Eating Behavior Disorders and Disordered Eating Habits in Spanish High-Performance Women's Olympic Wrestling Athletes.

Eating disorders (EDs) are a significant health issue in combat sports. This study investigated the differences between the different types of female wrestlers and the frequency at which EDs occur in the elite population, and it also sought to establish which factors are predictors of EDs. This study was comprised of 22 elite, female wrestlers who were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: having previously been the Spanish champion, being part of the Spanish national team, participating in at least one international championship, and having a history of ED. Data collection involved five questionnaires: demographic data, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), the Bulimic Investigatory Test, the Edinburgh (BITE), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The results revealed diverse levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, with BITE scores indicating abnormal eating patterns. Group comparisons exposed significant distinctions in eating behaviors based on competition and training experience. Regression analyses showed competition and training experience as predictors of bulimia severity and symptoms. The study revealed prevalent extreme weight-control practices, including fasting, diuretic and laxative use, and binge eating. This research emphasizes the importance of EDs in Olympic wrestling, urging a comprehensive approach involving education, support, and policy implementation by coaches, health professionals, and sports organizations to prioritize athletes' well-being and discourage unhealthy weight-control practices.

Nutritional and Training Strategies for Actual Competition in World-Class Japanese Female Wrestler: A Case Report.

Wrestlers have a risk of relative energy deficiency in sports because they believe that they can gain an advantage over their opponents by temporarily adopting weight-making strategies even women. However, precise methods of making weight and the effect of manipulating body mass (BM) on health and performance in female wrestlers have not been reported. Our study aimed to report a case of weight making in a world-class female wrestler, who won the world competition seven times in 5-y and had oligomenorrhea. We obtained the BM, blood, urine, and saliva samples, hand grip strength, subjective condition a month before the match (baseline), and 3-d before the match (day-3), and food and physical activity records during baseline and 10 d before the competition. The wrestler lost 4.7% of BM from baseline to day-3 and 7.6% of BM to the match by method to reduce energy intake and enhance dehydration. Hand grip strength did not change by weight loss. After weigh-in, the wrestler took the recovery food containing 4.9 g/kg BM of carbohydrate. Although these weight strategies may at least contribute to the success of wrestlers, the impact on health needs to be clarified in future studies.

Collegiate women's wrestling body fat percentage and minimum wrestling weight values: time for revisiting minimal body fat percent?

BACKGROUND: The estimation of body fat percentage (BF%) in wrestling is used to determine the minimum wrestling weight (MWW) and lowest allowable weight class (MWC) in which wrestlers are eligible to compete. A 12% minimum threshold is currently used for women wrestlers, yet a potential increase for safety has been discussed. Because of the novelty of collegiate women's wrestling, there is a paucity of literature available on the body composition norms of this population. The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive summary of BF% and MWW values of female wrestlers and how MWW values would change with the use of different BF% thresholds. METHODS: Data from the 2022-2023 collegiate season were retrospectively analyzed resulting in a sample of 1,683 collegiate women wrestlers from the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA, n = 868) and the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA, n = 815). All wrestlers completed skinfold assessments for weight certification at the start of the competition season. The skinfold values were used to estimate BF% using the Slaughter skinfold prediction equation. Frequency statistics and descriptive analysis were performed to compute normative MWW and BF% profiles. BF% thresholds of 12% (12MWW) and the BF% value defined as the lowest 5th percentile, which would be considered unusually lean, were used to determine the resulting MWW and MWC for each method. The lowest recorded weight and weight class division throughout the season was also recorded for each wrestler. RESULTS: There was a positively skewed (0.94) and platykurtic (1.86) distribution of MWW values. The median ± interquartile range BF% for all wrestlers was 27.4 ± 10.22%, with 17% BF representing the 5th percentile. Only 354 out of 1,579 (22.4%) wrestlers competed in their lowest allowable weight class, based on the 12MWW. Of these 354 wrestlers, the mean BF% was 21.3 ± 5.2% at weight certification with only n = 17 being at or below 12% body fat and an average weight loss of 11.1 ± 8.8 lbs. from the time of weight certification. Throughout the season, wrestlers competed at weights that were, on average (mean ± SD), 19.4 ± 16.9 lbs. higher than their 12MWW (95% CI: 18.6, 20.2 lbs. p < 0.001; effect size [ES] = 1.1), 13.4 ± 19.0 lbs. higher than the 17MWW (p < 0.001; ES = 0.70), and 8.7 ± 8.3 lbs. lower than their weight at the certification (95% CI: 8.3, 9.1 lbs. p < 0.001; ES = 1.1). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly all BF% values were well above the 12% threshold used to determine MWW. Increasing the minimum BF% threshold from 12% to 17% would affect a small percentage of wrestlers, likely reduce the need for excessive weight cutting, and minimize the deleterious health effects of an athlete at such a low BF%.

Molecular typing of a collection of Iranian clinical Trichophyton tonsurans isolates based on the non-transcribed spacer region of rDNA and antifungal susceptibility testing of the species.

INTRODUCTION: Wrestling, considered the national sport of Iran, has gained immense popularity among Iranians. Wrestlers frequently encounter skin conditions, with dermatophyte fungal infections, particularly tinea gladiatorum (TG), being a common issue. TG, caused by the Trichophyton genus, has emerged as a major health concern for wrestlers and other contact sport athletes worldwide. This study aimed to assess the genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Trichophyton tonsurans isolates responsible for TG in Iranian wrestlers from Mazandaran province, northern Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 clinical T. tonsurans isolates collected from various cities in Mazandaran, were included in the study. The isolates were identified through PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing methods. Genomic DNA was extracted from these isolates, and the non-transcribed spacer (NTS) region of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was targeted for genotyping using newly designed primers. Haplotype analysis was performed to explore genetic diversity, and antifungal susceptibility to terbinafine (TRB) and itraconazole (ITC) was assessed. RESULTS: The results revealed five distinct NTS types: NTS-I, NTS-II, NTS-III, NTS-IV and NTS-V, with NTS-IV being the most prevalent. The distribution of NTS types varied across different cities, suggesting potential transmission patterns among wrestlers. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed that all isolates were susceptible to TRB, while one isolate demonstrated resistance to ITC. Genotypic diversity was not correlated with antifungal susceptibility, emphasising the importance of monitoring susceptibility to ensure effective treatment. Haplotype analysis highlighted significant genetic diversity among the T. tonsurans isolates. This diversity may be attributed to factors such as human-to-human transmission, geographic location and lifestyle changes. The study's findings underscore the need for comprehensive genotypic analysis to understand the epidemiology and evolution of T. tonsurans infections in athletes. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of T. tonsurans isolates causing TG in Iranian wrestlers. The presence of multiple NTS types and varying susceptibility patterns highlights the complexity of T. tonsurans infections in this population. Further research is warranted to track the transmission routes and genetic evolution of T. tonsurans strains among wrestlers and develop effective control measures.

An epidemiological study of martial arts injuries in patients presenting to US emergency rooms.

INTRODUCTION: With the advent of mixed martial arts (MMA) growing in popularity, there has been a described increase in its participation. The term MMA generally describes the hybridization of combat disciplines including but not limited to: karate, judo, jiu-jitsu, wrestling, taekwondo, boxing, kickboxing, and Muay Thai. With increased participation in MMA and martial arts, differing physical demands are placed on participants. Due to the physical nature of combat sports, there are injuries associated with participation. The purpose of this study is to report the incidence and characteristics of injuries seen from various martial art disciplines presenting to United States Emergency Rooms in order to educate participants and providers alike about risks assumed with participating in martial arts. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was queried for martial arts-related injuries from 2009 to 2019. Cases were examined and data including patient age and gender, injury type and location, hospital disposition, and type of martial arts practiced were extracted. RESULTS: A total of 8,400 injuries were recorded, leading to a national estimate of 310,143 martial-arts related injuries over the 11 year period of 2009-2019 (95 % CI 239,063-381,223). The most common types of injuries were strains/sprains (n = 2664, 31.7 %), fractures (n = 1,575, 18.8 %), and contusions/abrasions (n = 1,698, 20.2 %). There were 260 dislocations, with shoulder dislocations being most common (n = 96, 36.9 %). Lower extremities were affected more frequently than upper extremities (n = 3566, 42.5 % versus n = 3026, 36.0 %), with the knee being the single most common location of injury (n = 811, 9.7 %). Males more commonly sustained fractures (19.7 % versus 17.4 %, p = 0.03) and dislocations (3.5 % versus 2.4 %, p = 0.01) when compared to females. Ankle injuries were more common in females than males (10.4 % versus 6.0 %, p < 0.001). Only 2.2 % of patients required admission to the hospital. Risk factors for admission included patients >35 years of age and male sex. CONCLUSION: Martial arts injuries are a significant source of musculoskeletal injuries among patients presenting to US emergency rooms. Lower extremity injuries are seen most frequently, with patients rarely requiring hospital admission. Using this information, both providers and participants may be better equipped to make educated decisions on injury prevention and treatment.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Wrestlers after International Tournaments, April 2021.

Epidemiologic and genomic investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infections in members of Japan's national wrestling team after participation in international tournaments in 2021 revealed multiple lineages of SARS-CoV-2 not reported in Japan. The attack rate among wrestlers was high. Results suggest possible transmission during matches. We recommend early case detection and response practices.

Two Cases of Herpes Gladiatorum Identified in a Korean Middle-School Wrestling Team: A Case Report.

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The Relationship among the Performance and the ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X Polymorphisms and some Anthropometric Factors in Arm Wrestlers.

Sport genetics has become increasingly important in recent years. The concept of performance includes genetic and anthropometric factors. These factors have not been adequately examined when the current literature is examined. One of the aims of this study is to identify a possible interaction between the ACE ID and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms and the sedentary, national arm wrestlers and amateur arm wrestlers, while another aim is to reveal some physical differences between the same persons. The research included 24 arm wrestlers who were members of the Turkish national team, 23 amateur arm wrestlers with club licenses, and 34 sedentary, all of the wrestlers participated voluntarily in the research. The genotype distribution of the ACE gene and ACTN gene and the statistical significance of the R, X, I, and D allele frequencies were compared by the Chi-Square test. The Anova one-way variance analysis was used to assess the difference among the palm circumference, wrist circumference, and forearm width among the groups, the significance was tested at p<.05 level. After the data was evaluated,  significant differences were not found statistically in ACE nor ACTN3 polymorphisms in terms of the three groups (p>0.05). In addition, statistically significant differences were found in the palm, wrist, and forearm circumferences of the arm wrestlers who were the members of the Turkish national team compared especially to the sedentary (p<0.05). From the conducted research it was concluded that the success of the athlete in arm wrestling could not be directly explained by the ACE and ACTN3 genotypic characteristics. Another result revealed by this study was that the success of the athlete in arm wrestling was more related to palm, wrist, and forearm circumferences.

An unusual injury pattern: arm wrestling injury, treatment modalities, clinical outcomes, and return to sport.

BACKGROUND: In the sport of arm wrestling, the great rotational force is applied to the upper extremity, which can result in muscle and tendon injuries in the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints, and even bone fractures. The aim of this study was to present the treatment modalities, functional outcomes, and return to sport after arm wrestling injuries. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation was made of the trauma mechanisms, treatment modalities, clinical outcomes, and time of return to sports of patients admitted to our hospital with an arm wrestling injury between 2008 and 2020. At the final follow-up examination, the functional scores (DASH score and constant score) of the patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Evaluation was made of 22 patients comprising 18 (82%) males and 4 (18%) females with a mean age of 20±6.1 years (range, 12-33 years). Two (10%) patients were professional arm wrestlers. The DASH scores at the final follow-up (mean 4 years) examination were 0.57 (min: 0 and max: 1.7) for the patients with humerus shaft fracture. All the patients with isolated soft-tissue injuries returned to sports within 1 month. Patients with humeral shaft fractures returned to sports later and had a lower functional score (P<0.05). There was no disability in any patient during long-term follow-up. Patients with soft-tissue injuries continued arm wrestling more than patients with bone injuries (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study constitutes the largest patient series evaluating patients presenting at a health-care institution with any complaint after arm wrestling. Arm wrestling is not a sport that only results in bone pathologies. Therefore, providing the participants in this sport with information that they may be injured in arm wrestling but there will be a full recovery, may reassure and encourage them.

Influence of different recovery intervals on time under tension, total training volume, and fatigue index in horizontal bench press exercise in young male wrestling athletes.

BACKGROUND: The recovery interval (RI) seems to be a variable closely related to the training volume since it can determine the performance after this rest time. This study investigated the influence of different recovery intervals on time under tension (TUT), total training volume (TTV), and Fatigue Index (FI) in the horizontal bench press exercise. METHODS: Eighteen male wrestling athletes underwent three visits: 1st) performed the 10-repetition maximum (10RM) test; 2nd and 3rd) performed 5 sets of up to 10 repetitions with 1 minute (RI1) and 3 minutes (RI3) of passive RI with randomized entry. TUT, number of repetitions, TTV and FI data were collected or calculated. RESULTS: TUT was lower in sets 5 (P<0.001) for RI1 when compared to RI3, with no significant difference for the other 4 sets. The number of repetitions for RI1 was lower when compared to RI3 in sets 3 (P=0.018), 4 (P=0.023), and 5 (P<0.001), with no significant difference in sets 1 and 2. The FI was significantly higher for RI1 (P<0.001); however, TTV was significantly higher for RI3 (P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Different RI influenced the TUT and the number of repetitions along 5 sets in the horizontal bench press exercise. Moreover, these two variables showed different behavior when compared under the same condition (RI1 or RI3), especially after the third set. Using longer RI demonstrated a greater ability to maintain TTV and less negative effect of fatigue in young male wrestling athletes.

Clinical Characteristics, Mechanism, and Outcome of Humeral Shaft Fractures Sustained during Arm Wrestling in Young Men: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: Humeral fractures are common in arm wrestling and other sports and military activities requiring similar movements; however, the precise mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we present an overview of the characteristics, possible mechanisms, and treatment of humeral shaft fractures sustained during arm wrestling. METHODS: We reviewed 8 years (January 2013 to January 2021) of medical records and retrospectively analyzed data from 27 patients with humeral shaft fractures sustained during arm wrestling. The clinical data included sex, age, affected arm, alcohol consumption, muscle warm-up, history of competitive participation, opponents' characteristics, wrist position, and post-fracture radial nerve injuries. The fracture configurations were radiographically assessed and analyzed. Surgical management included single or dual plating. Scores on the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire (DASH) were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at the last follow-up visit. RESULTS: All fractures sustained during arm wrestling were spiral fractures of the distal third of the humerus. Of these, 11 were 12-A1 type and 16 were 12-B2 type with a wedge fragment. The two subtypes differed in the total fracture line length (12-A1: 0.18 ± 0.04; 12-B2: 0.23 ± 0.04; P < 0.001). The radial nerve injury rate was 0/11 (0%) in patients with 12-A1 type fractures and 7/16 (43.8%) in patients with 12-B2 type fractures (P = 0.011). Most patients were young men (mean age, ~25 years) with a history of competitively participating in arm wrestling for >2 years. Cold seasonal temperatures and a lack of warm-ups increased the risk of injury. All patients showed improved DASH scores at the last follow-up (12-A1:77.82 ± 5.14 to 10.25 [5.38]; 12-B2:78.91 ± 7.46 to 8.95 [3.17]; P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed among the different surgical treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals who participated in arm wrestling were at risk of humeral shaft fractures (type 12-A1 or 12-B2). The 12-B2 type occurs with a wedge fragment and is frequently accompanied by radial nerve injuries. The characteristics of arm-wrestling fractures and the mechanism(s) underlying these fractures can help orthopedic surgeons understand the causes of these fractures and similar fractures sustained in traditional sports. This understanding will help surgeons choose more effective surgical treatments that will result in more desirable functional outcomes and a faster return to work.

Luchadoras Pensadoras: Reframing the development outcomes of Latina high school wrestlers.

Many necessary developmental assets and competencies can be accrued through the participation of sport that aid in the holistic healthy development of adolescent girls; however, much research in this area has focused on adolescent girls as a monolithic group, disregarding the specific outcomes of sport for girls of color. Through analysis of semistructured interviews of 31 Latina high school wrestlers, we identified various developmental outcomes associated with their sport involvement. We apply a new epistemological approach to positive youth development within the context of sports development through the usage of extensive narratives of two of the girls. This study explores adolescent Latinas' involvement in high school wrestling, a sport that is widely male dominated yet rising in popularity.

Effects of Strength Training on Physical Fitness of Olympic Combat Sports Athletes: A Systematic Review.

This review aimed to identify the effects of strength training programs on the physical fitness of Olympic combat sports (OCS) athletes. The systematic review included peer-reviewed articles that incorporated interventions that included pre- and post-intervention physical fitness assessment. The search was performed in the SCOPUS, PubMed, and Web of Science databases between April and September 2022. PRISMA and the TESTEX checklist were used to select and assess the methodological quality of the studies. Twenty studies with 504 participants (428 males and 76 females) were included. Significant improvements were found in athletes' maximal dynamic and isometric strength, muscle power, flexibility, and balance. In addition, improvements in favor of the training groups in specific actions of judo, karate, fencing, and boxing were observed. In conclusion, interventions aimed at the development of muscle strength in OCS, specifically in judo, boxing, karate, wrestling, and fencing, proved to be beneficial at a physical fitness level, resulting in significant increases in favor of the training groups with OCS, which could be used by trainers and coaches to improve the physical performance of athletes.

From Ancient Patterns of Hand-to-Hand Combat to a Unique Therapy of the Future.

The purpose of this publication is to provide generalized knowledge of the area of changes that took place over past centuries in relation to health, social and cultural conditions. In Greek mythology, it was necessary to nurture both body and spirit to be a perfect human being. This link between the concepts of physical beauty and goodness can be also found in later works dedicated to ancient Greek history. Particularly in Greek myths, and in Greek education in general, it was believed that both physical and spiritual excellence were necessary to raise men to achieve their true form. Some of the main forms of implementing this idea were hand-to-hand combat exercises (wrestling, boxing and pankration). Ideas characteristic of the world of ancient Greece, in a general sense, can be observed in the culture of the Far East. The main difference is the fact that these principles did not survive in Western culture as a result of transformation into a consumer society focused on the rejection of moral principles. The brutalisation of the forms of the Roman Games meant that the ideals of the ancient world were forgotten for more than 1500 years. The modern Olympic Games were resurrected in the 19th century. Inspired by the ancient Greek cult of health of body and spirit, they gave rise to a movement known as Olympism. In the Olympic Charter written by Coubertin, Olympism was called "a philosophy of life exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind". The combat sports disciplines have had their place there since the beginning of the modern Olympic Games. The evolution of hand-to-hand combat disciplines, including numerous scientific studies indicating a very broad impact in the area of health, led to this type of physical activity being reached for as an essential element in supporting the health-promoting behaviour of society. Nowadays, physical activity in the area of exercise with elements of hand-to-hand combat, combat sports, or martial arts is an indissoluble link in the prevention and treatment of 21st century diseases. For Parkinson's disease patients, drug treatment is an essential resource for continuing to function in society, but it will not be completely effective without supporting the treatment with appropriate and attractive physical activity (e.g., "Rock Steady Boxing"). Of similar importance is the prevention of dangerous falls, which are common in this population as well as among the elderly or those affected by other diseases of civilisation. Implementing the principles and techniques of safe falling in the teaching of the young population significantly increases the likelihood of applying appropriate responses to these individuals in adulthood and old age. Actions that should be taken now for prevention can be implemented through social programmes, such as "Active today for a healthy future".

Training Conditions and Psychological Health: Eating Behavior Disorders in Spanish High-Performance Women's Olympic Wrestling Athletes-A Qualitative Study.

(1) Background: the aim of this study was to determine the factors that affect the occurrence of behaviors related to possible eating disorders in Spanish high-performance Olympic wrestling athletes. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of 22 elite female wrestlers selected through purposive sampling with inclusion criteria of (i) having been a national champion, (ii) having been part of the Spanish team, and (iii) suffering or having suffered from an eating disorder. The semistructured interviews were conducted online and lasted between 20 and 40 min. A statistical analysis was performed with NVivo10 software. (3) Results: the athletes showed a series of issues grouped into three main themes, which were divided into the following categories-firstly, the reasons why wrestlers lose weight; secondly, the inadequate procedures they use; and, finally, the reference persons involved in the process. (4) Conclusions: The training conditions in high-performance sports have psychological and behavioral effects on wrestlers. Wrestlers have to move down to lower categories; however, they do not take into account how this practice influences their health when using inadequate procedures. Rapid and significant weight loss produces negative effects, especially in the female population, generating an incidence of eating disorders. The information obtained provided elements of interest for reflection on possible solutions to prevent existing eating disorders.

Relation between VT1, VT2, and VO2max with the Special Wrestling Fitness Test in Youth Wrestlers: A Short Report.

This study investigated the relationship between peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) and 2 (VT2) with the Special Wrestling Fitness Test variables. Thirteen wrestlers (male: six; female: seven) of Olympic freestyle wrestling were assessed. The Pearson's correlation coefficient (p < 0.05) was used to establish the relationship between variables. A positive correlation was found between VT1 with throws in set B (r = 0.77; p = 0.002; 95%CI = 0.37-0.93), total throws (r = 0.73; p = 0.004; 95%CI = 0.30-0.91), heart rate recovery (r = 0.58; p = 0.036; 95%CI = 0.05-0.86), and test index (r = -0.60; p = 0.031; 95%CI = -0.86-0.07); between VT2 and throws in set B (r = 0.57; p = 0.043; 95%CI = 0.01-0.86); and between peak oxygen uptake with throws in set B (r = 0.77; p = 0.002; 95%CI = 0.39-0.93), throws in set C (r = 0.64; p = 0.02; 95%CI = 0.12-0.89), and total throws (r = 0.72; p = 0.006; 95%CI = 0.28-0.91). In conclusion, the peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory thresholds correlated with specific Special Wrestling Fitness Test variables.

Association of in-competition injury risk and the degree of rapid weight cutting prior to competition in division I collegiate wrestlers.

OBJECTIVES: Weight cutting is thought to offer a competitive advantage in wrestling. Dehydration has deleterious effects on physical and cognitive function, which may increase the risk of injury. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the degree of weight cutting was associated with injury risk. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively in a cohort of collegiate wrestlers over seven seasons. Changes in weight, body fat and lean mass were measured during the preseason, at midseason and before competition. Cox proportional-hazard ratios were calculated for risk of in-competition injury. RESULTS: Among 67 unique division 1 collegiate wrestlers (163 athlete seasons), there were 53 unique injuries affecting 46 athletes. There was no difference in absolute weight change, per cent weight change, per cent body fat change or per cent lean mass change between injured and non-injured wrestlers from the preseason to midseason measurements. From midseason to competition weight, change in body weight was -7.0%±3.2% (-5.3 kg±2.6) in injured athletes compared with -5.7%±3.3% (-4.3 kg±2.5) in non-injured athletes. For every kilogram of body weight lost, wrestlers had a 14% increased hazard of injury (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.25, p=0.004). For every 1% of body weight lost, wrestlers had an 11% increased hazard of injury (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.19, p=0.005). CONCLUSION: Rapid weight cutting was associated with a higher risk of in-competition injuries in division 1 collegiate wrestlers. For every per cent in body weight lost, wrestlers had an 11% increased hazard of injury during competition.

Clonal Outbreak of Trichophyton tonsurans Causing Tinea Capitis Among a Wrestling Team in Beijing, China.

Trichophyton tonsurans mostly causes tinea capitis and tinea corporis and often associates with outbreaks among combat sports athletes. Here, we report an outbreak of tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans among five juvenile athletes in a wrestling team in Beijing, China. Scrapings from the lesions of the five patients were performed by direct microscopic examination and fungal culture. The fungal pathogens were all identified as T. tonsurans by morphology and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Multilocus genotyping analysis was performed by sequencing of 13 gene loci. The sequences of these markers were identical among the five isolates, revealing a single genotype. Antifungal susceptibilities of terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and amphotericin B against T. tonsurans was determined by broth microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A3 document and these isolates were all susceptible to the common antifungal drugs treating tinea capitis.

Clinical Outcomes of Single Versus Double Plating in Distal-Third Humeral Fractures Caused by Arm Wrestling: A Retrospective Analysis.

Background and Objectives: Arm wrestling is a simple and popular activity among young people that causes distal-third humeral fractures. However, injury to the young population may cause economic loss; therefore, they need to return to work as soon as possible. Accordingly, we aimed to compare radiological and functional outcomes of distal-third humeral fractures caused by arm wrestling treated with double and single plating. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four patients with distal-third humeral fractures caused by arm wrestling were treated between January 2015 and January 2021. They were separated into double- and single-plating groups and treated using a triceps-sparing approach. Regular follow-up was performed to evaluate elbow functionality, range of motion, bone union, and complications; the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was used for functional assessment. Results: Patients treated with single plating exhibited union rate, union time, and elbow range of motion similar to those of patients treated with double plating; however, they exhibited better pain and functional outcomes (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score) at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively (84.50 ± 5.01 vs. 61.70 ± 12.53 at 2 weeks, 96.20 ± 2.63 vs. 84.25 ± 14.56 at 1 month, and 100.00 vs. 94.76 ± 9.71 at 3 months, p < 0.05). The two groups exhibited no significant differences after 1 year (100.00 vs. 98.54 ± 3.99, p < 0.13). The overall complication rate was significantly higher in patients treated with double plating than in those treated with single plating (18.75% vs. 5.56%). Radial nerve palsy was observed in patients in both groups. Conclusions: In patients with distal-third humeral fractures caused by arm wrestling, single plating provides a union rate and elbow range of motion similar to those of double plating, with significantly fewer complications and lower surgical time and blood loss with improved early functional outcomes.

Prevalence of rapid weight loss in Olympic style wrestlers.

Background: The methodology applied for rapid weight loss (RWL) among elite wrestlers is quite unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of sources of influence and methods used for RWL and to determine the differences between wrestling styles. Methods: A total of 229 wrestlers who competed at the World Championship held in Belgrade, Serbia, participated in this research. All respondents completed a questionnaire designed to evaluate RWL patterns in combat athletes. Participants were classified according to wrestling style: Greco-Roman, freestyle, and women wrestling. Results: Sixty-nine percent of wrestlers had previously lost weight to compete. Most respondents start losing weight approximately seven days before a competition. Athletes reported that they commonly reduced 3.84 ± 2.82 kg to reach the target weight. The wrestling coach represents the most influential person in terms of RWL strategies, while nutritionists and physicians have the least impact on the weight-cutting process. Regarding the methods applied, differences between all the three styles were found in the following variables: training in a heated room, restricting fluid ingestion, training in plastic suits, gradual dieting, increased exercise, diet pills, and sauna. The most frequently used techniques were increased exercise, gradual dieting, training in a heated room, and sauna for all competitors. Diet pills, diuretics, laxatives, and vomiting were the least implemented methods. Conclusions: The obtained results suggest that most wrestlers practice RWL despite the harmful health effects. The education of wrestling coaches is necessary in order to control and decrease the negative impact of RWL.