HCMV establishes a network of cellular interactions, among others cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). Furthermore, HCMV encodes pUL97, a viral kinase, which is a CDK-homologue. HCMV uses pUL97 in order to phosphorylate and thereby antagonize SAMHD1, an antiviral host cell factor. Since HCMV has several mechanisms to evade restriction by SAMHD1, we first analyzed the kinetics of SAMHD1-inactivation and found that phosphorylation of SAMHD1 by pUL97 occurs directly after infection of macrophages. We hence hypothesized that inhibition of this process qualifies as efficient antiviral target and FDA approved CDK-inhibitors (CDKIs) might be potent antivirals that prevent the inactivation of SAMHD1. Indeed, Abemaciclib, a 2nd generation CDKI exhibited superior IC50s against HCMV in infected macrophages and the antiviral activity largely relied on its ability to block pUL97-mediated SAMHD1-phosphorylation. Altogether, our study highlights the therapeutic potential of clinically-approved CDKIs as antivirals against HCMV, sheds light on their mode of action and establishes SAMHD1 as a valid and highly potent therapeutic target.


Assuntos
Antivirais , Citomegalovirus , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Fosforilação , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD , Antivirais/farmacologia , Replicação Viral
11.
J Biol Chem ; 299(8): 104984, 2023 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37390988

RESUMO

HIV-1 replication in primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) is kinetically restricted at the reverse transcription step due to the low deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTP) pools established by host dNTPase, SAM and HD domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1). Lentiviruses such as HIV-2 and some Simian immunodeficiency virus counteract this restriction using viral protein X (Vpx), which proteosomally degrades SAMHD1 and elevates intracellular dNTP pools. However, how dNTP pools increase after Vpx degrades SAMHD1 in nondividing MDMs where no active dNTP biosynthesis is expected to exists remains unclear. In this study, we monitored known dNTP biosynthesis machinery during primary human monocyte differentiation to MDMs and unexpectedly found MDMs actively express dNTP biosynthesis enzymes such as ribonucleotide reductase, thymidine kinase 1, and nucleoside-diphosphate kinase. During differentiation from monocytes the expression levels of several biosynthesis enzymes are upregulated, while there is an increase in inactivating SAMHD1 phosphorylation. Correspondingly, we observed significantly lower levels of dNTPs in monocytes compared to MDMs. Without dNTP biosynthesis availability, Vpx failed to elevate dNTPs in monocytes, despite SAMHD1 degradation. These extremely low monocyte dNTP concentrations, which cannot be elevated by Vpx, impaired HIV-1 reverse transcription in a biochemical simulation. Furthermore, Vpx failed to rescue the transduction efficiency of a HIV-1 GFP vector in monocytes. Collectively, these data suggest that MDMs harbor active dNTP biosynthesis and Vpx requires this dNTP biosynthesis to elevate dNTP levels to effectively counteract SAMHD1 and relieve the kinetic block to HIV-1 reverse transcription in MDMs.


Assuntos
HIV-1 , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP , Nucleotídeos , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD , Proteínas Virais Reguladoras e Acessórias , Animais , Humanos , HIV-1/metabolismo , Lentivirus/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Monócitos/metabolismo , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais Reguladoras e Acessórias/metabolismo
12.
J Biol Chem ; 299(7): 104925, 2023 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37328105

RESUMO

Sterile alpha motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by reducing the intracellular dNTP pool. We have shown that SAMHD1 suppresses nuclear factor kappa-B activation and type I interferon (IFN-I) induction by viral infection and inflammatory stimuli. However, the mechanism by which SAMHD1 inhibits IFN-I remains unclear. Here, we show that SAMHD1 inhibits IFN-I activation induced by the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). SAMHD1 interacted with MAVS and suppressed MAVS aggregation in response to Sendai virus infection in human monocytic THP-1 cells. This resulted in increased phosphorylation of TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase epsilon (IKKε), and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). SAMHD1 suppressed IFN-I activation induced by IKKε and prevented IRF7 binding to the kinase domain of IKKε. We found that SAMHD1 interaction with the inhibitory domain (ID) of IRF7 (IRF7-ID) was necessary and sufficient for SAMHD1 suppression of IRF7-mediated IFN-I activation in HEK293T cells. Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed possible binding sites between IRF7-ID and full-length SAMHD1. Individual substitution of F411, E416, or V460 in IRF7-ID significantly reduced IRF7 transactivation activity and SAMHD1 binding. Furthermore, we investigated the role of SAMHD1 inhibition of IRF7-mediated IFN-I induction during HIV-1 infection. We found that THP-1 cells lacking IRF7 expression had reduced HIV-1 infection and viral transcription compared to control cells, indicating a positive role of IRF7 in HIV-1 infection. Our findings suggest that SAMHD1 suppresses IFN-I induction through the MAVS, IKKε, and IRF7 signaling axis.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Interferon Tipo I , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD , Humanos , Células HEK293 , Quinase I-kappa B/genética , Quinase I-kappa B/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata , Fator Regulador 3 de Interferon/metabolismo , Fator Regulador 7 de Interferon/genética , Fator Regulador 7 de Interferon/metabolismo , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo , Infecções por HIV/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais
13.
Retrovirology ; 20(1): 5, 2023 05 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37127613

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: SAMHD1 is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase that restricts replication of HIV-1 in differentiated leucocytes. HIV-1 is not restricted in cycling cells and it has been proposed that this is due to phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at T592 in these cells inactivating the enzymatic activity. To distinguish between theories for how SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 in differentiated but not cycling cells, we analysed the effects of substitutions at T592 on restriction and dNTP levels in both cycling and differentiated cells as well as tetramer stability and enzymatic activity in vitro. RESULTS: We first showed that HIV-1 restriction was not due to SAMHD1 nuclease activity. We then characterised a panel of SAMHD1 T592 mutants and divided them into three classes. We found that a subset of mutants lost their ability to restrict HIV-1 in differentiated cells which generally corresponded with a decrease in triphosphohydrolase activity and/or tetramer stability in vitro. Interestingly, no T592 mutants were able to restrict WT HIV-1 in cycling cells, despite not being regulated by phosphorylation and retaining their ability to hydrolyse dNTPs. Lowering dNTP levels by addition of hydroxyurea did not give rise to restriction. Compellingly however, HIV-1 RT mutants with reduced affinity for dNTPs were significantly restricted by wild-type and T592 mutant SAMHD1 in both cycling U937 cells and Jurkat T-cells. Restriction correlated with reverse transcription levels. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, we found that the amino acid at residue 592 has a strong effect on tetramer formation and, although this is not a simple "on/off" switch, this does correlate with the ability of SAMHD1 to restrict HIV-1 replication in differentiated cells. However, preventing phosphorylation of SAMHD1 and/or lowering dNTP levels by adding hydroxyurea was not enough to restore restriction in cycling cells. Nonetheless, lowering the affinity of HIV-1 RT for dNTPs, showed that restriction is mediated by dNTP levels and we were able to observe for the first time that SAMHD1 is active and capable of inhibiting HIV-1 replication in cycling cells, if the affinity of RT for dNTPs is reduced. This suggests that the very high affinity of HIV-1 RT for dNTPs prevents HIV-1 restriction by SAMHD1 in cycling cells.


Assuntos
HIV-1 , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP , Humanos , HIV-1/metabolismo , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por RNA/metabolismo , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Células U937 , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP/química , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo
14.
Int J Mol Sci ; 24(9)2023 Apr 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37175593

RESUMO

Over-activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the key mechanism in Gram-negative bacterial infection-induced sepsis. SAM and HD domain-containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) inhibits multiple viruses, but whether it plays a role during bacterial invasion remains unelucidated. Monocyte-macrophage specific Samhd1 knockout (Samhd1-/-) mice and Samhd1-/- macrophage cell line RAW264.7 were constructed and used as research models to evaluate the role of SAMHD1 in TLR4-activated inflammation. In vivo, LPS-challenged Samhd1-/- mice showed higher serum inflammatory factors, accompanied with more severe inflammation infiltration and lower survival rate. In vitro, Samhd1-/- peritoneal macrophages had more activated TLR4 pathway upon LPS-stimulation, accompanied with mitochondrial depolarization and dysfunction and a higher tendency to be M1-polarized. These results could be rescued by overexpressing full-length wild-type SAMHD1 or its phospho-mimetic T634D mutant into Samhd1-/- RAW264.7 cells, whereas the mutants, dNTP hydrolase-function-deprived H238A and phospho-ablative T634A, did not exert the same effect. Lastly, co-IP and immunofluorescence assays confirmed that SAMHD1 interacted with an outer mitochondrial membrane-localized protein, voltage-dependent anion channel-1 (VDAC1). SAMHD1 inhibits TLR4-induced acute inflammation and M1 polarization of macrophages by interacting with VDAC1 and maintaining mitochondria function, which outlines a novel regulatory mechanism of TLR signaling upon LPS stimulation.


Assuntos
Lipopolissacarídeos , Receptor 4 Toll-Like , Animais , Camundongos , Inflamação , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Macrófagos , Mitocôndrias , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/genética , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética
15.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 51(13): 7014-7024, 2023 07 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37246644

RESUMO

SAMHD1 dNTP hydrolase activity places it at the crossroad of several important biological pathways, such as viral restriction, cell cycle regulation, and innate immunity. Recently, a dNTPase independent function for SAMHD1 in homologous recombination (HR) of DNA double-strand breaks has been identified. SAMHD1 function and activity is regulated by several post-translational modifications, including protein oxidation. Here, we showed that oxidation of SAMHD1 increases ssDNA binding affinity and occurs in a cell cycle-dependent manner during S phase consistent with a role in HR. We determined the structure of oxidized SAMHD1 in complex with ssDNA. The enzyme binds ssDNA at the regulatory sites at the dimer interface. We propose a mechanism that oxidation of SAMHD1 acts as a functional switch to toggle between dNTPase activity and DNA binding.


Assuntos
Modelos Moleculares , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD , Oxirredução , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/química , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , DNA de Cadeia Simples/metabolismo , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Células PC-3 , Humanos
16.
Int J Med Sci ; 20(6): 810-817, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37213666

RESUMO

Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. SAM and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is an IFNγ-inducible protein that modulates cellular dNTP levels. Mutations in the human SAMHD1 gene cause Aicardi-Goutières (AG) syndrome, an autoimmune disease sharing similar clinical features with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Klotho is an anti-inflammatory protein which suppresses aging through multiple mechanisms. Implication of Klotho in autoimmune response is identified in rheumatologic diseases such as SLE. Little information exists regarding the effect of Klotho in lupus nephritis, one of the prevalent symptoms of SLE. The present study verified the effect of IFNγ on SAMHD1 and Klotho expression in MES-13 glomerular mesangial cells, a special cell type in glomerulus that is critically involved in lupus nephritis. IFNγ upregulated SAMHD1 expression in MES-13 cells through the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (JAK-STAT1) and the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling pathways. IFNγ decreased Klotho protein expression in MES-13 cells. Treatment of MES-13 cells with recombinant Klotho protein inhibited SAMHD1 expression by blocking IFNγ-induced NFκB nuclear translocation, but showed no effect on JAK-STAT1 signaling. Collectively, our findings support the protective role of Klotho in attenuating lupus nephritis through the inhibition of IFNγ-induced SAMHD1 expression and IFNγ downstream signaling in MES-13 cells.


Assuntos
Nefrite Lúpica , NF-kappa B , Humanos , Células Cultivadas , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Nefrite Lúpica/genética , Células Mesangiais/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/genética , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/farmacologia
17.
ACS Chem Biol ; 18(10): 2200-2210, 2023 10 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37233733

RESUMO

Sterile alpha motif histidine-aspartate domain protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase that exists in monomeric, dimeric, and tetrameric forms. It is activated by GTP binding to an A1 allosteric site on each monomer subunit, which induces dimerization, a prerequisite for dNTP-induced tetramerization. SAMHD1 is a validated drug target stemming from its inactivation of many anticancer nucleoside drugs leading to drug resistance. The enzyme also possesses a single-strand nucleic acid binding function that promotes RNA and DNA homeostasis by several mechanisms. To discover small molecule inhibitors of SAMHD1, we screened a custom ∼69 000-compound library for dNTPase inhibitors. Surprisingly, this effort yielded no viable hits and indicated that exceptional barriers for discovery of small molecule inhibitors existed. We then took a rational fragment-based inhibitor design approach using a deoxyguanosine (dG) A1 site targeting fragment. A targeted chemical library was synthesized by coupling a 5'-phosphoryl propylamine dG fragment (dGpC3NH2) to 376 carboxylic acids (RCOOH). Direct screening of the products (dGpC3NHCO-R) yielded nine initial hits, one of which (R = 3-(3'-bromo-[1,1'-biphenyl]), 5a) was investigated extensively. Amide 5a is a competitive inhibitor against GTP binding to the A1 site and induces inactive dimers that are deficient in tetramerization. Surprisingly, 5a also prevented ssDNA and ssRNA binding, demonstrating that the dNTPase and nucleic acid binding functions of SAMHD1 can be disrupted by a single small molecule. A structure of the SAMHD1-5a complex indicates that the biphenyl fragment impedes a conformational change in the C-terminal lobe that is required for tetramerization.


Assuntos
Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP , Ácidos Nucleicos , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo , Ácido Aspártico , Histidina , Motivo Estéril alfa , Guanosina Trifosfato/química , Desoxiguanosina , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP/química , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo
18.
Anal Biochem ; 670: 115153, 2023 06 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37037311

RESUMO

Different protein purification methods exist. Yet, they need to be adapted for specific downstream applications to maintain functional integrity of the recombinant proteins. This study established a purification protocol for lentiviral Vpx (viral protein X) and test its ability to degrade sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) ex vivo in resting CD4+ T cells. For this purpose, we cloned a novel eukaryotic expression plasmid for Vpx including C-terminal 10x His- and HA-tags and confirmed that those tags did not alter the ability to degrade SAMHD1. We optimized purification conditions for Vpx produced in HEK293T cells with CHAPS as detergent and Co-NTA resins yielding the highest solubility and protein amounts. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) further enhanced the purity of recombinant Vpx proteins. Importantly, nucleofection of resting CD4+ T cells demonstrated that purified recombinant Vpx protein efficiently degraded SAMHD1 in a proteasome-dependent manner. In conclusion, this protocol is suitable for functional downstream applications of recombinant Vpx and might be transferrable to other recombinant proteins with similar functions/properties as lentiviral Vpx.


Assuntos
Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP , Linfócitos T , Humanos , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/genética , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP/química , Proteínas Monoméricas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais Reguladoras e Acessórias/genética , Proteínas Virais Reguladoras e Acessórias/metabolismo
19.
J Biol Chem ; 299(6): 104750, 2023 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37100289

RESUMO

Sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) inhibits HIV-1 replication in nondividing cells by reducing the intracellular dNTP pool. SAMHD1 also suppresses NF-κB activation induced by inflammatory stimuli and viral infections. Specifically, SAMHD1-mediated reduction of NF-κB inhibitory protein (IκBα) phosphorylation is important for the suppression of NF-κB activation. However, while the inhibitors of NF-κB kinase subunit alpha and beta (IKKα and IKKß) regulate IκBα phosphorylation, the mechanism by which SAMHD1 regulates phosphorylation of IκBα remains unclear. Here, we report that SAMHD1 suppresses phosphorylation of IKKα/ß/γ via interaction with IKKα and IKKß, thus inhibiting subsequent phosphorylation of IκBα in monocytic THP-1 cells and differentiated nondividing THP-1 cells. We show that knockout of SAMHD1 enhanced phosphorylation of IKKα, IKKß, and IKKγ in THP-1 cells treated with the NF-κB activator lipopolysaccharide or infected with Sendai virus and SAMHD1 reconstitution inhibited phosphorylation of IKKα/ß/γ in Sendai virus-infected THP-1 cells. We demonstrate that endogenous SAMHD1 interacted with IKKα and IKKß in THP-1 cells and recombinant SAMHD1 bound to purified IKKα or IKKß directly in vitro. Mapping of these protein interactions showed that the HD domain of SAMHD1 interacts with both IKKα and IKKß and that the kinase domain of IKKα and the ubiquitin-like domain of IKKß are required for their interactions with SAMHD1, respectively. Moreover, we found that SAMHD1 disrupts the interaction between upstream kinase TAK1 and IKKα or IKKß. Our findings identify a new regulatory mechanism by which SAMHD1 inhibits phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB activation.


Assuntos
Quinase I-kappa B , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD , Viroses , Humanos , Quinase I-kappa B/genética , Quinase I-kappa B/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Inibidor de NF-kappaB alfa/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/genética , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/metabolismo , Viroses/imunologia , Viroses/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular
20.
Oncogene ; 42(22): 1843-1856, 2023 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37081042

RESUMO

Oncogenic stress induces DNA damage repair (DDR) that permits escape from mitotic catastrophe and allows early precursor lesions during the evolution of cancer. SAMHD1, a dNTPase protecting cells from viral infections, has been recently found to participate in DNA damage repair process. However, its role in tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we show that SAMHD1 is up-regulated in early-stage human carcinoma tissues and cell lines under oxidative stress or genotoxic insults. We further demonstrate that de-ubiquitinating enzyme USP7 interacts with SAMHD1 and de-ubiquitinates it at lysine 421, thus stabilizing SAMHD1 protein expression for further interaction with CtIP for DDR, which promotes tumor cell survival under genotoxic stress. Furthermore, SAMHD1 levels positively correlates with USP7 in various human carcinomas, and is associated with an unfavorable survival outcome in patients who underwent chemotherapy. Moreover, USP7 inhibitor sensitizes tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents by decreasing SAMHD1 in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that de-ubiquitination of SAMHD1 by USP7 promotes DDR to overcome oncogenic stress and affect chemotherapy sensitivity.


Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , Humanos , Peptidase 7 Específica de Ubiquitina/genética , Proteína 1 com Domínio SAM e Domínio HD/genética , Ubiquitinação
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