Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 5.359
Filtrar
1.
Cell ; 187(6): 1347-1349, 2024 Mar 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38490177

RESUMO

Dr. Shirin Heidari is the lead author of the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines. In this interview with Dr. Isabel Goldman at Cell, she discusses her research, GENDRO, the SAGER guidelines and importance of considering sex- and gender-related variables in research, and her work on sexual and reproductive health in forced displacement.


Assuntos
Identidade de Gênero , Equidade em Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Guias como Assunto , Sexo
2.
Cell ; 187(6): 1354-1357, 2024 Mar 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38490178

RESUMO

Our understanding of sex and gender evolves. We asked scientists about their work and the future of sex and gender research. They discuss, among other things, interdisciplinary collaboration, moving beyond binary conceptualizations, accounting for intersecting factors, reproductive strategies, expanding research on sex-related differences, and sex's dynamic nature.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica , Identidade de Gênero , Sexo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Caracteres Sexuais
3.
Cell ; 187(6): 1343-1346, 2024 Mar 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38490176

RESUMO

The history of sex research demonstrates an ongoing coexistence of multiple, conflicting meanings of sex. This history raises questions for scientists about the deployment of a research variable that lacks precision. Cross-disciplinary collaboration between scientists and science and technology studies (STS) scholars offers a way to find solutions to this problem.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica , Sexo , Tecnologia , Pesquisa Biomédica/história
4.
Cell ; 187(6): 1316-1326, 2024 Mar 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38490173

RESUMO

Understanding sex-related variation in health and illness requires rigorous and precise approaches to revealing underlying mechanisms. A first step is to recognize that sex is not in and of itself a causal mechanism; rather, it is a classification system comprising a set of categories, usually assigned according to a range of varying traits. Moving beyond sex as a system of classification to working with concrete and measurable sex-related variables is necessary for precision. Whether and how these sex-related variables matter-and what patterns of difference they contribute to-will vary in context-specific ways. Second, when researchers incorporate these sex-related variables into research designs, rigorous analytical methods are needed to allow strongly supported conclusions. Third, the interpretation and reporting of sex-related variation require care to ensure that basic and preclinical research advance health equity for all.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica , Equidade em Saúde , Sexo , Humanos
5.
Cancer Med ; 13(2): e6969, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38379329

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cancer affects patients and their families, but few data are available on factors associated with diversity of family structures among patients with cancer. Family is a source of both support and responsibility that must be understood to support patients and their families. METHODS: Pooled data (2004-2015) from the National Health Interview Study were used to compare characteristics of cancer survivors with and without minor children and differences by sex and race/ethnicity among survivors with minor children. RESULTS: 13.9% of cancer survivors have minor children in the household, and this experience is more likely for women and people who identify as other than non-Hispanic White. CONCLUSION: There are considerable differences by sex and race/ethnicity in the characteristics of cancer survivors with minor children. Clinicians should make consideration of family circumstances a routine part of their history. Doing so will help to identify potential sources of support and responsibility that may affect adherence.


Assuntos
Etnicidade , Neoplasias , Grupos Raciais , Sexo , Humanos , Características da Família , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino
6.
Science ; 383(6685): 822-825, 2024 Feb 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38386730

RESUMO

Several widely used high school biology texts depart from established science.


Assuntos
Biologia , Sexo , Estereotipagem , Humanos , Biologia/educação , Estados Unidos , Sexismo
7.
Horm Behav ; 157: 105445, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37979209

RESUMO

Sex is ubiquitous and variable throughout the animal kingdom. Historically, scientists have used reductionist methodologies that rely on a priori sex categorizations, in which two discrete sexes are inextricably linked with gamete type. However, this binarized operationalization does not adequately reflect the diversity of sex observed in nature. This is due, in part, to the fact that sex exists across many levels of biological analysis, including genetic, molecular, cellular, morphological, behavioral, and population levels. Furthermore, the biological mechanisms governing sex are embedded in complex networks that dynamically interact with other systems. To produce the most accurate and scientifically rigorous work examining sex in neuroendocrinology and to capture the full range of sex variability and diversity present in animal systems, we must critically assess the frameworks, experimental designs, and analytical methods used in our research. In this perspective piece, we first propose a new conceptual framework to guide the integrative study of sex. Then, we provide practical guidance on research approaches for studying sex-associated variables, including factors to consider in study design, selection of model organisms, experimental methodologies, and statistical analyses. We invite fellow scientists to conscientiously apply these modernized approaches to advance our biological understanding of sex and to encourage academically and socially responsible outcomes of our work. By expanding our conceptual frameworks and methodological approaches to the study of sex, we will gain insight into the unique ways that sex exists across levels of biological organization to produce the vast array of variability and diversity observed in nature.


Assuntos
Neuroendocrinologia , Sexo , Animais , Neuroendocrinologia/métodos
8.
Proc Biol Sci ; 290(2011): 20231113, 2023 Nov 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37964523

RESUMO

Desynchrony of phenological responses to climate change is a major concern for ecological communities. Potential uncoupling between one of the most fundamental divisions within populations, males and females, has not been well studied. To address this gap, we examined sex-specific plasticity in hibernation phenology in two populations of Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus). We find that both sexes display similar phenological plasticity to spring snowmelt dates in their timing of torpor termination and behavioural emergence from hibernation. As a result of this plasticity, the degree of protandry (i.e. males' emergences from hibernation preceding those of females) did not change significantly over the 27-year study. Earlier male behavioural emergence, relative to females, improved the likelihood of securing a breeding territory and increased annual reproductive success. Sexual selection favouring earlier male emergence from hibernation may maintain protandry in this population, but did not contribute to further advances in male phenology. Together, our results provide evidence that the sexes should remain synchronized, at least in response to the weather variation investigated here, and further support the role of sexual selection in the evolution of protandry in sexually reproducing organisms.


Assuntos
Sexo , Seleção Sexual , Feminino , Animais , Masculino , Reprodução/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Estações do Ano , Sciuridae/fisiologia
9.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 120(48): e2306723120, 2023 Nov 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37956437

RESUMO

Anthropogenic climate change has significantly altered the flowering times (i.e., phenology) of plants worldwide, affecting their reproduction, survival, and interactions. Recent studies utilizing herbarium specimens have uncovered significant intra- and inter-specific variation in flowering phenology and its response to changes in climate but have mostly been limited to animal-pollinated species. Thus, despite their economic and ecological importance, variation in phenological responses to climate remain largely unexplored among and within wind-pollinated dioecious species and across their sexes. Using both herbarium specimens and volunteer observations of cottonwood (Populus) species, we examined how phenological sensitivity to climate varies across species, their ranges, sexes, and phenophases. The timing of flowering varied significantly across and within species, as did their sensitivity to spring temperature. In particular, male flowering generally happened earlier in the season and was more sensitive to warming than female flowering. Further, the onset of flowering was more sensitive to changes in temperature than leaf out. Increased temporal gaps between male and female flowering time and between the first open flower date and leaf out date were predicted for the future under two climate change scenarios. These shifts will impact the efficacy of sexual reproduction and gene flow among species. Our study demonstrates significant inter- and intra-specific variation in phenology and its responses to environmental cues, across species' ranges, phenophases, and sex, in wind-pollinated species. These variations need to be considered to predict accurately the effects of climate change and assess their ecological and evolutionary consequences.


Assuntos
Flores , Reprodução , Humanos , Animais , Flores/fisiologia , Folhas de Planta , Sexo , Plantas , Mudança Climática , Estações do Ano , Temperatura
11.
Proc Biol Sci ; 290(2006): 20231224, 2023 09 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37670585

RESUMO

Sexually dimorphic behaviours, such as parental care, have long been thought to be mainly driven by gonadal hormones. In the past two decades, a few studies have challenged this view, highlighting the direct influence of the sex chromosome complement (XX versus XY or ZZ versus ZW). The African pygmy mouse, Mus minutoides, is a wild mouse species with naturally occurring XY sex reversal induced by a third, feminizing X* chromosome, leading to three female genotypes: XX, XX* and X*Y. Here, we show that sex reversal in X*Y females shapes a divergent maternal care strategy (maternal aggression, pup retrieval and nesting behaviours) from both XX and XX* females. Although neuroanatomical investigations were inconclusive, we show that the dopaminergic system in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is worth investigating further as it may support differences in pup retrieval behaviour between females. Combining behaviours and neurobiology in a rodent subject to natural selection, we evaluate potential candidates for the neural basis of maternal behaviours and strengthen the underestimated role of the sex chromosomes in shaping sex differences in brain and behaviours. All things considered, we further highlight the emergence of a third sexual phenotype, challenging the binary view of phenotypic sexes.


Assuntos
Comportamento Materno , Camundongos , Caracteres Sexuais , Sexo , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Agressão , Encéfalo
13.
Mar Biotechnol (NY) ; 25(5): 718-728, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37541964

RESUMO

Female Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus grow more rapidly than the male. The goal of all-female commercial production requires an efficient method of genetic sex identification. We conducted genome-wide association analysis of female and male farmed Japanese flounder (n = 24 per phenotypic sex) and found all regions of chromosome 24 to be significantly associated with phenotypic sex, suggesting it as the sex chromosome. Genetic sex was identified based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on chromosome 24 (n = 3568) using multidimensional scaling analysis, and individuals were clearly separated according to sex by the first dimension. The 61 SNPs most highly associated with sex were selected, and an amplicon-based SNP panel was developed. This was used to determine genetic sex of 39 females and 40 males. Eleven phenotypic males were assigned as female with XX genotype, suggesting sex reversal. Genetic sex was also assessed based on the indel of the amh gene promoter, which is the major candidate sex gene of Japanese flounder. We found four SNPs perfectly associated with genotypic sex in the sex-associated SNP panel, one of which was located in exon 2 of the amh gene. Along with the indel of the amh gene promoter, the sex-associated SNP panel will be of value in identifying genetic sex of farmed Japanese flounder. Molecular sexing will facilitate all-female production by breeding sex-reversed males.


Assuntos
Linguado , Sexo , Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Linguado/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genótipo
14.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 120(29): e2305099120, 2023 07 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37436957

RESUMO

Volvocine green algae are a model for understanding the evolution of mating types and sexes. They are facultatively sexual, with gametic differentiation occurring in response to nitrogen starvation (-N) in most genera and to sex inducer hormone in Volvox. The conserved RWP-RK family transcription factor (TF) MID is encoded by the minus mating-type locus or male sex-determining region of heterothallic volvocine species and dominantly determines minus or male gametic differentiation. However, the factor(s) responsible for establishing the default plus or female differentiation programs have remained elusive. We performed a phylo-transcriptomic screen for autosomal RWP-RK TFs induced during gametogenesis in unicellular isogamous Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas) and in multicellular oogamous Volvox carteri (Volvox) and identified a single conserved ortho-group we named Volvocine Sex Regulator 1 (VSR1). Chlamydomonas vsr1 mutants of either mating type failed to mate and could not induce expression of key mating-type-specific genes. Similarly, Volvox vsr1 mutants in either sex could initiate sexual embryogenesis, but the presumptive eggs or androgonidia (sperm packet precursors) were infertile and unable to express key sex-specific genes. Yeast two-hybrid assays identified a conserved domain in VSR1 capable of self-interaction or interaction with the conserved N terminal domain of MID. In vivo coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated association of VSR1 and MID in both Chlamydomonas and Volvox. These data support a new model for volvocine sexual differentiation where VSR1 homodimers activate expression of plus/female gamete-specific-genes, but when MID is present, MID-VSR1 heterodimers are preferentially formed and activate minus/male gamete-specific-genes.


Assuntos
Chlamydomonas , Sementes , Sexo , Reprodução , Células Germinativas , Espermatozoides , Biotina
15.
Hist Philos Life Sci ; 45(2): 24, 2023 Jun 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37314588

RESUMO

Masui Kiyoshi (1887-1981), a prominent Japanese geneticist, is best known for inventing the sex-sorting method of chicks and his contributions to experimental genetics in Japan. Masui drew inspiration from Goldschmidt's sex determination theory and used chickens, transplantation techniques, and his own "chick sexing" methods in his scientific work. This paper examines the intersection of genetics and industrial breeding by tracing the evolution of Masui's experimental systems. During the early 20th century, poultry farming emerged as a significant industry in Japan, resulting in the development of standardized organisms and techniques for chicken farming. Masui, a professor at Tokyo Imperial University, collaborated with the Imperial Zootechnical Experimental Station to use these organisms as models for sex determination theory while exploring their further industrial possibilities. First, the paper show how Masui viewed chickens as epistemological objects and transformed his anatomical discoveries into standardized industrial practices. Next, it describes how Masui's collaboration with German geneticist Richard Goldschmidt led to new academic questions about sex determination mechanisms and how he integrated his knowledge of chicken physiology into his research on "experimental gynandromorphs" to elaborate the theories. Lastly, the paper discusses the biotechnological ideals that Masui aimed to achieve and how they were co-constructed with his mass-production method of intersex chickens from the early 1930s. The trajectory of Masui's experimental systems highlights the dynamic relationship between agroindustry and genetics in the early twentieth century and demonstrates the 'biology of history' in which the biological processes of organisms intertwine with their epistemological history.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Sexo , Animais , Masculino , Galinhas/genética , Agricultura , Biotecnologia , Movimento Celular
16.
Am Nat ; 201(6): 813-824, 2023 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37229715

RESUMO

AbstractThe social interactions that an individual experiences are a key component of its environment and can have important consequences for reproductive success. The dear enemy effect posits that having familiar neighbors at a territory boundary can reduce the need for territory defense and competition and potentially increase cooperation. Although fitness benefits of reproducing among familiar individuals are documented in many species, it remains unclear to what extent these relationships are driven by direct benefits of familiarity itself versus other socioecological covariates of familiarity. We use 58 years of great tit (Parus major) breeding data to disentangle the relationship between neighbor familiarity, partner familiarity, and reproductive success while simultaneously considering individual and spatiotemporal effects. We find that neighbor familiarity was positively associated with reproductive success for females but not males, while an individual's familiarity with their breeding partner was associated with fitness benefits for both sexes. There was strong spatial heterogeneity in all investigated fitness components, but our findings were robust and significant over and above these effects. Our analyses are consistent with direct effects of familiarity on individuals' fitness outcomes. These results suggest that social familiarity can yield direct fitness benefits, potentially driving the maintenance of long-term bonds and evolution of stable social systems.


Assuntos
Aptidão Genética , Passeriformes , Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Reprodução , Sexo , Comportamento Sexual
17.
Evolution ; 77(8): 1756-1768, 2023 07 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37256776

RESUMO

We ask if three decades and over 1,500 generations of divergent life-history selection on age at reproduction has resulted in the evolution of reproductive isolation (RI) between laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster. We tested for premating, postmating-prezygotic, and postzygotic reproductive isolation between three replicate population pairs. Large, evolved differences in body size between selection treatments suggested the potential for prezygotic barriers driven by sexual selection or physical incompatibilities between the sexes. Although a simple prediction would be preference for larger size, creating directional isolation, our results from individual mate choice trials indicate that populations from both selection treatments show a marked bias towards homotypic mate choice; indicative of prezygotic RI driven by sexual selection or sexual conflict. Hybridization between the focal populations resulted in the production of viable adult flies with intermediate size and developmental traits. We observed a suggestive but statistically nonsignificant trend of fitness decline in the F2 generation of hybrids, but no significant evidence suggesting the evolution of postmating-prezygotic or postzygotic RI. Our findings are in accord with extant literature that posits that premating RI evolves before postmating forms of RI.


Assuntos
Drosophila melanogaster , Isolamento Reprodutivo , Animais , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Reprodução , Sexo , Seleção Sexual
18.
Neurol Clin ; 41(2): xiii-xvi, 2023 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37030969
19.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 120(18): e2212211120, 2023 05 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37094171

RESUMO

Although kin selection is assumed to underlie the evolution of sociality, many vertebrates-including nearly half of all cooperatively breeding birds-form groups that also include unrelated individuals. Theory predicts that despite reducing kin structure, immigration of unrelated individuals into groups can provide direct, group augmentation benefits, particularly when offspring recruitment is insufficient for group persistence. Using population dynamic modeling and analysis of long-term data, we provide clear empirical evidence of group augmentation benefits favoring the evolution and maintenance of complex societies with low kin structure and multiple reproductives. We show that in the superb starling (Lamprotornis superbus)-a plural cooperative breeder that forms large groups with multiple breeding pairs, and related and unrelated nonbreeders of both sexes-offspring recruitment alone cannot prevent group extinction, especially in smaller groups. Further, smaller groups, which stand to benefit more from immigration, exhibit lower reproductive skew for immigrants, suggesting that reproductive opportunities as joining incentives lead to plural breeding. Yet, despite a greater likelihood of becoming a breeder in smaller groups, immigrants are more likely to join larger groups where they experience increased survivorship and greater reproductive success as breeders. Moreover, immigrants form additional breeding pairs, increasing future offspring recruitment into the group and guarding against complete reproductive failure in the face of environmental instability and high nest predation. Thus, plural breeding likely evolves because the benefits of group augmentation by immigrants generate a positive feedback loop that maintains societies with low and mixed kinship, large group sizes, and multiple reproductives.


Assuntos
Aves , Comportamento Social , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Cruzamento , Sexo , Reprodução , Comportamento Cooperativo
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA
...