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1.
J Prosthodont ; 29(7): 594-598, 2020 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32558975

RESUMO

Some 2,500 years ago Hippocrates developed the "Temperament Theory" of the four humors (fluids) he identified as blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile which then led to the ancient medical concept known as "humorism." In Greco-Roman medicine, these humors were believed to be the influencers of an individual's relative wellness or ill-health, served as a means to classify illnesses, and subsequently guided medical diagnosis and treatment. Centuries later modifications to Hippocrates' hypothesis were suggested for use in dentistry when selecting denture teeth and later as a means to classify the mental status and personality of complete denture patients. This paper examines the historic transition of the terminology, characteristics, and thinking behind the four humors with mention of key thinkers in this journey. Of particular note is the evolution in the application of this theory from its suggested use in medicine, proposed by Hippocrates, to the descriptions of mental attitudes and personalities of complete denture patients first described by Neil and subsequently popularized by M. M. House.


Assuntos
Teoria Humoral , Prostodontia , Temperamento , Atitude , Prótese Total , História Antiga , Humanos , Prostodontia/história
2.
Hist Psychiatry ; 31(2): 131-146, 2020 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31969026

RESUMO

Nineteenth-century art historian John Addington Symonds coined the term hæmatomania (blood madness) for the extremely bloodthirsty behaviour of a number of disturbed rulers like Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya (850-902) and Ezzelino da Romano (1194-1259). According to Symonds, this mental pathology was linked to melancholy and caused by an excess of black bile. I explore the historical credibility of this theory of 'wild melancholy', a type of melancholia that crucially deviates from the lethargic main type. I conclude that in its pure form Symonds' black bile theory of hæmatomania was never a broadly supported perspective, but can be traced back to the nosology of the ninth-century physician Ishaq ibn Imran, who practised at the Aghlabid court, to which the sadistic Ibrahim II belonged.


Assuntos
Bile , Transtorno Depressivo/história , Teoria Humoral , Psicologia/história , Mundo Árabe/história , Transtorno Bipolar/história , Transtorno Depressivo/etiologia , Pessoas Famosas , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História Medieval , Humanos , Masculino , Filosofia Médica/história , Teoria Psicológica , Sadismo/história
3.
Rev Med Chil ; 145(7): 920-925, 2017 Jul.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29182201

RESUMO

During the first Modern Era (15th-17th c.), bodily health and expressions of physiognomy were explained under the doctrine of humors. This doctrine -based on Corpus Hipocraticum-established a close relation between humors (blood, yellow bile, phlegm, and black bile), qualities (dry, moist, warm, and cold) and the elements (water, air, earth, and fire). One of these humors -black bile-, commonly a hallmark of the melancholic temperament, was associated to the complexion and nature of American Indians. This accusation was legitimized by the empirical examination of the physiognomy of a subject that was melancholic, sad and pusillanimous. In this article, we describe, based on the analysis of colonial texts (16th-17th c.), how the essential premises of the humor theory were transferred to the New World and in particular and how the Indian complexion was defined through the examination of subjects plagued by black humor and phlegm. With this, we determine the way these individuals -referred as 'Indians'- were inscribed in medical knowledge, during the global spread of the Hippocratic-Galenic postulates.


Assuntos
Teoria Humoral , Índios Sul-Americanos/história , Fisiognomia , Temperamento , Transtorno Depressivo/história , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , Humanos
5.
Hist Sci Med ; 50(3): 247-255, 2016 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês, Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30005448

RESUMO

In 1656, some Selecta medica of Dr Johannes A. Vander Linden (1609-1664) were published in Leiden. Among these miscellaneous, it was quite unexpected to come on a medical commentary on a fictional character from Plautus' theatre : Cappadox hepaticus, or the Bilious. Today unknown, full of erudite quotations, this scholarly doctor's commentary is both philological and medical, on twenty densely printed pages in Latin. Every term used by Plautus is analized, weighed up, and confronted with texts or contemporary situations, thereby drawing knowlegde for his everyday work, how to define a bilious, hydropical affection.


Assuntos
Drama/história , Teoria Humoral , Medicina na Literatura/história , História do Século XVII , História Antiga , Humanos , Médicos/história
6.
Hist Sci Med ; 50(3): 277-288, 2016 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês, Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30005451

RESUMO

Our purpose was to analyse the treatment of one of Galen's major contributions, his systematization of the doctrine of the four temperaments he inherited from his predecessors (Aristotle, Alcmaeon of Crotone, Empedocles, Philolaus), in Lodovico Casanova's Hieroglyphicorum et medicorum emblematum dodekakrounous (Lugduni, Sumptibus Pauli Frellon, 1626). We concentrated on the four temperaments to study how in medical emblems, allegory and symbols are used to represent medical knowledge through the device of visual loci destined to be decoded and memorized.


Assuntos
Emblemas e Insígnias/história , Teoria Humoral , Medicina nas Artes/história , Simbolismo , Temperamento , História do Século XVII , História Antiga , Humanos
8.
Med Hist ; 59(1): 63-82, 2015 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25498438

RESUMO

In his personal notebooks, the little known Bohemian physician Georg Handsch (1529-c. 1578) recorded, among other things, hundreds of vernacular phrases and expressions he and other physicians used in their oral interaction with patients and families. Based primarily on this extraordinary source, this paper traces the terms, concepts and images to which sixteenth-century physicians resorted when they explained the nature of a patient's disease and justified their treatment. At the bedside and in the consultation room, Handsch and his fellow physicians attributed most diseases to a local accumulation of impure, putrid or otherwise pathological humours. The latter were commonly said to result, in turn, from an insufficient concoction and assimilation of food and drink in the stomach and the liver or from an obstruction of the humoral flow inside the body and across its borders. By contrast, other notions and explanatory models, which had a prominent place in contemporary learned medical writing, hardly played a role at all in the physicians' oral communication. Specific disease terms were rarely used, a mere imbalance of the four natural humours in the body was almost never inculpated, and the patient's personal life-style and other non-naturals did not attract much attention either. These striking differences between the ways in which physicians explained the patients' diseases in their daily practice and the explanatory models we find in contemporary textbooks, are attributed, above all, to the physicians' precarious situation in the early modern medical marketplace. Since dissatisfied patients were quick to turn to another healer, physicians had to explain the disease and justify their treatment in a manner that was comprehensible to ordinary lay people and in line with their expectations and beliefs, which, at the time, revolved almost entirely around notions of impurity and evacuation.


Assuntos
História do Século XVI , Filosofia Médica/história , Relações Médico-Paciente , Terminologia como Assunto , Comunicação/história , Humanos , Teoria Humoral
10.
Sudhoffs Arch ; 99(2): 127-44, 2015.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26790194

RESUMO

In 18th century academic medicine was formed through the interplay of theory and practice. This scientific development will be shown by the example of Friedrich Hoffmann's twelve-volume collection of case studies "Medicina consultatoria". The correlation of theoretical assumptions (humoralism, four temperaments, mechanistic understanding of the body) and therapeutic practice (bloodletting, sweating therapy, water cure) will be pointed out. It will become clear that Hoffmann's statements on diagnosis and prognosis as well as his general view on therapeutic measures arose as a logical consequence of the pathological concept. The same holds true for his advice on lifestyle and nutrition, which formed part of the medical therapy.


Assuntos
História da Medicina , Sangria , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , Teoria Humoral
17.
Asclepio ; 63(1): 39-64, 2011.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21972469

RESUMO

A growing interest in the nature of the black skin and in the origins of the peoples classified under this trait was accompanied in the eighteenth century by an increasing differentiation of their nature from whites, to the point that they were considered either a degenerated variety of humans, a separate species or inferior animals. Skin and race go together in the natural history of man, which comprises not only anatomical and physiological aspects, but also the history of nations, the Sacred History, and the aesthetic reflection.


Assuntos
Corpo Humano , Teoria Humoral , Grupos Populacionais , Relações Raciais , Pigmentação da Pele , História do Século XVIII , Características Humanas , Humanos , Membranas , Grupos Populacionais/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/história , Relações Raciais/história , Relações Raciais/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Raciais/psicologia , Pele
20.
Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med ; 8(5 Suppl): 140-3, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22754067

RESUMO

Unani Tibb is a holistic traditional system of medicine. Ever since 1976, WHO has adopted its policy of promoting traditional medicine, Unani Medicine has enjoyed an upsurge of interest, especially in India, where it has been practiced as one of the Indian systems of medicine. Ali et al (2007) opined that "in Tibb, 'temperament' is a notion of primary importance, though a difficult theory as it indicates the properties of an atom, a molecule, a cell, a tissue, an organ and human body as a whole". Temperament of a person represents its physical constitution and tendencies. It is believed in Tibb that imbalance in temperament predisposes human body to various diseases by producing a biotic imbalance with in body. Causes of initial imbalance in temperament lies in more subtle elements of life like air, water, food, rest, activity, work, evacuation of wastes, sleep etc. To quote Bhika (2006a) "health can be preserved and maintained as long as overall quality of humours is in harmony with overall quality of the temperament of the individual and humoural balance is influenced by lifestyle factors." Hence temperament acts as a guiding force for maintenance and preservation of individuals' health.


Assuntos
Teoria Humoral , Medicina Unani , Temperamento , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Índia , Estilo de Vida
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