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1.
BMC Genomics ; 24(1): 480, 2023 Aug 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37620802

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Reproduction is a key feature of the sustainability of a species and thus represents an important component in livestock genetic improvement programs. Most reproductive traits are lowly heritable. In order to gain a better understanding of the underlying genetic basis of these traits, a genome-wide association was conducted for age at first calving (AFC), first inter-calving period (ICP) and scrotal circumference (SC) within the South African Bonsmara breed. Phenotypes and genotypes (120,692 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) post editing) were available on 7,128 South African Bonsmara cattle; the association analyses were undertaken using linear mixed models. RESULTS: Genomic restricted maximum likelihood analysis of the 7,128 SA Bonsmara cattle yielded genomic heritability's of 0.183 (SE = 0.021) for AFC, 0.207 (SE = 0.022) for ICP and 0.209 (SE = 0.019) for SC. A total of 16, 23 and 51 suggestive (P ≤ 4 × 10-6) SNPs were associated with AFC, ICP and SC, while 11, 11 and 44 significant (P ≤ 4 × 10-7) SNPs were associated with AFC, ICP and SC respectively. A total of 11 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and 11 candidate genes were co-located with these associated SNPs for AFC, with 10 QTL harbouring 11 candidate genes for ICP and 41 QTL containing 40 candidate genes for SC. The QTL identified were close to genes previously associated with carcass, fertility, growth and milk-related traits. The biological pathways influenced by these genes include carbohydrate catabolic processes, cellular development, iron homeostasis, lipid metabolism and storage, immune response, ovarian follicle development and the regulation of DNA transcription and RNA translation. CONCLUSIONS: This was the first attempt to study the underlying polymorphisms associated with reproduction in South African beef cattle. Genes previously reported in cattle breeds for numerous traits bar AFC, ICP or SC were detected in this study. Over 20 different genes have not been previously reported in beef cattle populations and may have been associated due to the unique genetic composite background of the SA Bonsmara breed.


Assuntos
Bovinos , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Animais , Bovinos/genética , Bovinos/fisiologia , Feminino , Diferenciação Celular , Genótipo , África do Sul , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos/genética , Reprodução/genética , Reprodução/fisiologia , Masculino
2.
Endocrinology ; 163(12)2022 10 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36181426

RESUMO

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-mediated estrogen signaling plays a pivotal role in both reproductive and nonreproductive functions. Transcriptional regulation of the ERα gene is highly complex, with multiple transcript variants being differentially produced across the tissues. However, tissue-specific variation and physiological specificity of the ERα variants are not yet fully understood. In an attempt to generate a Cre-dependently restorable ERα-null mouse for functional genetic studies, we unexpectedly produced ERα hypomorphic mice with biased downregulation of a previously unappreciated long ERα isoform that is enriched in the female reproductive organs (uterus and ovaries) and the pituitary but minimally expressed in the brain. Female homozygous mutant mice were capable of pregnancy but displayed irregular estrus cycle and rarely kept newborn pups alive. No significant morphological and pathological changes in reproductive system or disruption of body weight homeostasis were seen in female homozygous mutant mice. Collectively, our results define a tissue-specific enriched long ERα isoform and its preferential role in female reproductive function rather than body weight homeostasis.


Assuntos
Receptor alfa de Estrogênio , Estrogênios , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Peso Corporal , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/genética , Camundongos Knockout , Isoformas de Proteínas , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos/genética
3.
Environ Health Prev Med ; 26(1): 103, 2021 Oct 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34635049

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Exposure to the ionizing radiation (IR) encountered outside the magnetic field of the Earth poses a persistent threat to the reproductive functions of astronauts. The potential effects of space IR on the circadian rhythms of male reproductive functions have not been well characterized so far. METHODS: Here, we investigated the circadian effects of IR exposure (3 Gy X-rays) on reproductive functional markers in mouse testicular tissue and epididymis at regular intervals over a 24-h day. For each animal, epididymis was tested for sperm motility, and the testis tissue was used for daily sperm production (DSP), testosterone levels, and activities of testicular enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and acid phosphatase (ACP)), and the clock genes mRNA expression such as Clock, Bmal1, Ror-α, Ror-ß, or Ror-γ. RESULTS: Mice exposed to IR exhibited a disruption in circadian rhythms of reproductive markers, as indicated by decreased sperm motility, increased daily sperm production (DSP), and reduced activities of testis enzymes such as G6PDH, SDH, LDH, and ACP. Moreover, IR exposure also decreased mRNA expression of five clock genes (Clock, Bmal1, Ror-α, Ror-ß, or Ror-γ) in testis, with alteration in the rhythm parameters. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested potential health effects of IR exposure on reproductive functions of male astronauts, in terms of both the daily overall level as well as the circadian rhythmicity.


Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano/efeitos da radiação , Expressão Gênica/efeitos da radiação , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Exposição à Radiação , Radiação Ionizante , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos/efeitos da radiação , Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/genética , Fosfatase Ácida , Animais , Proteínas CLOCK/genética , Epididimo/efeitos da radiação , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase , L-Iditol 2-Desidrogenase , L-Lactato Desidrogenase , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Animais , Membro 1 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Membro 2 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/efeitos da radiação , Espermatozoides/efeitos da radiação , Testículo/enzimologia , Testículo/efeitos da radiação
4.
Trends Mol Med ; 27(8): 807-823, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34210598

RESUMO

Kisspeptins are a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides that are essential for the regulation of reproductive physiology. Their importance in reproductive health became apparent in 2003, when loss-of-function variants in the gene encoding the kisspeptin receptor were reported to result in isolated congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). It has since been ascertained that hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion to thus stimulate the remainder of the reproductive endocrine axis. In this review, we discuss genetic variants that affect kisspeptin receptor signaling, summarize data on KISS1R agonists, and posit possible clinical uses of native and synthetic kisspeptin receptor agonists for the investigation and treatment of reproductive disorders.


Assuntos
Kisspeptinas/genética , Kisspeptinas/metabolismo , Reprodução , Saúde Reprodutiva , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Animais , Biomarcadores , Gerenciamento Clínico , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Kisspeptinas/química , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Receptores de Kisspeptina-1/química , Receptores de Kisspeptina-1/metabolismo , Reprodução/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Relação Estrutura-Atividade
5.
Biol Reprod ; 105(4): 808-821, 2021 10 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34159367

RESUMO

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created havoc on the socio-economic aspect of the world. With billions of lives being affected by this wrecking pandemic, global fertility services were also not left untouched by its impact. The possibility of sexual transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus, its impact on male and female fertility, pregnancy, its potential teratogenic effect, and handling of gametes in the clinical laboratories were major concerns among reproductive medicine specialists, which led down all the reproductive health services, including IUI, IVF/ICSI in most of the countries. Even the people did not intend to conceive during the pandemic crisis and were hesitant to avail such services. Discrete evidence regarding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection and its impact on the human reproductive system is not very clear. In this review article, we intend to incorporate all the evidence related to the COVID-19 infection and its impact on human reproduction available to date. It is our responsibility to provide rightful information and to keep our patients familiar with the existing lack of clear evidence. In this COVID-19 era, it is important that the fertility management be prioritized in sub-fertile couples with diminished fertility reserve and high-risk conditions, like malignancies, that may affect their long-term fertility prospects.


Assuntos
COVID-19/complicações , Genitália , Infertilidade/etiologia , Pandemias , Medicina Reprodutiva/tendências , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Técnicas de Reprodução Assistida/tendências , Animais , Feminino , Preservação da Fertilidade , Humanos , Infertilidade/terapia , Masculino , Gravidez
6.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab ; 321(2): E281-E291, 2021 08 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34191631

RESUMO

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis suppression in exercising women can be caused by low energy availability (EA), but the impact of a real-world, multistressor training environment on reproductive and metabolic function is unknown. This study aimed to characterize reproductive and metabolic adaptation in women undertaking basic military training. A prospective cohort study in women undertaking 11-month initial military training (n = 47) was carried out. Dynamic low-dose 1-h gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) tests were completed after 0 and 7 mo of training. Urine progesterone was sampled weekly throughout. Body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), fasting insulin resistance (homeostatic modeling assessment 2, HOMA2), leptin, sex steroids, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and inhibin B were measured after 0, 7, and 11 mo with an additional assessment of body composition at 3 mo. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) responses were suppressed after 7 mo (both P < 0.001). Among noncontraceptive users (n = 20), 65% had regular (23-35 days) cycles preenrollment, falling to 24% by 7 mo of training. Of women in whom urine progesterone was measured (n = 24), 87% of cycles showed no evidence of ovulation. There was little change in AMH, LH, and estradiol, although inhibin B and FSH increased (P < 0.05). Fat mass fluctuated during training but at month 11 was unchanged from baseline. Fat-free mass did not change. Visceral adiposity, HOMA2, and leptin increased (all P < 0.001). HPG axis suppression with anovulation occurred in response to training without evidence of low EA. Increased insulin resistance may have contributed to the observed pituitary and ovarian dysfunction. Our findings are likely to represent an adaptive response of reproductive function to the multistressor nature of military training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We characterized reproductive endocrine adaptation to prolonged arduous multistressor training in women. We identified marked suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function during training but found no evidence of low energy availability despite high energy requirements. Our findings suggest a complex interplay of psychological and environmental stressors with suppression of the HPG axis via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The neuroendocrine impact of nonexercise stressors on the HPG axis during arduous training should be considered.


Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Adulto , Composição Corporal , Feminino , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Humanos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/metabolismo , Progesterona/metabolismo , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto Jovem
7.
Breast Cancer Res ; 23(1): 68, 2021 06 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34174935

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated risk factor heterogeneity by molecular subtypes in indigenous African populations where prevalence of traditional breast cancer (BC) risk factors, genetic background, and environmental exposures show marked differences compared to European ancestry populations. METHODS: We conducted a case-only analysis of 838 pathologically confirmed BC cases recruited from 5 groups of public, faith-based, and private institutions across Kenya between March 2012 to May 2015. Centralized pathology review and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for key markers (ER, PR, HER2, EGFR, CK5-6, and Ki67) was performed to define subtypes. Risk factor data was collected at time of diagnosis through a questionnaire. Multivariable polytomous logistic regression models were used to determine associations between BC risk factors and tumor molecular subtypes, adjusted for clinical characteristics and risk factors. RESULTS: The median age at menarche and first pregnancy were 14 and 21 years, median number of children was 3, and breastfeeding duration was 62 months per child. Distribution of molecular subtypes for luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and triple negative (TN) breast cancers was 34.8%, 35.8%, 10.7%, and 18.6%, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, compared to patients with ER-positive tumors, ER-negative patients were more likely to have higher parity (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = (1.11, 3.72), p = 0.021, comparing ≥ 5 to ≤ 2 children). Compared to patients with luminal A tumors, luminal B patients were more likely to have lower parity (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.87, p = 0.018, comparing ≥ 5 to ≤ 2 children); HER2-enriched patients were less likely to be obese (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.81, p = 0.013) or older age at menopause (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.997, p = 0.049). Body mass index (BMI), either overall or by menopausal status, did not vary significantly by ER status. Overall, cumulative or average breastfeeding duration did not vary significantly across subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: In Kenya, we found associations between parity-related risk factors and ER status consistent with observations in European ancestry populations, but differing associations with BMI and breastfeeding. Inclusion of diverse populations in cancer etiology studies is needed to develop population and subtype-specific risk prediction/prevention strategies.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Adulto , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/classificação , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Feminino , Hospitais , Humanos , Quênia/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sociodemográficos
8.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 9298, 2021 04 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33927233

RESUMO

The study of free-living animal populations is necessary to understand life history trade-offs associated with immune investment. To investigate the role of life history strategies in shaping proinflammatory cell-mediated immune function, we analyzed age, sex, and reproductive status as predictors of urinary neopterin in 70 sexually mature chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. In the absence of clinical signs of acute infectious disease, neopterin levels significantly increased with age in both male and female chimpanzees, as observed in humans and several other vertebrate species. Furthermore, males exhibited higher neopterin levels than females across adulthood. Finally, females with full sexual swellings, pregnant females, and post-reproductive females, the oldest individuals in our sample, exhibited higher neopterin levels than lactating females and cycling females without full swellings. Variation in females' neopterin levels by reproductive status is consistent with post-ovulatory and pregnancy-related immune patterns documented in humans. Together, our results provide evidence of ample variation in chimpanzee immune activity corresponding to biodemographic and physiological variation. Future studies comparing immune activity across ecological conditions and social systems are essential for understanding the life histories of primates and other mammals.


Assuntos
Imunidade Celular , Neopterina/urina , Pan troglodytes/imunologia , Pan troglodytes/urina , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Envelhecimento , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Feminino , Lactação , Masculino , Ciclo Menstrual , Pós-Menopausa , Gravidez , Caracteres Sexuais
9.
J Appl Toxicol ; 41(10): 1649-1659, 2021 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33629778

RESUMO

Tebuconazole is a widely used fungicide in agriculture, and it may easily enter in the human food chain. In addition, tebuconzaol skin permeation coefficient (Log Kp) is -5.55 cm/s and it does not violate Lipinski's rule. It may mimic as a ligand for various endocrine and reproductive receptor leading to toxicological response or disease manifestation. We studied interactive potential of tebuconazole with thyroid and sex hormone-binding globulin. The main methods for this in silico analyses are molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. This paper explores how agriculture fungicide tebuconzaol exposure can be a risk for endocrine and reprotoxicity due to its stable interactive potency with thyroid and sex hormone-binding globulin (2CEO and 1D2S). Thyroid impairment is one of the most common endocrine issues in human health. In molecular docking analyses, tebuconazole exhibited binding potency of -6.28 kcal/mol with 2CEO compared to its native ligand thyroxin and inhibitor propylthiouracil which had the binding potency of -9.9 and -4.49 kcal/mol, respectively. The binding score of tebuconzaol with 1D2S was found to be -7.54 kcal/mol compared to native ligand dihydrotestosteron and inhibitor aminoglutethimide which exhibited the binding score of -6.84 and -11.41 kcal/mol, respectively. Therefore, each complex was subjected to MD simulation for comparative assessment of physical movement. The root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), Radius of Gyration and hydrogen bonding exhibited that fluconazole had stable binding pattern with 2CEO and 1D2S which was almost similar to native ligand and its inhibitor. Study revealed that tebuconazole may lead to potent endocrine and reproductive disruptions.


Assuntos
Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Fungicidas Industriais/toxicidade , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Globulina de Ligação a Hormônio Sexual/efeitos dos fármacos , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Triazóis/toxicidade , Adulto , Disruptores Endócrinos/química , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Globulina de Ligação a Hormônio Sexual/química , Glândula Tireoide/química , Triazóis/química
10.
Trends Mol Med ; 27(8): 762-776, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33573911

RESUMO

A healthy pregnancy depends on complex interrelated biological adaptations involving placentation, maternal immune responses, and hormonal homeostasis. Recent advances in high-throughput technologies have provided access to multiomics biological data that, combined with clinical and social data, can provide a deeper understanding of normal and abnormal pregnancies. Integration of these heterogeneous datasets using state-of-the-art machine-learning methods can enable the prediction of short- and long-term health trajectories for a mother and offspring and the development of treatments to prevent or minimize complications. We review advanced machine-learning methods that could: provide deeper biological insights into a pregnancy not yet unveiled by current methodologies; clarify the etiologies and heterogeneity of pathologies that affect a pregnancy; and suggest the best approaches to address disparities in outcomes affecting vulnerable populations.


Assuntos
Mineração de Dados , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Modelos Biológicos , Complicações na Gravidez/etiologia , Biomarcadores , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Feminino , Genômica/métodos , Humanos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Metabolômica/métodos , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações na Gravidez/metabolismo , Resultado da Gravidez , Proteômica/métodos , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco
11.
Trends Mol Med ; 27(8): 753-761, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33549473

RESUMO

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation and autotransplantation can restore ovarian endocrine function and fertility and recently were changed from experimental to fertility preservation procedures for medical indications by the American Society of Reproductive Medicine. Such advances have resulted in discussions around the utility of ovarian cryopreservation in healthy women to preserve fertility and delay menopause or as a hormone replacement approach. Such 'elective' use of ovarian tissue cryopreservation requires a risk-benefit assessment. Here, we review evidence for and against the utility of ovarian tissue harvesting in healthy women, scrutinize recent and needed advances to enhance the feasibility of such an approach, and provide practice and future research guidelines.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Transplante de Células , Criopreservação , Ovário/citologia , Ovário/fisiologia , Reprodução , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Fatores Etários , Transplante de Células/métodos , Criopreservação/métodos , Feminino , Preservação da Fertilidade , Avaliação do Impacto na Saúde , Humanos , Menopausa
12.
Trends Mol Med ; 27(8): 731-742, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33446425

RESUMO

Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) has become a routine add-on for in vitro fertilization (IVF) to determine whether human embryos are to be clinically utilized or disposed of. Studies claiming IVF outcome improvements following PGT-A, however, used highly selected patient populations or inappropriate statistical methodologies. PGT-A was never clinically validated in its ability to define a human embryo as chromosomal normal, mosaic, or aneuploid, nor certified by a regulatory body, or an authoritative professional organization. Because of a high false-positive rate, PGT-A, actually reduces live IVF birth chances for many patients. Furthermore, in recent studies the PGT-A hypothesis was demonstrated to be mistaken for biological, mathematical and technical reasons. PGT-A, therefore, should clinically only be offered within experimental study frameworks.


Assuntos
Aneuploidia , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Testes Genéticos/normas , Diagnóstico Pré-Implantação/métodos , Diagnóstico Pré-Implantação/normas , Análise Citogenética , Feminino , Fertilização In Vitro , Humanos , Mosaicismo , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Prognóstico , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos
13.
Midwifery ; 92: 102861, 2021 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33137546

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To explore facilitators and barriers to the implementation of a physiological approach to care during labour and birth in obstetric settings. To explore how facilitators and barriers located at three levels: organisation, professional groups (midwives and obstetricians) and women, interact to influence the implementation of a physiological approach. METHOD: A systematic review of the literature, identified 32 eligible studies from four databases reporting relevant qualitative data. Findings from these studies were thematically synthesised in three phases: line by line coding of findings from primary studies, development of descriptive themes and analytical themes. This review is reported in line with PRISMA guidelines. FINDINGS: At an organisational level, centralisation of care in obstetric units limited time for labouring and professional care to support a physiological labour and birth. Risk management strategies ostensibly designed to promote safety sustained a risk-based approach. At a professional level, important barriers include hierarchical decision-making led by obstetricians, midwifery acquiescence, obstetric and midwifery risk preoccupation, rationalisation of the routine use of clinical intervention and an erosion of midwifery skills and knowledge. At the level of the woman, barriers include a lack of knowledge and reliance on professional decision-making. Facilitators include collaborative working by midwives and obstetricians, a valuing of midwifery autonomy and women's questioning of inappropriate intervention use. KEY CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to evidence-based guidelines that recommend a physiological approach, a risk-based approach informs practices in obstetric units. Primary research has mainly identified barriers to implementing a physiological approach at a professional level, and this has been studied largely from a midwifery perspective. To aid comprehensive investigations of facilitators and barriers and their interactive influences, this review identifies important research gaps for study across all levels: organisation, professionals (midwives and obstetricians) and women. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Risk preoccupations and rationalisation, with negative influences on knowledge and skills in the use of a physiological approach, must prompt reflection and action amongst professional groups. Power imbalances between midwives and obstetricians need to be addressed, drawing on experiences in units where collaborative working and midwifery autonomy is fostered.


Assuntos
Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências/normas , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências/métodos , Humanos , Tocologia/métodos , Tocologia/normas , Desenvolvimento de Programas/métodos
14.
Breast ; 54: 62-69, 2020 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32927238

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To examined the impact of reproductive factors on the relationship between radiation treatment (RT) for a first breast cancer and risk of contralateral breast cancer (CBC). METHODS: The Women's Environmental Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology (WECARE) Study is a multi-center, population-based case-control study where cases are women with asynchronous CBC (N = 1521) and controls are women with unilateral breast cancer (N = 2211). Rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression to assess the independent and joint effects of RT (ever/never and location-specific stray radiation dose to the contralateral breast [0, >0-<1Gy, ≥1Gy]) and reproductive factors (e.g., parity). RESULTS: Nulliparous women treated with RT (≥1Gy dose) were at increased risk of CBC compared with nulliparous women not treated with RT, although this relationship did not reach statistical significance (RR = 1.34, 95% CI 0.87, 2.07). Women treated with RT who had an interval pregnancy (i.e., pregnancy after first diagnosis and before second diagnosis [in cases]/reference date [in controls]) had an increased risk of CBC compared with those who had an interval pregnancy with no RT (RR = 4.60, 95% CI 1.16, 18.28). This was most apparent for women with higher radiation doses to the contralateral breast. CONCLUSION: Among young female survivors of breast cancer, we found some evidence suggesting that having an interval pregnancy could increase a woman's risk of CBC following RT for a first breast cancer. While sampling variability precludes strong interpretations, these findings suggest a role for pregnancy and hormonal factors in radiation-associated CBC.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Neoplasias Induzidas por Radiação/etiologia , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Mama/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias da Mama/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paridade , Gravidez , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Fatores de Risco
15.
J Comp Physiol B ; 190(5): 547-556, 2020 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32617716

RESUMO

Vertebrates that incubate embryos on or within the body cavity exhibit diverse strategies to provide nutrients to developing embryos, ranging from lecithotrophy (solely yolk-provided nutrition) to substantial matrotrophy (supplemental nutrients from the mother before birth). Syngnathid fishes (seahorses, pipefishes and sea dragons) are the only vertebrates to exhibit male pregnancy. Therefore, they provide a unique opportunity for comparative evolutionary research, in examining pregnancy independent of the female reproductive tract. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the most complex form of syngnathid pregnancy involves nutrient transport from father to offspring. We compared the dry masses of newly fertilised Hippocampus abdominalis eggs with those of fully developed neonates to derive a patrotrophy index. The patrotrophy index of H. abdominalis was 1, indicating paternal nutrient supplementation to embryos during gestation. We also measured the lipid content of newly fertilised eggs and neonates and found that there was no significant decrease in lipid mass during embryonic development. Since lipids are likely to be the main source of energy during embryonic development, our results suggest that lipid yolk reserves being depleted by embryonic metabolism are replaced by the brooding father. The results of our study support the hypothesis that nutrient transport occurs in the most advanced form of male pregnancy in vertebrates.


Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Comportamento Paterno , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Smegmamorpha/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Masculino
16.
Reprod Sci ; 27(11): 2052-2062, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32557123

RESUMO

This study evaluated whether pulmonary emphysema affects sperm quality, male reproductive organs, and testosterone levels in adult male hamsters. Mesocricetus auratus males (130-150 g) were subdivided into a control group (C group) and an emphysema group (E group). The C group received an intratracheal instillation of saline solution (0.3 mL/100 g of body weight), and the E group received papain (40 mg/100 g of body weight). After 60 days, the biometric, pulmonary, and reproductive parameters of each group were evaluated. The E group developed pulmonary emphysema, which decreased body weight and sperm quality compared to the C group. In oxidative stress-related assays, lipid peroxidation was increased in the testis and epididymis (caput and cauda) in the E group compared with the C group. However, only the caput epididymis showed a reduction in glutathione levels. Pulmonary emphysema also affected the testicle by inducing an increase in abnormal seminiferous tubules, accompanied by a decrease in seminiferous epithelium height. Spermatogenesis kinetics were also modified by pulmonary emphysema. The number of Leydig and Sertoli cells decreased in the E group, accompanied by an increase in the nuclear volume of Leydig cells. Testosterone concentration was increased in the E group. Similarly, pulmonary emphysema altered epididymal components in all regions. In conclusion, pulmonary emphysema affected the reproductive system in this experimental model, as shown by testicular and epididymal morphophysiology changes, hormonal alteration, and oxidative stress imbalance, inducing the loss of correct function in the male reproductive system.


Assuntos
Estresse Oxidativo , Enfisema Pulmonar/metabolismo , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Testosterona/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Epididimo/metabolismo , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Papaína/administração & dosagem , Enfisema Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Enfisema Pulmonar/complicações , Contagem de Espermatozoides , Espermatogênese , Testículo/metabolismo
17.
Maturitas ; 137: 11-17, 2020 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32498931

RESUMO

Mutation of BRCA genes significantly increases the lifetime risk of breast, ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers. In addition to the increased risk of these multiple malignancies, the recent literature suggests that mutations in BRCA genes may lead to decreased reproductive potential. In this systematic review, we focus on the effect of BRCA gene mutation on reproductive potential. The main outcomes included the rate of nulliparity, ovarian reserve, ovarian response, and the age at natural menopause. A total of 23 observational studies were included for quality analysis. The certainty of evidence was low to moderate: the main limitations were imprecision and statistically significant heterogeneity. Meta-analysis suggested that the rate of nulliparity, serum anti-müllerian hormone levels, antral follicle counts and ovarian response were not significantly affected in BRCA gene mutation carriers (P > 0.05). BRCA gene mutation carriers tended to have a lower number of primordial follicles (P = 0.0002) and lower age at natural menopause than non-carriers. In conclusion, there is no compelling evidence indicating that the rate of nulliparity, serum AMH, antral follicle counts and ovarian response are affected in BRCA mutation carriers.


Assuntos
Genes BRCA1 , Genes BRCA2 , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos/genética , Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Menopausa/genética , Mutação , Folículo Ovariano , Reserva Ovariana/genética , Paridade/genética
18.
J Am Acad Psychiatry Law ; 48(3): 384-392, 2020 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32404362

RESUMO

Sarah Jane Whiteling was accused of fatally poisoning her husband and two children in Philadelphia in 1888. The case prompted public outrage over the appearance that Ms. Whiteling's motive was to collect life insurance. It was evident, however, that she was disturbed, raising a question of culpability. Dr. Alice Bennett, the first female physician in charge of an asylum, provided the defense with expert testimony on the defendant's mental state. Dr. Bennett, who had little forensic but much clinical experience, proposed a physiological theory of insanity among women with reproduction-related derangements. At that time, cultural ideas about "female poisoners" colored popular and journalistic perceptions of Ms. Whiteling. Familicide was considered unconscionable because a mother's duty was to nurture and protect her family. When Ms. Whiteling was convicted and sentenced to death, Dr. Bennett undertook a campaign for commutation. Her unsuccessful efforts to reduce culpability were followed by Ms. Whiteling's hanging in 1889, the first execution of a woman in Philadelphia since colonial times. This article recounts the Whiteling case, Dr. Bennett's involvement in it, and how it relates to what is known about familicide. It is argued here that Dr. Bennett was a pioneer in applying medical expert testimony to effect individualized mitigation.


Assuntos
Intoxicação por Arsênico/psicologia , Família , Medicina Legal/legislação & jurisprudência , Psiquiatria Legal/legislação & jurisprudência , Homicídio/legislação & jurisprudência , Adulto , Intoxicação por Arsênico/história , Pena de Morte/legislação & jurisprudência , Prova Pericial , Feminino , Medicina Legal/história , Psiquiatria Legal/história , História do Século XIX , Homicídio/história , Humanos , Defesa por Insanidade , Ciclo Menstrual/psicologia , Philadelphia , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos
19.
Parasite ; 27: 22, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32254018

RESUMO

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are competent vectors of arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya viruses which co-exist in some areas, including La Réunion island, Indian Ocean. A type of reproductive interference called satyrization has been described in sympatric species where dominant species mating fails to produce hybrids and thus reduces the fitness and tends to control the spread of the other species. Here, we investigated satyrization in laboratory experiments to provide insights on the potential impact on Ae. aegypti of a control campaign including a sterile insect technique component against Ae. albopictus. Different mating crosses were used to test sympatric, conspecific-interspecific and allopatric effects of irradiated and non-irradiated male Ae. albopictus on female Ae. aegypti, including in a situation of skewed male ratio. Our results suggest that there was only a low level of satyrization between sympatric populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus colonized from La Réunion island. A male Ae. albopictus to female Ae. aegypti ratio of 3:1 did not increase the level of satyrization. Female Ae. aegypti previously mated to male Ae. albopictus were not prevented from being inseminated by conspecific males. A satyrization effect was not seen between allopatric Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti strains from La Réunion Island either. The tested Ae. aegypti strain from La Réunion island has therefore developed full resistance to satyrization and so releasing sterile male Ae. albopictus may not suppress Ae. aegypti populations if an overflooding of irradiated male Ae. albopictus leads to similar results. The management strategy of two competent species in a sympatric area is discussed.


TITLE: Démonstration de la résistance au comportement de satyrisation chez Aedes aegypti de l'île de La Réunion. ABSTRACT: Aedes aegypti et Aedes albopictus sont des vecteurs compétents d'arbovirus, tels que les virus de la dengue et du chikungunya, qui coexistent dans certaines régions, y compris à La Réunion, dans l'Océan Indien. Une interférence sur la reproduction appelée satyrisation a été décrite chez les espèces sympatriques où l'accouplement d'une espèce dominante ne produit pas d'hybrides et donc réduit le succès reproducteur et tend à contrôler la propagation des autres espèces. Ici, nous avons étudié la satyrisation dans des expériences de laboratoire pour fournir des informations sur l'impact potentiel sur Ae. aegypti d'une campagne de lutte contre Ae. albopictus basée sur la technique de l'insecte stérile. Différents croisements d'accouplements ont été utilisés pour tester les effets sympatriques, conspécifiques-interspécifiques et allopatriques de mâles Ae. albopictus irradiés et non irradiés sur les femelles Ae. aegypti, y compris dans une situation de ratio masculin asymétrique. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'il n'y avait qu'un faible niveau de satyrisation entre les populations sympatriques d'Ae. aegypti et Ae. albopictus colonisées à La Réunion. Un rapport mâles Ae. albopictus sur femelles Ae. aegypti de 3 contre 1 n'a pas augmenté le niveau de satyrisation. Les femelles Ae. aegypti déjà accouplées à un mâle Ae. albopictus n'ont pas été empêchées d'être inséminées par des mâles conspécifiques. Aucun effet de satyrisation n'a été observé entre les souches allopatriques d'Ae. albopictus et d'Ae. aegypti de La Réunion. La souche testée d'Ae. aegypti de La Réunion a donc développé une résistance totale à la satyrisation et en conséquence la libération de mâles stériles d'Ae. albopictus peut ne pas supprimer les populations d'Ae. aegypti si des lâchers massifs de mâles irradiés d'Ae. albopictus conduisent à des résultats similaires. La stratégie de gestion de deux espèces compétentes dans une zone sympatrique est discutée.


Assuntos
Aedes/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Aedes/efeitos da radiação , Animais , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Entomologia/métodos , Feminino , Aptidão Genética , Masculino , Controle de Mosquitos , Reprodução/efeitos da radiação , Reunião , Razão de Masculinidade , Simpatria
20.
Neth J Med ; 78(2): 50-54, 2020 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32332177

RESUMO

Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in oestrogendeficient states has long been thought to be a direct outcome of the reduction in oestrogen. In physiologic and many pathologic hypo-oestrogenic states, oestrogen supplementation improves BMD. However, the relationship between oestrogen replacement and BMD is less clear in the case of reproductive axis dysfunction secondary to decreased caloric intake or increased energy expenditure, such as in female athletes or anorexia nervosa. This decrease in oestrogen is associated with decreased BMD, but oestrogen replacement in these states fails to conclusively improve BMD. This suggests that the decrease in BMD in these states is not driven solely by low oestrogen. Cortisol and other markers of inflammation may play a role in BMD reduction but further research is needed. What is clear is that increased caloric consumption and restoration of menses and the reproductive axis are essential to improving BMD, while pharmacologic therapy, including oestrogen replacement through hormone therapy or contraceptives, does not provide conclusive benefit.


Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Estrogênios/deficiência , Doenças dos Genitais Femininos/fisiopatologia , Osteoporose/fisiopatologia , Ingestão de Energia , Metabolismo Energético , Terapia de Reposição de Estrogênios , Feminino , Doenças dos Genitais Femininos/etiologia , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Osteoporose/etiologia , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos
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