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1.
Bull Entomol Res ; 114(1): 134-148, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38178797

RESUMO

Aulacophora lewisii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is an important pest of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) in India. Larvae of A. lewisii feed on the roots, while adults consume leaves of L. acutangula. In the current study, effects of three L. acutangula cultivars (Abhiskar, Debsundari, and Jaipur Long) on the life table parameters by age-stage, two-sex approach, and key digestive enzymatic activities (amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic) of the larvae and adults of A. lewisii were determined. Further, nutrients (total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and nitrogen content) and antinutrients (total phenols, flavonols, and tannins) present in the roots and leaves of three cultivars were estimated. The development time (egg to adult emergence) was fastest and slowest on Jaipur Long (31.80 days) and Abhiskar (40.91 days), respectively. Fecundity was highest and lowest on Jaipur Long (279.91 eggs) and Abhiskar (137.18 eggs), respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was lowest on Abhiskar (0.0511 day-1) and highest on Jaipur Long (0.0872 day-1). The net reproductive rate (R0) was lowest on Abhiskar (23.32 offspring female-1). The mean generation time (T) was shortest on Jaipur Long (52.59 days) and longest on Abhiskar (61.58 days). The amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic activities of larvae and adults of A. lewisii were highest and lowest on Jaipur Long and Abhiskar, respectively. The lower level of nutrients and higher level of antinutrients influenced higher larval development time and lower fecundity of A. lewisii on Abhiskar than other cultivars. Our results suggest that Abhiskar cultivar could be promoted for cultivation.


Assuntos
Besouros , Cucurbitaceae , Luffa , Feminino , Animais , Besouros/fisiologia , Tábuas de Vida , Larva , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório
2.
Poult Sci ; 102(12): 103150, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37871491

RESUMO

Radix rehmanniae preparata polysaccharide (RRPP) is recognized as the primary bioactive compound in Radix rehmanniae preparata and has been extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and functional food due to its diverse biological activities. However, this study has yet to explore the application of RRPP as a feed additive in broilers. This study investigated the effects of dietary RRPP on growth performance, meat quality, and physiological responses of broiler chickens. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day-old Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly assigned to the 4 experimental groups with 6 replications and 12 birds/replicate. The 4 groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 4 concentrations of RRPP (0, 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg, respectively). All RRPP levels did not affect the growth performance of broilers during the starter period (1-21 d), while during the grower (22-35 d) and overall (1-35 d) periods, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and European production efficiency index were linearly improved (P < 0.05) by incorporating RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg. Carcass characteristics, relative weight and length of intestinal segments, and meat quality and tibia criteria were not affected by dietary incorporation of RRPP. Dietary RRPP led to a linear increase (P < 0.05) in serum alkaline phosphatase, potassium, calcium and sulfhydryl levels, while reducing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, LDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The addition of RRPP decreased (P < 0.05) the pH of the ileum and cecum at 21 and 35 d of age while not changing in the remaining intestinal segments. Dietary RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05) increased the tibia ash content in chicken at 21 and 35 d of age. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of RRPP improved broiler chicken's growth, gut physiology, and tibia ash content, particularly at 600 and 900 mg/kg.


Assuntos
Galinhas , Tíbia , Animais , Masculino , Galinhas/fisiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Carne/análise , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal
3.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37625480

RESUMO

What an animal ingests and what it digests can be different. Thus, we examined the nutritional physiology of Lumpenus sagitta, a member of the family Stichaeidae, to better understand whether it could digest algal components like its better studied algivorous relatives. Although L. sagitta ingests considerable algal content, we found little evidence of algal digestion. This fish species has a short gut that doesn't show positive allometry with body size, low amylolytic activity that actually decreases as the fish grow, no ontogenetic changes in digestive enzyme gene expression, elevated N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity (indicative of chitin breakdown), and an enteric microbial community that is consistent with carnivory and differs from members of its family that consume and digest algae. Hence, we are left concluding that L. sagitta is not capable of digesting the algae it consumes, and instead, are likely targeting epibionts on the algae itself, and other invertebrates consumed with the algae. Our study expands the coverage of dietary and digestive information for the family Stichaeidae, which is becoming a model for fish digestive physiology and genomics, and shows the power of moving beyond gut content analyses to better understand what an animal can actually digest and use metabolically.


Assuntos
Carnivoridade , Perciformes , Animais , Dieta , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Tamanho Corporal
4.
PLoS One ; 18(7): e0274439, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37428732

RESUMO

The relationship of food comminution and individual age in Tupaia belangeri is investigated. It is hypothesized that with increasing age the performance of the molar dentition decreases due to progressive tooth wear. While this relationship is well-documented for herbivores, age-related test series are largely lacking for insectivorous mammals. 15 individuals of Tupaia belangeri were fed exclusively with mealworms, and their faeces were analyzed for the number and size of chitin particles. The exoskeleton of a mealworm is resistant to digestive fluids in the gastrointestinal tract, and the size of individual chitin particles indicates the effectiveness of mechanical comminution that occurs in the oral cavity during mastication. It is hypothesized that a more precise occlusion of the dentition results in smaller particle size. Although individuals of all ages (juvenile, adult, and senile) were able to effectively process mealworms with their dentition prior to digestion, a larger area of very large chitin particles (98% quantile of all particles in senile animals as compared to in the same quantile in adults) in the feces of senile animals was detected. Even though the particle size of indigestible material is irrelevant for the digestive process, these findings either document somatic senescence in the functionality of the teeth, or alternatively a change in chewing behaviour with age.


Assuntos
Alimentos , Tupaia , Animais , Mastigação , Fezes , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Mamíferos , Tamanho da Partícula
5.
Poult Sci ; 102(5): 102588, 2023 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36933526

RESUMO

Changle goose in Fujian, China is a rare genetic resource and in urgent need to be protected. Understanding the characteristics of digestive physiology and spatial variation of gastrointestinal microbiota is crucial for developing nutritional intervention strategies to improve intestinal health and production performance of goose. Hence, histomorphological assay was used for observing development status of proventriculus, jejunum, and cecum in 70-day-old Changle geese, whereas digesta from 6 alimentary canal locations (crop, proventriculus, gizzard, jejunum, cecum, and rectum) were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) quantitative analysis. The histomorphological observation indicated that the jejunum and cecum of Changle goose were well developed. The alpha diversity analysis revealed that, except rectum, microbiota in other noncecum sections were in high diversity as cecum. The Nonmetric MultiDimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that microbial community of proventriculus, gizzard, and jejunum formed a cluster, which distinctly discrete with the microbiota of the other gastrointestinal locations. Additionally, the proportions of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Campilobacterota at the phylum level and Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Helicobacter, and Subdoligranulum at the genus level exhibited tremendous alternations among different gastrointestinal locations. The characteristic bacterial composition in each section was further disclosed by analyzing the core and feature Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) and SCFAs pattern. Importantly, 7 body-weight-associated ASVs and 2 cecum-development-related ASVs were identified via correlation analysis. In a whole, our findings provided the first insights into the specialized digestive physiology of Changle geese and distinctive regional distribution of gastrointestinal microbiota, which laid the important foundation for improving growth performance through microbiota manipulation in geese.


Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Gansos/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Galinhas/genética , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório
6.
J Equine Vet Sci ; 124: 104265, 2023 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36893821

RESUMO

Like other members of the odd-toed ungulates (the perissodactyls), equids once had a higher species diversity in the fossil record than they have today. This is generally explained in comparison to the enormous diversity of bovid ruminants. Theories on putative competitive disadvantages of equids include the use of a single toe as opposed to two toes per leg, the lack of a specific brain cooling (and hence water-saving) mechanism, longer gestation periods that delay reproductive output, and in particular digestive physiology. To date, there is no empirical support for the theory that equids fare better on low-quality forage than ruminants. In contrast to the traditional juxtaposition of hindgut and foregut fermenters, we suggest that it is more insightful to sketch the evolution of equid and ruminant digestive physiology as a case of convergence: both evolved a particularly high chewing efficacy in their respective groups, which facilitates comparatively high feed and hence energy intakes. But because the ruminant system, less based on tooth anatomy but more on a forestomach sorting mechanism, is more effective, equids depend more on high feed intakes than ruminants and may well be more susceptible to feed shortages. Arguably, the most underemphasized characteristic of equids may be that in contrast to many other herbivores including ruminants and coprophageous hindgut fermenters, equids do not use the microbial biomass growing in their gastrointestinal tract. Equids display behavioral and morphophysiological adaptations to high feed intakes, and their cranial anatomy that facilitates the cropping of forage while performing grinding chewing at the same time might be unique. Rather than looking for explanations how equids are better adapted to their present niches than other organisms, considering them remnants of a different morphophysiological solution may be more appropriate.


Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Ruminantes , Animais , Bovinos , Ruminantes/anatomia & histologia , Ruminantes/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição
7.
J Econ Entomol ; 115(5): 1620-1626, 2022 10 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36053006

RESUMO

Host plant species will influence the population and physiological performance of insects. Frankliniella occidentalis is a well-known invasive pest commonly found on flowering plants. Herein, the population development of F. occidentalis was investigated on the flowers of different Rosa chinensis cultivars (Ruby, Love, Parade, Pink Peace, and Mohana), and the digestive enzyme activities in thrips were measured after feeding on these flowers. The developmental times of F. occidentalis from egg to adult were 10.07, 10.37, 11.64, 10.66, and 10.90 d on Ruby, Love, Parade, Pink Peace, and Mohana, respectively. Significant differences in fecundity were also observed, with the greatest fecundity levels of F. occidentalis on Ruby (82.96) and the lowest on Mohana (63.40). F. occidentalis showed the greatest R0 on Ruby (43.57), followed by Love (36.46), Parade (33.00), Pink Peace (27.97), and Mohana (23.21). The rm showed a similar trend, with values of 0.156, 0.145, 0.141, 0.134, and 0.130, respectively. There were significant differences in digestive enzyme activities in F. occidentalis on different flowers, and different digestive enzymes showed different performance among these plants. The highest amylase and lipase activities in F. occidentalis were on Ruby, on which F. occidentalis had the fastest development rate and the highest R0, whereas the highest trypsin activity was on Pink Peace. All three digestive enzymes in thrips showed the lowest activities on Mohana. The varied population development of F. occidentalis associated with R. chinensis cultivars may be related to their digestive enzyme performance, which plays important roles in nutrient metabolism and insect growth.


Assuntos
Rosa , Tisanópteros , Amilases , Animais , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Flores , Insetos , Lipase , Plantas , Tisanópteros/fisiologia , Tripsina
8.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35961610

RESUMO

Alterations to ratios of protein and fiber in an organism's diet have been shown to structurally and functionally alter its individual digestive physiology. However, it is unclear how these dietary changes may affect phenotypic changes across generations. We utilized feeding trials, morphological analyses, enzyme activities, and 16S rRNA sequencing of the gut microbiome of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to determine how variations to fiber and protein concentrations, kept consistent across sequential generations, affect phenotypic changes. Our results show that Parental (P) and first generation (F1) fish did not differ from each other in terms of their intestine length, intestine mass, enzyme activity levels, and microbial community composition for any of the three experimental diets (high-protein/low-fiber, moderate-protein/fiber, and low-protein/high-fiber). However, each of the three experimental diets for the P and F1 fish, as well as the ancestral diet fish, did have distinct microbial community structure from one another. This indicates that there is a strong dietary effect on digestive physiology and gut microbial community and that these effects are consistent when the diet is kept homogenous across generations.


Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Dieta , Fibras na Dieta , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Peixe-Zebra/genética
9.
Fish Physiol Biochem ; 48(4): 939-954, 2022 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35768739

RESUMO

To reveal direct effects of various protein sources on digestive physiology of red seabream, Pagrus major (38.5 ± 0.4 g), six different protein sources of fishmeal (FM), soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), poultry by-product meal (PBM), and poultry-feather meal (PFM) were orally administered to fish (2 mg protein/g body weight) and sampled at 1.5 h and 3 h after administration. Gallbladder weight of fish administered FM, PBM, and PFM decreased after administration (p < 0.0001), while no difference was observed in the other ingredients compared to a non-protein sham control group, indicating that animal protein sources could more strongly stimulate bile secretion than plant protein sources in red seabream. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in the intestinal content markedly increased by the FM, SBM, and PFM administration (p < 0.0001). Lipase and amylase activity was also increased by FM and SBM but also by CGM for lipase and by PBM and PFM for amylase (p < 0.0001). These indicate that stimulation effect of the secretion of digestive enzymes is largely different among the protein sources. This might be due to the absorptive capacity of the protein source since intestinal absorption parameter genes (anpep, cpa, ggt1, and atp1a2) also increased by the FM, SBM, PBM or PFM (p < 0.05). In addition to the secretion levels of bile and digestive enzymes, gene expression levels of bile related genes (cyp7a1, cyp8b1, and shp) and digestion-regulating genes (casr and cck) were increased by the FM, SBM, PFM, and/or PBM administration, suggesting that animal proteins and SBM could be potent digestive stimulants compared to CGM and SPC. This study first revealed that single protein sources directly influence digestive enzyme secretion and bile secretion in fish. Information about the direct effect of each single source on digestive physiology could help to design feed formulation with less fishmeal.


Assuntos
Perciformes , Dourada , Administração Oral , Amilases , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Proteínas na Dieta , Digestão , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Lipase , Proteínas de Soja
10.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 3711, 2022 03 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35260667

RESUMO

The potential nutritional value of duckweed Lemna minor (Lemnaceae) was evaluated for common carp Cyprinus carpio fry. Fish were fed diets containing five graded levels of duckweed: 0% (LM0, control), 5% (LM5), 10% (LM10), 15% (LM15) and 20% (LM20). The final weight and specific growth rate were significantly higher in LM15 and LM20 diets fed fish compared to others. Feed conversion ratio was minimum in fish fed diet LM20. Amylase activity was significantly higher in LM0 treatment. Total protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities showed linear relationships with the increased level of duckweed in the diet. Protein and essential amino acids contents were significantly higher in carp fed diets LM15 and LM20 compared to others. Lipid content was significantly higher in fish fed duckweed-based diets compared to control. A direct relationship was found between the inclusion level of duckweed in the diet and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) content of carp. Contents of desaturated and elongated products of dietary linolenic acid (18:3n-3) including 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 increased in a graded manner with increasing dietary duckweed. The monounsaturated fatty acids and n-6 PUFA contents reduced significantly in fish fed duckweed. Expression of fads2d6, elovl2, elovl5 and fas were higher in carp fed diets LM10, LM15 and LM20 compared to control fish. The inclusion of L. minor in diet enhanced the nutritional value of carp by increasing protein, lipid, amino acids and n-3 PUFA contents.


Assuntos
Araceae , Carpas , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Araceae/genética , Araceae/metabolismo , Carpas/genética , Carpas/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Ácidos Graxos , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo
11.
Int J Mol Sci ; 23(2)2022 Jan 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35054771

RESUMO

Tissue homeostasis is critical for maintaining organ shape, size, and function. The condition is regulated by the balance between the generation of new cells and the loss of senescent cells, and it involves many factors and mechanisms. The midgut, an important part of the intestinal tract, is responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption in insects. LmDDX47, the ortholog of DEAD-box helicase 47 from Locusta migratoria, is indispensable for sustaining a normal midgut in the nymphs. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, LmDDX47 knockdown resulted in atrophy of the midgut and gastric cecum in both nymph and adult locusts. After LmDDX47 knockdown, the number of regenerative and columnar cells in the midgut was significantly reduced, and cell death was induced in columnar tissue. LmDDX47 was localized to the nucleolus; this was consistent with the reduction in 18S rRNA synthesis in the LmDDX47 knockdown group. In addition, the acetylation and crotonylation levels of midgut proteins were significantly increased. Therefore, LmDDX47 could be a key regulator of midgut homeostasis, regulating 18S rRNA synthesis as well as protein acetylation and crotonylation in the migratory locust.


Assuntos
RNA Helicases DEAD-box/metabolismo , Sistema Digestório/metabolismo , Homeostase , Locusta migratoria/metabolismo , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Animais , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Locusta migratoria/genética , Locusta migratoria/fisiologia , Masculino
12.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 120: 716-736, 2022 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34968713

RESUMO

The current study addressed to investigate the effect of lycopene (LYC) on blood physiology, digestive-antioxidant enzyme activity, specific-nonspecific immune response, and inflammatory gene transcriptional regulation (cytokines, heat shock proteins, vitellogenins) in spotted snakehead (Channa punctata) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In unchallenged and challenged fish treated with 200 mg LYC enriched diet the growth performance and digestive-antioxidant enzymes increased after 30 days, whereas with inclusion of 100 or 400 mg LYC in the diets, the increase manifested on or after 45 days. No mortality in fish treated with any LYC diet against P. aeruginosa was revealed. In the unchallenged and challenged fish the phagocytic (PC) activity in head kidney (HK) and spleen were significantly enhanced when fed the control diet or other LYC diets, whereas the respiratory burst (RB) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production significantly increased when fed the 200 mg diet for 45 and 60 days. Similarly, the lysozyme (Lyz) activity in the HK and spleen, and total Ig content in serum were significantly higher in both groups fed the 200 mg LYC diet for 15, 45, and 60 days. Heat shock protein (Hsp 70) was significantly improved in the uninfected group fed the 200 mg LYC diet for 45 and 60 days, but Hsp27 did not significantly change among the experimental groups at any time points. TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA pro-inflammatory cytokine expression significantly increased in both groups fed the 200 mg LYC diet after 45 and 60 days, while the IL-12 mRNA expression was moderate in both groups fed the same diet for 60 days. The IL-10 did not significant mRNA expression between groups at any sampling. The iNOS and NF-κB mRNA expression was pointedly high in both groups fed the 200 mg LYC diet on day 45 and 60. Vitellogenin A (VgA) mRNA was significantly higher in the uninfected fish fed the 100 and 200 mg LYC diets for 45 and 60 days, but VgB did not reveal significant difference between the treatment groups at any time points. The present results suggest that supplementation of LYC at 200 mg significantly modulate the blood physiology, digestive-antioxidant enzymes, specific-nonspecific immune parameters, and cytokines, Hsp, and vitellogenins in spotted snakehead against P. aeruginosa.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Doenças dos Peixes , Peixes/imunologia , Licopeno/administração & dosagem , Pigmentos Biológicos/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Pseudomonas/veterinária , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , RNA Mensageiro , Vitelogeninas
13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34737157

RESUMO

Prominent ontogenetic changes of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) should occur in mammals whose neonatal diet of milk differs from that of adults, and especially in herbivores (as vegetation is particularly distinct from milk), and even more so in foregut fermenters, whose forestomach only becomes functionally relevant with vegetation intake. Due to the protracted lactation in marsupials, ontogenetic differences can be particularly well investigated in this group. Here, we report body mass (BM) scaling relationships of wet GIT content mass in 28 in-pouch young (50 g to 3 kg) and 15 adult (16-70 kg) western grey kangaroos Macropus fuliginosus melanops. Apart from the small intestinal contents, in-pouch young and adults did not differ in the scaling exponents ('slope' in log-log plots) but did differ in the scaling factor ('intercept'), with an implied substantial increase in wet GIT content mass during the out-of-pouch juvenile period. In contrast to forestomach contents, caecum contents were elevated in juveniles still in the pouch, suggestive of fermentative digestion of milk and intestinal secretion residues, particularly in the caecum. The substantial increase in GIT contents (from less than 1 to 10-20% of BM) was associated mainly with the increase in forestomach contents (from 25 to 80% of total GIT contents) and a concomitant decrease in small intestine contents (from 50 to 8%), emphasizing the shifting relevance of auto-enzymatic and allo-enzymatic (microbial) digestion. There was a concomitant increase in the contents-to-tissue ratio of the fermentation chambers (forestomach and caecum), but this ratio generally did not change for the small intestine. Our study not only documents significant ontogenetic changes in digestive morpho-physiology, but also exemplifies the usefulness of intraspecific allometric analyses for quantifying these changes.


Assuntos
Conteúdo Gastrointestinal/química , Trato Gastrointestinal/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trato Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Macropodidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Macropodidae/fisiologia , Animais , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Feminino , Fermentação/fisiologia , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos
14.
J Appl Microbiol ; 132(2): 1384-1396, 2022 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34469017

RESUMO

AIMS: Examine the effect of soy protein concentrate (SPC) on allochthonous microbiota, hindgut integrity, and liver tissue of totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi). METHODS AND RESULTS: Four diets were prepared: control diet (100% fishmeal) and experimental diets containing partial substitution of fishmeal by SPC (15%, 30% and 45% SPC). After 90 days, samples of the hindgut contents were taken to determine the taxonomic composition of the allochthonous microbiota through sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Simultaneously, liver and hindgut samples were collected for examination by histological approaches. The SPC modulated the richness and abundance of the accessory microbiota, of which the main operational taxonomic unit showed an increase corresponding to the Phylum Firmicutes (Bacillales and Lactobacillales). With the increase in SPC, a slight decrease in mucosal fold width, a decrease in goblet cells and a slight distortion of the villi in the hindgut were observed. In the liver, SPC was observed to influence hepatocytes morphology through irregular and enlarged nuclei. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that Proteobacteria dominated the allochthonous microbiota of subadult totoaba, regardless of the diet. However, the SPC modulated the accessory bacteria communities and caused slight effects on the liver and gut of fish. SIGNIFICANCES AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: To our knowledge, this is the first study that analyses the effects of SPC on allochthonous microbiota of subadults T. macdonaldi through new generation techniques such as DNA sequencing for metagenomic analysis.


Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Perciformes , Animais , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Proteínas de Soja
15.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(19)2021 Sep 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34638623

RESUMO

How herbivorous insects adapt to host plants is a key question in ecological and evolutionary biology. The fall armyworm, (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), although polyphagous and a major pest on various crops, has been reported to have a rice and corn (maize) feeding strain in its native range in the Americas. The species is highly invasive and has recently established in China. We compared behavioral changes in larvae and adults of a corn population (Corn) when selected on rice (Rice) and the molecular basis of these adaptational changes in midgut and antennae based on a comparative transcriptome analysis. Larvae of S. frugiperda reared on rice plants continuously for 20 generations exhibited strong feeding preference for with higher larval performance and pupal weight on rice than on maize plants. Similarly, females from the rice selected population laid significantly more eggs on rice as compared to females from maize population. The most highly expressed DEGs were shown in the midgut of Rice vs. Corn. A total of 6430 DEGs were identified between the populations mostly in genes related to digestion and detoxification. These results suggest that potential adaptations for feeding on rice crops, may contribute to the current rapid spread of fall armyworm on rice crops in China and potentially elsewhere. Consistently, highly expressed DEGs were also shown in antennae; a total of 5125 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) s were identified related to the expansions of major chemosensory genes family in Rice compared to the Corn feeding population. These results not only provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms in host plants adaptation of S. frugiperda but may provide new gene targets for the management of this pest.


Assuntos
Spodoptera/genética , Spodoptera/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Animais , China , Produtos Agrícolas/parasitologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Feminino , Ontologia Genética , Genes de Insetos , Herbivoria/genética , Herbivoria/fisiologia , Adaptação ao Hospedeiro/genética , Adaptação ao Hospedeiro/fisiologia , Especificidade de Hospedeiro/genética , Especificidade de Hospedeiro/fisiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/fisiologia , Larva/fisiologia , Masculino , Oryza/parasitologia , Oviposição/fisiologia , Spodoptera/patogenicidade , Transcriptoma , Zea mays/parasitologia
16.
J Neurophysiol ; 126(6): 1903-1924, 2021 12 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34669505

RESUMO

Studies elucidating modulation of microcircuit activity in isolated nervous systems have revealed numerous insights regarding neural circuit flexibility, but this approach limits the link between experimental results and behavioral context. To bridge this gap, we studied feeding behavior-linked modulation of microcircuit activity in the isolated stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of male Cancer borealis crabs. Specifically, we removed hemolymph from a crab that was unfed for ≥24 h ("unfed" hemolymph) or fed 15 min to 2 h before hemolymph removal ("fed" hemolymph). After feeding, the first significant foregut emptying occurred >1 h later and complete emptying required ≥6 h. We applied the unfed or fed hemolymph to the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) in an isolated STNS preparation from a separate, unfed crab to determine its influence on the VCN (ventral cardiac neuron)-triggered gastric mill (chewing) and pyloric (filtering of chewed food) rhythms. Unfed hemolymph had little influence on these rhythms, but fed hemolymph from each examined time-point (15 min, 1 h, or 2 h after feeding) slowed one or both rhythms without weakening circuit neuron activity. There were also distinct parameter changes associated with each time-point. One change unique to the 1-h time-point (i.e., reduced activity of one circuit neuron during the transition from the gastric mill retraction to protraction phase) suggested that the fed hemolymph also enhanced the influence of a projection neuron that innervates the STG from a ganglion isolated from the applied hemolymph. Hemolymph thus provides a feeding state-dependent modulation of the two feeding-related motor patterns in the C. borealis STG.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Little is known about behavior-linked modulation of microcircuit activity. We show that the VCN-triggered gastric mill (chewing) and pyloric (food filtering) rhythms in the isolated crab Cancer borealis stomatogastric nervous system were changed by applying hemolymph from recently fed but not unfed crabs. This included some distinct parameter changes during each examined post-fed hemolymph time-point. These results suggest the presence of feeding-related changes in circulating hormones that regulate consummatory microcircuit activity.


Assuntos
Geradores de Padrão Central/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Moela não Aviária/fisiologia , Hemolinfa/fisiologia , Periodicidade , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Braquiúros , Comportamento Alimentar , Gânglios dos Invertebrados , Masculino
17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33940177

RESUMO

On the one hand, oral processing - mastication - is considered a relatively inflexible component of mammalian feed acquisition that constrains instantaneous intake rates. On the other hand, experimental data shows that the level of feed intake affects faecal particle size and hence net chewing efficiency in ruminants, with larger particles occurring in the faeces at higher intakes. Here, we report the effect of an increased feed intake during maintenance (L1), late (200% of L1) and peak lactation (300% of L1) of a consistent diet (hay:concentrates 50:50) in eight domestic goats on various measures of digestive physiology including faecal mean particle size (MPS). Increasing intake led to an increased gut fill, a reduction in digesta retention times, and an increase in faecal MPS (from 0.57 to 0.72 mm). However, this was an effect of the large particle fraction (>2 mm) being disproportionately excreted at higher intakes; if MPS was assessed on the basis of particles below the typical escape threshold (≤1 mm), there was no difference between intake levels. These findings suggest that the effect of intake on the calculated net chewing efficiency in ruminants may rather be an effect of increased large particle escape from the forestomach than a reduced chewing intensity per bolus during ingestion or rumination.


Assuntos
Ingestão de Alimentos , Fezes , Cabras/fisiologia , Mastigação , Estômago/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Digestão/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Feminino , Trato Gastrointestinal , Tamanho da Partícula , Ruminantes
18.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol ; 36(10): 2706-2714, 2021 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33811372

RESUMO

Liver diseases are associated with the leaky gut via the gut-liver-axis. Previous studies have paid much attention to the effect of gut barrier damage. Notably, clinical observations and basic research reveal that the gut barrier damage seldom leads to liver injury independently but aggravates pre-existing liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and drug-induced liver injury. These evidences suggest that there is a hepatic barrier in the gut-liver-axis, protecting the liver against gut-derived pathogenic factors. However, it has never been investigated which type of liver cell plays the role of hepatic barrier. Under physiological conditions, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) can take up and eliminate virus, bacteriophage, microbial products, and metabolic wastes. LSEC also keeps the homeostasis of liver immune environment via tolerance-inducing and anti-inflammatory functions. In contrast, under pathological conditions, the clearance function of LSEC is impaired, and LSEC turns into a pro-inflammatory pattern. Given its anatomical position and physiological functions, LSEC is proposed as the hepatic barrier in the gut-liver-axis. In this review, we aim to further understand the role of LSEC as the hepatic barrier. Future studies are warranted to seek effective treatments to improve LSEC health, which appears to be a promising approach to prevent gut-derived liver injury.


Assuntos
Células Endoteliais , Trato Gastrointestinal , Hepatopatias , Fígado , Animais , Capilares/imunologia , Capilares/fisiologia , Capilares/fisiopatologia , Sistema Digestório/imunologia , Sistema Digestório/fisiopatologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório/imunologia , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Células Endoteliais/imunologia , Células Endoteliais/fisiologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Fígado/citologia , Fígado/imunologia , Fígado/fisiologia , Fígado/fisiopatologia , Hepatopatias/etiologia , Hepatopatias/imunologia , Hepatopatias/fisiopatologia
19.
J Nutr ; 151(4): 826-839, 2021 04 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33693758

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Human milk is the most genuine form of personalized nutrition, whereby its nutritional and bioactive constituents support the changing needs of the growing infant. Personalized proteome profiling strategies may provide insights into maternal-infant relationships. Proteins and endogenous peptides in human milk play an important role as nutrients for growth and have distinct functionality such as immune defense. Comprehensive monitoring of all of the human milk proteinaceous components, including endogenous peptides, is required to fully understand the changing role of the human milk proteome throughout lactation. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the personalized nature of the human milk proteome and peptidome for individual mother-infant dyads. METHODS: Two individual healthy milk donors, aged 29 and 32 y and both of a normal BMI, were longitudinally observed over weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 postpartum. Milk collection was standardized. Comprehensive variations in the human milk proteinaceous components were assessed using quantitative LC-MS/MS methods. RESULTS: We longitudinally profiled the concentrations of >1300 milk proteins and 2000 endogenous milk peptides spanning 16 wk of lactation for 2 individual donors. We observed many gradual and alike changes in both donors related to temporal effects, for instance early lactation was marked by high concentrations of proteins and peptides involved in lactose synthesis and immune development. Uniquely, in 1 of the 2 donors, we observed a substantial anomaly in the milk composition, exclusively at week 6, likely indicating a response to inflammation and/or infection. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we provide a resource for characterizing the lactational changes in the human milk proteome, encompassing thousands of proteins and endogenous peptides. Further, we demonstrate the feasibility and benefit of personalized profiling to monitor the influence of milk on the development of the newborn, as well as the health status of each individual mother-infant pair.


Assuntos
Lactação/metabolismo , Proteínas do Leite/metabolismo , Leite Humano/metabolismo , Adulto , Cromatografia Líquida , Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Lactente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Longitudinais , Proteínas do Leite/imunologia , Leite Humano/imunologia , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/biossíntese , Período Pós-Parto/metabolismo , Medicina de Precisão , Análise Serial de Proteínas , Proteoma/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem
20.
Nutrients ; 13(2)2021 Feb 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33669584

RESUMO

There are numerous and diverse factors enabling the overconsumption of foods, with the sense of taste being one of these factors. There are four well established basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter; all with perceptual independence, salience, and hedonic responses to encourage or discourage consumption. More recently, additional tastes have been added to the basic taste list including umami and fat, but they lack the perceptual independence and salience of the basics. There is also emerging evidence of taste responses to kokumi and carbohydrate. One interesting aspect is the link with the new and emerging tastes to macronutrients, with each macronutrient having two distinct perceptual qualities that, perhaps in combination, provide a holistic perception for each macronutrient: fat has fat taste and mouthfeel; protein has umami and kokumi; carbohydrate has sweet and carbohydrate tastes. These new tastes can be sensed in the oral cavity, but they have more influence post- than pre-ingestion. Umami, fat, kokumi, and carbohydrate tastes have been suggested as an independent category named alimentary. This narrative review will present and discuss evidence for macronutrient sensing throughout the alimentary canal and evidence of how each of the alimentary tastes may influence the consumption of foods.


Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Trato Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Boca/fisiologia , Nutrientes , Percepção Gustatória/fisiologia , Paladar/fisiologia , Carboidratos da Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta , Proteínas na Dieta , Sistema Digestório , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Preferências Alimentares/fisiologia , Humanos , Hiperfagia/fisiopatologia
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