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1.
Med J Aust ; 220(4): 169, 2024 Mar 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38431826

Assuntos
Atenção , Humanos
2.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 119(3): 658-668, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38432713

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanin and blueberry intakes positively associated with cognitive function in population-based studies and cognitive benefits in randomized controlled trials of adults with self-perceived or clinical cognitive dysfunction. To date, adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS) but without cognitive dysfunction are understudied. OBJECTIVES: Cognitive function, mood, alertness, and sleep quality were assessed as secondary end points in MetS participants, postprandially (>24 h) and following 6-mo blueberry intake. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted, assessing the primary effect of consuming freeze-dried blueberry powder, compared against an isocaloric placebo, on cardiometabolic health >6 mo and a 24 h postprandial period (at baseline). In this secondary analysis of the main study, data from those completing mood, alertness, cognition, and sleep assessments are presented (i.e., n = 115 in the 6 mo study, n = 33 in the postprandial study), using the following: 1) Bond-Lader self-rated scores, 2) electronic cognitive battery (i.e., testing attention, working memory, episodic memory, speed of memory retrieval, executive function, and picture recognition), and 3) the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. Urinary and serum anthocyanin metabolites were quantified, and apolipoprotein E genotype status was determined. RESULTS: Postprandial self-rated calmness significantly improved after 1 cup of blueberries (P = 0.01; q = 0.04; with an 11.6% improvement compared with baseline between 0 and 24 h for the 1 cup group), but all other mood, sleep, and cognitive function parameters were unaffected after postprandial and 6-mo blueberries. Across the ½ and 1 cup groups, microbial metabolites of anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid (i.e., hydroxycinnamic acids, benzoic acids, phenylalanine derivatives, and hippuric acids) and catechin were associated with favorable chronic and postprandial memory, attention, executive function, and calmness. CONCLUSIONS: Although self-rated calmness improved postprandially, and significant cognition-metabolite associations were identified, our data did not support strong cognitive, mood, alertness, or sleep quality improvements in MetS participants after blueberry intervention. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02035592.


Assuntos
Mirtilos Azuis (Planta) , Síndrome Metabólica , Adulto , Humanos , Antocianinas , Período Pós-Prandial , Cognição , Atenção , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto
3.
Cogn Psychol ; 149: 101643, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38452720

RESUMO

There is a high-capacity store of brief time span (∼1000 ms) which information enters from perceptual processing, often called iconic memory or sensory memory. It is proposed that a main function of this store is to hold recent perceptual information in a temporally segregated representation, named the perceptual timescape. The perceptual timescape is a continually active representation of change and continuity over time that endows the perceived present with a perceived history. This is accomplished primarily by two kinds of time marking information: time distance information, which marks all items of information in the perceptual timescape according to how far in the past they occurred, and ordinal temporal information, which organises items of information in terms of their temporal order. Added to that is information about connectivity of perceptual objects over time. These kinds of information connect individual items over a brief span of time so as to represent change, persistence, and continuity over time. It is argued that there is a one-way street of information flow from perceptual processing either to the perceived present or directly into the perceptual timescape, and thence to working memory. Consistent with that, the information structure of the perceptual timescape supports postdictive reinterpretations of recent perceptual information. Temporal integration on a time scale of hundreds of milliseconds takes place in perceptual processing and does not draw on information in the perceptual timescape, which is concerned with temporal segregation, not integration.


Assuntos
Atenção , Memória de Curto Prazo , Humanos
4.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(12): e2306281121, 2024 Mar 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38466835

RESUMO

Policymakers increasingly rely on behavioral science in response to global challenges, such as climate change or global health crises. But applications of behavioral science face an important problem: Interventions often exert substantially different effects across contexts and individuals. We examine this heterogeneity for different paradigms that underlie many behavioral interventions. We study the paradigms in a series of five preregistered studies across one in-person and 10 online panels, with over 11,000 respondents in total. We find substantial heterogeneity across settings and paradigms, apply techniques for modeling the heterogeneity, and introduce a framework that measures typically omitted moderators. The framework's factors (Fluid Intelligence, Attentiveness, Crystallized Intelligence, and Experience) affect the effectiveness of many text-based interventions, producing different observed effect sizes and explaining variations across samples. Moderators are associated with effect sizes through two paths, with the intensity of the manipulation and with the effect of the manipulation directly. Our results motivate observing these moderators and provide a theoretical and empirical framework for understanding and predicting varying effect sizes in the social sciences.


Assuntos
Ciências do Comportamento , Ciências Sociais , Humanos , Atenção
5.
Adv Neurobiol ; 36: 907-934, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38468069

RESUMO

People are continually exposed to the rich complexity generated by the repetition of fractal patterns at different size scales. Fractals are prevalent in natural scenery and also in patterns generated by artists and mathematicians. In this chapter, we will investigate the powerful significance of fractals for the human senses. In particular, we propose that fractals with mid-range complexity play a unique role in our visual experiences because the visual system has adapted to these prevalent natural patterns. This adaptation is evident at multiple stages of the visual system, ranging from data acquisition by the eye to processing of this data in the higher visual areas of the brain. Based on these results, we will discuss a fluency model in which the visual system processes mid-complexity fractals with relative ease. This fluency optimizes the observer's capabilities (such as enhanced attention and pattern recognition) and generates an aesthetic experience accompanied by a reduction in the observer's physiological stress levels. In addition to reviewing people's responses to viewing fractals, we will compare these responses to recent research focused on fractal sounds and fractal surface textures. We will extend our fractal fluency model to allow for stimuli across multiple senses.


Assuntos
Fractais , Tato , Humanos , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Encéfalo , Atenção
6.
J Psycholinguist Res ; 53(2): 28, 2024 Mar 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38472548

RESUMO

It has been well documented that formulaic language (such as collocations; e.g., provide information) enjoys a processing advantage over novel language (e.g., compare information). In natural language use, however, many formulaic sequences are often inserted with words intervening in between the individual constituents (e.g., provided information → provide some of the information). Whether or not the processing advantage persists in nonadjacent forms remains largely unknown. The present study thus sought to address this gap by recording the eye movements of Chinese native speakers when they were reading sentences embedded with formulaic sequences (high frequency collocations) versus novel phrases (low frequency controls), in their adjacent (e.g., 'resolve difficulties' vs. 'experience difficulties'), short-insertion (e.g., 'resolve these difficulties' vs. 'experience these difficulties'), and long-insertion forms (e.g., 'resolved so many difficulties' vs. 'experienced so many difficulties'). Results suggested that the processing advantage for formulaic language over novel language existed not only in their adjacent form, but also in their short-insertion form, albeit the magnitude of the processing advantage diminished with the increase of insertion length. The persistence of FL processing advantage is in line with usage-based approach to language learning, processing, and use.


Assuntos
Movimentos Oculares , Idioma , Humanos , Atenção , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Leitura , China
7.
Elife ; 122024 Mar 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38478405

RESUMO

Previous research has found that prolonged eye-based attention can bias ocular dominance. If one eye long-termly views a regular movie meanwhile the opposite eye views a backward movie of the same episode, perceptual ocular dominance will shift towards the eye previously viewing the backward movie. Yet it remains unclear whether the role of eye-based attention in this phenomenon is causal or not. To address this issue, the present study relied on both the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) techniques. We found robust activation of the frontal eye field (FEF) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) when participants were watching the dichoptic movie while focusing their attention on the regular movie. Interestingly, we found a robust effect of attention-induced ocular dominance shift when the cortical function of vertex or IPS was transiently inhibited by continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), yet the effect was significantly attenuated to a negligible extent when cTBS was delivered to FEF. A control experiment verified that the attenuation of ocular dominance shift after inhibitory stimulation of FEF was not due to any impact of the cTBS on the binocular rivalry measurement of ocular dominance. These findings suggest that the fronto-parietal attentional network is involved in controlling eye-based attention in the 'dichoptic-backward-movie' adaptation paradigm, and in this network, FEF plays a crucial causal role in generating the attention-induced ocular dominance shift.


Assuntos
Dominância Ocular , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana , Humanos , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana/métodos , Atenção/fisiologia , Lobo Frontal/fisiologia , Lobo Parietal/fisiologia , Estimulação Luminosa/métodos
8.
Rev Neurol ; 78(6): 147-155, 2024 Mar 16.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38482702

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The objective is to produce an average brain activation mapping template in healthy children using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with specific paradigms for activating inhibitory attention and working memory functions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A nutritional and neuropsychological evaluation was performed on 87 right-handed children. The inclusion criteria were met by 30 children (15 boys and 15 girls) between 9 and 11 years old, who were studied with fMRI in two inhibitory attention tests (Go/No Go), with food cues, a working memory test (Continuous Performance Test Identical Pairs) and measurement of anatomical volumes. These data were subsequently processed with the FSL-v5 program, with a threshold of p < 0.05 (cluster-wise). The brain areas activated were located using a standard Montreal Neurological Institute brain template and the Harvard-Oxford structural cortical atlas. RESULTS: The inhibitory attention tests showed activation frontal areas predominantly on the right, and the cingulate, parietal and occipital areas, with preponderance in occipital areas in the food cues test. In the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs test, activation was obtained predominantly in the occipital, frontal and parietal areas. CONCLUSIONS: Brain activity mapping templates are obtained in healthy children with tests for inhibitory attention, food cues and working memory. The activation areas are mostly those reported in the literature. This provides baseline brain activation patterns for studying pathologies related to inhibitory attention, impulsivity and working memory.


TITLE: Mapeo neuroanatómico de atención inhibitoria y memoria de trabajo con resonancia magnética funcional en niños sanos.Introducción. El objetivo es lograr una plantilla de mapeo de activación cerebral promedio en niños sanos usando la resonancia magnética funcional (RMf), con paradigmas específicos para activar funciones de atención inhibitoria y de memoria de trabajo. Sujetos y métodos. Se realizó una evaluación nutricional y neuropsicológica a 87 niños diestros. Cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 30 (15 niños y 15 niñas) entre 9 y 11 años, a quienes se estudió con RMf con realización de dos pruebas de atención inhibitoria (Go/No Go), con letras e imágenes de alimentos, un test de memoria de trabajo (Test de Atención Continua-Pares Idénticos) y obtención de volúmenes anatómicos. Los datos posteriormente se procesaron con el programa FSL-v5 con un umbral de p < 0,05 (cluster-wise). Las áreas cerebrales activadas se localizaron utilizando una plantilla cerebral estándar del Montreal Neurological Institute y el atlas cortical estructural de Harvard-Oxford. Resultados. En las pruebas de atención inhibitoria hay activación en áreas frontales de predominio derecho, cíngulo, parietales y occipitales, con preponderancia en áreas occipitales en la prueba con alimentos. En la prueba Test de Atención Continua-Pares Idénticos se obtuvo activación de predominio en áreas occipitales, frontales y parietales. Conclusiones. Se obtienen plantillas de mapeo de actividad cerebral en niños sanos con test de atención inhibitoria, de alimentos y de memoria de trabajo. Las áreas de activación corresponden mayoritariamente a las descritas en la bibliografía. Esto nos permite tener patrones basales de activación cerebral para estudiar patologías relacionadas con la atención inhibitoria, la impulsividad y la memoria de trabajo.


Assuntos
Encéfalo , Memória de Curto Prazo , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Humanos , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Atenção/fisiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Testes Neuropsicológicos
9.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0299201, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38470885

RESUMO

This study investigated the effect of a home-based computerized cognitive training program that utilizes a digital application for training abacus-based mental calculations, "SoroTouch," on the cognitive functions of healthy middle-aged and older people using a randomized controlled trial. The participants were 20 adults (aged 42-79 years) who were involved in community-based activities for dementia prevention held by a certain organization. The participants were assigned randomly to the intervention (SoroTouch) group or control group. The SoroTouch group received home-based cognitive training with SoroTouch, being asked to use the software every day for 6 months, while the control group did not receive any intervention. To investigate the effect of SoroTouch, CogEvo, a cognitive functions test battery utilizing a tablet device, was administered to all participants once per month during the 6-month intervention period. In addition, before and after the intervention, all participants were asked to take the CogEvo and the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J). The analyses showed that the SoroTouch group did not improve total scores of the CogEvo and MoCA-J, but large group differences were observed in the two tasks of the CogEvo as follows: 'Follow the order' (modified Trail Making Test) at 2 months after the beginning of the intervention (group differences; 39.4, 95% confidence interval; 7.6-71.2) and 'Route 99' at 6 months (group differences; 39.6, 95% confidence interval; 4.9-74.4). These results provide evidence that a home-based computerized cognitive training program SoroTouch has the potential to improve working memory, attention and planning in healthy middle-aged and older adults.


Assuntos
Cognição , Disfunção Cognitiva , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Idoso , Memória de Curto Prazo , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Atenção , Testes de Estado Mental e Demência , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia
10.
J Vis ; 24(3): 1, 2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38427362

RESUMO

Previous work has found that feature attention can modulate electrophysiological responses to visual symmetry. In the current study, participants observed spatially overlapping clouds of black and white dots. They discriminated vertical symmetry from asymmetry in the target dots (e.g., black or white) and ignored the regularity of the distractor dots (e.g., white or black). We measured an electroencephalography component called the sustained posterior negativity (SPN), which is known to be generated by visual symmetry. There were five conditions with different combinations of target and distractor regularity. As well as replicating previous results, we found that an orthogonal axes of reflection in the distractor dots had no effect on SPN amplitude. We conclude that the visual system can processes reflectional symmetry in independent axis-orientation specific channels.


Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos , Humanos , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Atenção , Estimulação Luminosa
11.
BMC Ophthalmol ; 24(1): 98, 2024 Mar 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38438876

RESUMO

Image segmentation is a fundamental task in deep learning, which is able to analyse the essence of the images for further development. However, for the supervised learning segmentation method, collecting pixel-level labels is very time-consuming and labour-intensive. In the medical image processing area for optic disc and cup segmentation, we consider there are two challenging problems that remain unsolved. One is how to design an efficient network to capture the global field of the medical image and execute fast in real applications. The other is how to train the deep segmentation network using a few training data due to some medical privacy issues. In this paper, to conquer such issues, we first design a novel attention-aware segmentation model equipped with the multi-scale attention module in the pyramid structure-like encoder-decoder network, which can efficiently learn the global semantics and the long-range dependencies of the input images. Furthermore, we also inject the prior knowledge that the optic cup lies inside the optic disc by a novel loss function. Then, we propose a self-supervised contrastive learning method for optic disc and cup segmentation. The unsupervised feature representation is learned by matching an encoded query to a dictionary of encoded keys using a contrastive technique. Finetuning the pre-trained model using the proposed loss function can help achieve good performance for the task. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, extensive systemic evaluations on different public challenging optic disc and cup benchmarks, including DRISHTI-GS and REFUGE datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method, which can achieve new state-of-the-art performance approaching 0.9801 and 0.9087 F1 score respectively while gaining 0.9657 D C disc and 0.8976 D C cup . The code will be made publicly available.


Assuntos
Disco Óptico , Humanos , Disco Óptico/diagnóstico por imagem , Conscientização , Benchmarking , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Atenção
13.
Neuron ; 112(5): 692-693, 2024 Mar 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38452737

RESUMO

With recordings from temporal, parietal, and frontal regions of the behaving monkey brain, accompanied by a powerful method for optogenetic silencing of the frontal region, Mendoza-Halliday et al. compare network functions for working memory and visual selective attention.


Assuntos
Encéfalo , Cognição , Memória de Curto Prazo , Lobo Frontal , Atenção , Mapeamento Encefálico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Lobo Parietal
14.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 5622, 2024 03 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38453991

RESUMO

The human cerebellum is engaged in a broad array of tasks related to motor coordination, cognition, language, attention, memory, and emotional regulation. A detailed cerebellar atlas can facilitate the investigation of the structural and functional organization of the cerebellum. However, existing cerebellar atlases are typically limited to a single imaging modality with insufficient characterization of tissue properties. Here, we introduce a multifaceted cerebellar atlas based on high-resolution multimodal MRI, facilitating the understanding of the neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration of the cerebellum based on cortical morphology, tissue microstructure, and intra-cerebellar and cerebello-cerebral connectivity.


Assuntos
Cerebelo , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Humanos , Cerebelo/fisiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Idioma , Cognição/fisiologia , Atenção
15.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 5651, 2024 03 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38454142

RESUMO

Throughout human evolutionary history, snakes have been associated with danger and threat. Research has shown that snakes are prioritized by our attentional system, despite many of us rarely encountering them in our daily lives. We conducted two high-powered, pre-registered experiments (total N = 224) manipulating target prevalence to understand this heightened prioritization of threatening targets. Target prevalence refers to the proportion of trials wherein a target is presented; reductions in prevalence consistently reduce the likelihood that targets will be found. We reasoned that snake targets in visual search should experience weaker effects of low target prevalence compared to non-threatening targets (rabbits) because they should be prioritized by searchers despite appearing rarely. In both experiments, we found evidence of classic prevalence effects but (contrasting prior work) we also found that search for threatening targets was slower and less accurate than for nonthreatening targets. This surprising result is possibly due to methodological issues common in prior studies, including comparatively smaller sample sizes, fewer trials, and a tendency to exclusively examine conditions of relatively high prevalence. Our findings call into question accounts of threat prioritization and suggest that prior attention findings may be constrained to a narrow range of circumstances.


Assuntos
Medo , Lagomorpha , Animais , Humanos , Coelhos , Tempo de Reação , Atenção , Serpentes , Evolução Biológica , Percepção Visual
16.
Front Neural Circuits ; 18: 1280604, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38505865

RESUMO

A feature of the brains of intelligent animals is the ability to learn to respond to an ensemble of active neuronal inputs with a behaviorally appropriate ensemble of active neuronal outputs. Previously, a hypothesis was proposed on how this mechanism is implemented at the cellular level within the neocortical pyramidal neuron: the apical tuft or perisomatic inputs initiate "guess" neuron firings, while the basal dendrites identify input patterns based on excited synaptic clusters, with the cluster excitation strength adjusted based on reward feedback. This simple mechanism allows neurons to learn to classify their inputs in a surprisingly intelligent manner. Here, we revise and extend this hypothesis. We modify synaptic plasticity rules to align with behavioral time scale synaptic plasticity (BTSP) observed in hippocampal area CA1, making the framework more biophysically and behaviorally plausible. The neurons for the guess firings are selected in a voluntary manner via feedback connections to apical tufts in the neocortical layer 1, leading to dendritic Ca2+ spikes with burst firing, which are postulated to be neural correlates of attentional, aware processing. Once learned, the neuronal input classification is executed without voluntary or conscious control, enabling hierarchical incremental learning of classifications that is effective in our inherently classifiable world. In addition to voluntary, we propose that pyramidal neuron burst firing can be involuntary, also initiated via apical tuft inputs, drawing attention toward important cues such as novelty and noxious stimuli. We classify the excitations of neocortical pyramidal neurons into four categories based on their excitation pathway: attentional versus automatic and voluntary/acquired versus involuntary. Additionally, we hypothesize that dendrites within pyramidal neuron minicolumn bundles are coupled via depolarization cross-induction, enabling minicolumn functions such as the creation of powerful hierarchical "hyperneurons" and the internal representation of the external world. We suggest building blocks to extend the microcircuit theory to network-level processing, which, interestingly, yields variants resembling the artificial neural networks currently in use. On a more speculative note, we conjecture that principles of intelligence in universes governed by certain types of physical laws might resemble ours.


Assuntos
Neocórtex , Sinapses , Animais , Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Sinapses/fisiologia , Células Piramidais/fisiologia , Dendritos/fisiologia , Neocórtex/fisiologia , Atenção
17.
Trials ; 25(1): 190, 2024 Mar 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38491546

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In healthy people, the "fight-or-flight" sympathetic system is counterbalanced by the "rest-and-digest" parasympathetic system. As we grow older, the parasympathetic system declines as the sympathetic system becomes hyperactive. In our prior heart rate variability biofeedback and emotion regulation (HRV-ER) clinical trial, we found that increasing parasympathetic activity through daily practice of slow-paced breathing significantly decreased plasma amyloid-ß (Aß) in healthy younger and older adults. In healthy adults, higher plasma Aß is associated with greater risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our primary goal of this trial is to reproduce and extend our initial findings regarding effects of slow-paced breathing on Aß. Our secondary objectives are to examine the effects of daily slow-paced breathing on brain structure and the rate of learning. METHODS: Adults aged 50-70 have been randomized to practice one of two breathing protocols twice daily for 9 weeks: (1) "slow-paced breathing condition" involving daily cognitive training followed by slow-paced breathing designed to maximize heart rate oscillations or (2) "random-paced breathing condition" involving daily cognitive training followed by random-paced breathing to avoid increasing heart rate oscillations. The primary outcomes are plasma Aß40 and Aß42 levels and plasma Aß42/40 ratio. The secondary outcomes are brain perivascular space volume, hippocampal volume, and learning rates measured by cognitive training performance. Other pre-registered outcomes include plasma pTau-181/tTau ratio and urine Aß42. Recruitment began in January 2023. Interventions are ongoing and will be completed by the end of 2023. DISCUSSION: Our HRV-ER trial was groundbreaking in demonstrating that a behavioral intervention can reduce plasma Aß levels relative to a randomized control group. We aim to reproduce these findings while testing effects on brain clearance pathways and cognition. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05602220. Registered on January 12, 2023.


Assuntos
Cognição , Respiração , Humanos , Idoso , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Biorretroalimentação Psicológica/métodos , Atenção , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto
18.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev ; 159: 105613, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38437974

RESUMO

Social semantic memory guides many aspects of behavior. Individuals rely on acquired and inferred knowledge about personal characteristics and group membership to predict the behavior and character of social targets. These predictions then determine the expectations from, the behavior in, and the interpretations of social interactions. According to predictive processing accounts, mnemonic and attentional mechanisms should enhance the processing of prediction-violating events. However, empirical findings suggest that prediction-consistent social events are often better remembered. This mini-review integrates recent evidence from social and non-social memory research to highlight the role of motivation in explaining these discrepancies. A particular emphasis is given to the continuous nature of prediction-(in)consistency, the epistemic tendency of perceivers to maintain or update their knowledge, and the dynamic influences of motivation on multiple steps in prediction-driven social memory. The suggested framework provides a coherent outlook of existing work and offers promising future directions to better understand the ebb and flow of social memoranda.


Assuntos
Memória , Motivação , Humanos , Rememoração Mental , Atenção
19.
Acta Psychol (Amst) ; 244: 104206, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38461581

RESUMO

Filmmakers and editors have empirically developed techniques to ensure the spatiotemporal continuity of a film's narration. In terms of time, editing techniques (e.g., elliptical, overlapping, or cut minimization) allow for the manipulation of the perceived duration of events as they unfold on screen. More specifically, a scene can be edited to be time compressed, expanded, or real-time in terms of its perceived duration. Despite the consistent application of these techniques in filmmaking, their perceptual outcomes have not been experimentally validated. Given that viewing a film is experienced as a precise simulation of the physical world, the use of cinematic material to examine aspects of time perception allows for experimentation with high ecological validity, while filmmakers gain more insight on how empirically developed techniques influence viewers' time percept. Here, we investigated how such time manipulation techniques of an action affect a scene's perceived duration. Specifically, we presented videos depicting different actions (e.g., a woman talking on the phone), edited according to the techniques applied for temporal manipulation and asked participants to make verbal estimations of the presented scenes' perceived durations. Analysis of data revealed that the duration of expanded scenes was significantly overestimated as compared to that of compressed and real-time scenes, as was the duration of real-time scenes as compared to that of compressed scenes. Therefore, our results validate the empirical techniques applied for the modulation of a scene's perceived duration. We also found interactions on time estimates of scene type and editing technique as a function of the characteristics and the action of the scene presented. Thus, these findings add to the discussion that the content and characteristics of a scene, along with the editing technique applied, can also modulate perceived duration. Our findings are discussed by considering current timing frameworks, as well as attentional saliency algorithms measuring the visual saliency of the presented stimuli.


Assuntos
Percepção do Tempo , Percepção Visual , Feminino , Humanos , Atenção , Simulação por Computador
20.
Infant Behav Dev ; 74: 101927, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38428279

RESUMO

Infants actively initiate social interactions aiming to elicit different types of responses from other people. This study aimed to document a variety of communicative interactions initiated by 18-month-old Turkish infants from diverse SES (N = 43) with their caregivers in their natural home settings. The infant-initiated interactions such as use of deictic gestures (e.g., pointing, holdouts), action demonstrations, vocalizations, and non-specific play actions were coded from video recordings and classified into two categories as need-based and non-need-based. Need-based interactions were further classified as a) biological (e.g., feeding); b) socio-emotional (e.g., cuddling), and non-need-based interactions (i.e., communicative intentions) were coded as a) expressive, b) requestive; c) information/help-seeking; d) information-giving. Infant-initiated non-need-based (88%) interactions were more prevalent compared to need-based interactions (12%). Among the non-need-based interactions, 50% aimed at expressing or sharing attention or emotion, 26% aimed at requesting an object or an action, and 12% aimed at seeking information or help. Infant-initiated information-giving events were rare. We further investigated the effects of familial SES and infant sex, finding no effect of either on the number of infant-initiated interactions. These findings suggest that at 18 months, infants actively communicate with their social partners to fulfil their need-based and non-need-based motivations using a wide range of verbal and nonverbal behaviors, regardless of their sex and socio-economic background. This study thoroughly characterizes a wide and detailed range of infant-initiated spontaneous communicative bids in hard-to-access contexts (infants' daily lives at home) and with a traditionally underrepresented non-WEIRD population.


Assuntos
Gestos , Comportamento do Lactente , Lactente , Humanos , Comportamento do Lactente/fisiologia , Intenção , Emoções , Atenção/fisiologia
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