[Another profession in the Ottoman period dealing with pharmaceutics: surgery]. / Osmanli'da eczacilikla ugrasan bir diger meslek cerrahlik.

We have realized in many documents that in the Ottoman period surgeons were involved in pharmaceutics as much as physicians and herbalists. Surgeons employed by the state ordered more drugs than physicians, and it is interesting that in their order list there were mostly singular drugs instead of ready-made ones. In addition to drugs used by surgeons in preparing ointments and plasters, pans and filters were utilized in the process of production, and earthenware pots, tin and wooden boxes with various kinds of paper were ordered for the purpose of packaging. We have determined that most of the single drugs placed onto the lists of surgeons were "ointment of rust" that dries the pus, and "red ointment" that is good for all kinds of pus. The preparation of the ointments were specified in detail in books of surgery (Cerrahnames)We have observed that parallel to the Regulation of 1826, surgeons were given the title of pharmacist when they were appointed to military bodies. 100 kurus (piaster) were paid to surgeons for performing surgery and 50 kurus for preparing drugs, which is another important document indicating that surgeons were more responsible than physicians in preparing drugs.

[The role of imagination in modern medicine]. / Imagination - Einbildungskraft - Suggestion: Zur 'Scharlatanerie' in der neuzeitlichen Medizin.

In Renaissance and early modern times, the concept of imagination (Latin imaginatio) was essential for the (natural) philosophical explanation of magic processes, especially in the anthropology of Paracelsus. He assumed that imagination was a natural vital power including cosmic, mental, phychical, and physical dimensions. The Paracelsians criticized traditional humor pathology ignoring their theory of' 'natural magic'. On the other hand, they were criticized by their adversaries as charlatans practicing 'black magic'. About 1800, in between enlightenment and romanticism, the healing concept of, animal magnetism' (Mesmerism) evoked an analogous debate, whether, magnetic' phenomena originated from a real (physical) power (so-called, fluidum') or were just due to fantasy or imagination (German Einbildungskraft). At the end of the 19th century, the French internist Hippolyte Bernheim created-against the background of medical hypnosis (hypnotism') as a consequence of Mesmerism - his theory of suggestion and autosuggestion: a new paradigm of psychological respectively psychosomatic medicine, which became the basis for the concept of, placebo' in modern biomedicine. From now on, all the effects of, alternative medicine' could easily be explained by the, placebo-effect', more or less founded - at least unconsciously - on fraud.

Dog distemper: imported into Europe from South America?.

According to Charles Frédéric Heusinger (1853), dog distemper had been imported from Peru into Spain in the course of the 17th century. The disease was well described in 1746 by Ulloa in his work Relación histórica del viaje a la América meridional. During the course of the 1760s, the disease was reported in Spain, followed by England, Italy (1764) and Russia (1770). In 1763, 900 dogs died in a single day in Madrid. In 1844, Karle succeeded in the first experimental transmission of the disease by brushing the lips of young dogs with the discharge from sick animals. The causal agent of the disease was only discovered in 1905, when the virus was isolated by Henri Carré. In the meantime, Edward Jenner, who thought that the disease was a pox-like affection, claimed that it could be prevented by inoculation of the vaccinia virus.

[The decline of balneology: Bussang (Vosges, France)]. / Le thermalisme, un patrimoine à vau-l' eau: L'exemple de Bussang.

Life and temporary death of a geat french mineral water: Bussang (1615-1983).

[A study on "Sugiyama Shinden Ryu" which is owned by Sugiyama Kengyo Itoku Kenshokai].

Waichi Sugiyama (1610-1649) is the first Sokengyo. He is famous for being the first to use the tube technique for acupuncture. However, his technique was not clear in his book "Sugiyama Ryu Sanbu Sho", because his work was orally taught or even secret. Wadaichi Shimaura is the third Sokengyo, who is a Sugiyama's superior pupil. He edited "Sugiyama Shinden Ryu, which was compiled from Sugiyama style, and which was summarized from Sugiyama's oral teaching and secrets and from the second Sokengyo Yasuichi Mishima. The existence of the book and its outline was known by the mimeographed book published in 1928. The original six books of "Sugiyama Shinden Ryu", one separated volume, and two scrolls were discovered last year. This discovery was very important in the history of acupuncture in Japan, because they showed Irei style which is a base of Sugiyama style. This discovery will help with the knowledge and understanding of acupuncture over the years in Japan.

Breed distribution and history of canine mdr1-1Delta, a pharmacogenetic mutation that marks the emergence of breeds from the collie lineage.

A mutation in the canine multidrug resistance gene, MDR1, has previously been associated with drug sensitivities in two breeds from the collie lineage. We exploited breed phylogeny and reports of drug sensitivity to survey other purebred populations that might be genetically at risk. We found that the same allele, mdr1-1Delta, segregated in seven additional breeds, including two sighthounds that were not expected to share collie ancestry. A mutant haplotype that was conserved among affected breeds indicated that the allele was identical by descent. Based on breed histories and the extent of linkage disequilibrium, we conclude that all dogs carrying mdr1-1Delta are descendants of a dog that lived in Great Britain before the genetic isolation of breeds by registry (ca. 1873). The breed distribution and frequency of mdr1-1Delta have applications in veterinary medicine and selective breeding, whereas the allele's history recounts the emergence of formally recognized breeds from an admixed population of working sheepdogs.

[The history of the psychiatry not told by Foucault]. / A história da psiquiatria não contada por Foucault.

The article proposes a revision of the approach to madness and the birth of the psychiatric institution taken by Foucault in History of Madness. The hypothesis is that the origins of modern Psychiatry revolutionize the approach to madness by proposing it is possible to dialogue with the insane, because the madman is not someone who has lost his reason . It is hoped that this critique of Foucault's book will be a contribution to the process of psychiatric reform currently underway in Brazil.