Association of filial attitude, filial behavior and death literacy: implications for development of death system in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area of China.

BACKGROUND: Filial piety, as a major traditional norm in Chinese culture and in Chinese families, affects the attitudes and behaviors of adult children toward their parents and impacts their end-of-life decision-making and the quality of death of their parents. Death literacy is a novel concept aimed at promoting palliative care in the context of public health. AIMS: To understand attitudes and behaviors related to filial piety and to examine the role of death literacy in filial behaviors toward dying parents among residents in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area of China. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey that employed the convenient and snowball sampling methods was adopted. Filial Piety Representations at Parents' End of Life Scale and Death Literacy Index were used. RESULTS: This study identified a significant gap between the filial piety attitudes and behaviors of Chinese adult children. Gender, caregiving experience and death literacy were predictors of filial behaviors in an end-of-life context. CONCLUSION: Providing truth disclosure support, offering guidance to young adult children and caregivers of terminally ill fathers, and strengthening factual and community knowledge of death are necessary to enhance the reciprocal comfort of both adult children and dying parents in the context of Chinese filiality.

Awareness of Dementia Care Amongst the Staff Working at Day-care Centers and Nursing Homes in Macao.

BACKGROUND: The staff working at day-care centers and nursing homes are in a key frontline for early detection of older people living with dementia, however, whether the staff were well prepared and if they were appropriately trained were still little known. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was conducted and the validated questionnaires exploring the awareness of dementia care, in terms of knowledge, attitude and preventive practice domain, were given to the staff working at day-care centers and nursing homes in Macao. RESULTS: 272 samples were approached and scores of knowledge was 76.23 ± 19.62, attitude was 80.05 ± 8.92 and preventive practice was 75.59 ± 13.88, among which knowledge and preventive practice were positively related to attitude, and knowledge, attitude and preventive practice were negatively related to age. Health care assistants' knowledge were less than social workers, managers, health professionals and clerk. Attitude of health care assistants were less positive than social workers and health professionals. DISCUSSION: Health care assistants and older staff had less knowledge and less positive attitude. Trainings to improve knowledge, attitude and preventive practice amongst health care assistants and older staff were recommended strongly.

Government-Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) Collaboration in Macao's COVID-19 Vaccine Promotion: Social Media Case Study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered unprecedented global vaccination efforts, with social media being a popular tool for vaccine promotion. OBJECTIVE: This study probes into Macao's COVID-19 vaccine communication dynamics, with a focus on the multifaceted impacts of government agendas on social media. METHODS: We scrutinized 22,986 vaccine-related Facebook posts from January 2020 to August 2022 in Macao. Using automated content analysis and advanced statistical methods, we unveiled intricate agenda dynamics between government and nongovernment entities. RESULTS: "Vaccine importance" and "COVID-19 risk" were the most prominent topics co-occurring in the overall vaccine communication. The government tended to emphasize "COVID-19 risk" and "vaccine effectiveness," while regular users prioritized vaccine safety and distribution, indicating a discrepancy in these agendas. Nonetheless, the government has limited impact on regular users in the aspects of vaccine importance, accessibility, affordability, and trust in experts. The agendas of government and nongovernment users intertwined, illustrating complex interactions. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the influence of government agendas on public discourse, impacting environmental awareness, public health education, and the social dynamics of inclusive communication during health crises. Inclusive strategies, accommodating public concerns, and involving diverse stakeholders are paramount for effective social media communication during health crises.

Most suitable plant communities for the slope reclamation of the Zhengzhou-Xinxiang section of the Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao expressway.

The construction of expressways in China has produced diverse habitats along slopes characterized by steep gradients, uneven water distribution, poor soil conditions, and no routine maintenance. Manually planting beneficial species is an essential method of effectively improving slope soils to prevent soil erosion. However, few studies have evaluated the reclamation effects and plant community composition and structure used to restore slopes along expressways. This study focused on the Zhengzhou-Xinxiang section of the Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway. A total of 10 representative plant communities were evaluated using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-fuzzy integrated evaluation method. The sites were divided into four layers, namely, plant communities, soil nutrients, soil physical properties, and other ecological factors, and 14 indicators were assessed. The evaluation results showed that four of these plant communities (PCs) were excellent, three PCs were good, one PC was normal, two PCs were poor. The four excellent PCs had high Shannon-Wiener index, pielou index, richness index or community productivity. It is worth noting that most excellent plant community structures were tree + shrub + herb. Based on these results, we recommend that fill slopes should be restored using a combination of trees, herbs, and shrubs; also, the vegetation should include native plants, such as B. papyrifera, U. pumila, A. fruticosa, and Cynodon dactylon (L.). This study could provide ideas for plant community composition and structure of new highway slopes in similar climate environment, and provide theoretical support for plant community composition and structure and soil improvement for the existing slope.

Pollution characteristics, source appointment and environmental effect of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: Implication for air quality management.

Same as other bay areas, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is also suffering atmospheric composite pollution. Even a series of atmospheric environment management policies have been conducted to win the "blue sky defense battle", the atmospheric secondary pollutants (e.g., O3) originated from oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) still threaten the air quality in GBA. However, there lacks a systematic summary on the emission, formation, pollution and environmental effects of OVOCs in this region for further air quality management. This review focused on the researches related to OVOCs in GBA, including their pollution characteristics, detection methods, source distributions, secondary formations, and impacts on the atmosphere. Pollution profile of OVOCs in GBA revealed that the concentration percentage among total VOCs from Guangzhou and Dongguan cities exceeded 50 %, while methanol, formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde were the top four highest concentrated OVOCs. The detection technique on regional atmospheric OVOCs (e.g., oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs)) underwent an evolution of off-line derivatization method, on-line spectroscopic method and on-line mass spectrometry method. The OVOCs in GBA were mainly from primary emissions (up to 80 %), including vehicle emissions and biomass combustion. The anthropogenic alkenes and aromatics in urban area, and natural isoprene in rural area also made a significant contribution to the secondary emission (e.g., photochemical formation) of OVOCs. About 20 % in average of ROx radicals was produced from photolysis of formaldehyde in comparison with O3, nitrous acid and rest OVOCs, while the reaction between OVOCs and free radical accelerated the NOx-O3 cycle, contributing to 15 %-60 % cumulative formation of O3 in GBA. Besides, the heterogeneous reactions of dicarbonyls generated 21 %-53 % of SOA. This review also provided suggestions for future research on OVOCs in terms of regional observation, analytical method and mechanistic study to support the development of a control and management strategy on OVOCs in GBA and China.

Research on the evolution characteristics, driving mechanisms and multi-scenario simulation of habitat quality in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay based on multi-model coupling.

Since the 20th century, the global urbanization has led to a series of pollution issues, posing a severe threat to the habitat quality of human habitat. The quality of habitat determines whether ecosystems can provide suitable living conditions for humans and other species. Therefore, systematic study of the habitat quality is essential for the maintenance of sustainable development. In this study, we coupled models such as SD, InVEST and PLUS with a series of indicators to analyze the characteristics of land cover and habitat quality evolution in the Guangdong-HongKong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2000 to 2020 and deconstruct the driving mechanisms of habitat quality. Then simulate the evolution of land cover and habitat quality under different scenarios in 2030. The results show that: 1) Over the historical research period, the GBA exhibited "rapid expansion of artificial surfaces and rapid shrinkage of ecological land". Artificial surfaces increased by approximately 4878.95km2,while ecological land, such as agricultural land, decreased by about 3095.93km2.2) The degradation of habitat quality gradually accelerated and the habitat quality was characterized by "stepwise decline from the periphery to the interior", which was directly related to the land cover changes brought about by the topographic gradient effect in the Bay Area.3) Pollution control driven by environmental investments has had a moderating effect on habitat degradation, but it has not been able to change the overall degradation trend. 4) Scenario analysis suggests that future habitat quality in the GBA will degrade to a certain extent due to the impact of artificial surface expansion. We deduce that this will affect the structure of the city's ecological network as well as the conservation function of the ecological zones. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding the historical and future trends of habitat quality in the GBA, offering new insights into the intrinsic driving mechanisms of habitat quality. It also provides a theoretical support for relevant authorities to undertake sustainable development initiatives.

Spatial structure and network characteristics of the coupling coordination innovation ecosystems in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area.

In recent times, a new wave of scientific and technological advancements has significantly reshaped the global economic structure. This shift has redefined the role of regional innovation, particularly in its contribution to developing the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area (GBA) into a renowned center for science, technology, and innovation. This study constructs a comprehensive evaluation system for the Regional Innovation Ecosystem (RIE). By applying the coupling coordination degree model and social network analysis, we have extensively analyzed the spatial structure and network attributes of the coupled and coordinated innovation ecosystem in the GBA from 2010 to 2019. Our findings reveal several key developments: (1) There has been a noticeable rightward shift in the kernel density curve, indicating an ongoing optimization of the overall coupling coordination level. Notably, the center of gravity for coupling coordination has progressively moved southeast. This shift has led to a reduction in the elliptical area each year, while the trend surface consistently shows a convex orientation toward the center. The most significant development is observed along the 'Guangdong-Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Macao Science and Technology Innovation Corridor', where the level of coupling coordination has become increasingly pronounced. (2) The spatial linkages within the GBA have been strengthening. There are significant spatial transaction costs in the regional innovation ecological network. In the context of the 2019 US-China trade war, the cities of Jiangmen and Zhaoqing experienced a notable decrease in connectivity with other cities, raising concerns about their potential marginalization. (3) Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong have emerged as core nodes within the network. The network exhibits a distinctive "core-edge" spatial structure, characterized by both robustness and vulnerability in various aspects.

Applicability of evaluation metrics/schemes for human health burden attributable to regional ozone pollution: A case study in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), South China.

This is a study to identify the applicable/preferable short- and long-term metrics/schemes to evaluate the premature mortality attributable to the ozone pollution in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), one of the most representative populous ozone pollution regions in China, by comprehensively accounting the uncertainty sources. The discrepancy between the observation and the CAQRA reanalysis datasets (2013-2019) was investigated in terms of the concentration variation pattern, which determines the exposure metric change. A set of domestic short-term C-R coefficients for the all-age population were integrated using the meta-analysis respectively corresponding to the metrics of MDA1, MDA8, and Daily average. The dataset-based deviations of the short-term attributable factors (AFs) and their corresponding premature mortalities were respectively about 16.9 ± 13.3 % and <5 % based on MDA8, much smaller than other two metrics; and the MDA8-based evaluation results were the most sensitive to the deteriorative ozone pollution, with the maximum upward trends of 0.095-0.129 %/year. Accordingly, MDA8 was recognized as the most applicable short-term metric. For the long-term exposure, the domestic summer metric SMDA8 could not exactly represent the peak-season ozone maximum level in the GBA, with the deviation from 6MMDA8 as much as 30 %. By considering the ability of metric to represent the peak-season ozone, the relatively smaller dataset-based discrepancies of AFs (6MMDA8-WHO2021: 23.3 ± 16.9 %, AMDA8-T2016: 20.7 ± 15.8 %) and the attributable premature mortalities (6MMDA8-WHO2021: 5 %, AMDA8-T2016: 8 %), and the higher sensitivity of the evaluation results to the deteriorative ozone pollution (6MMDA8-WHO2021: 0.13 %;year, p = 0.01; AMDA8-T2016: 0.15 %/year, p = 0.03), the schemes of 6MMDA8-WHO2021 and AMDA8-T2016 were recognized relatively more preferable for the adult (≥25-year) long-term evaluation. Based on the recognized metric/schemes, the central and the eastern PRE areas of higher NO2 level in the GBA were experiencing the highest health burdens from 2013 to 2019.

A study of the coupling between the digital economy and regional economic resilience: Evidence from China.

The contemporary economic landscape has placed significant emphasis on the digital economy and economic resilience, progressively emerging as pivotal focal points for examining the high-quality development of economic systems. However, there remains to be more research on several critical topics. This includes the characteristics of coordinated development between the digital economy and economic resilience systems and their interdependence. In response, this study formulates a comprehensive evaluative framework for digital economy development and regional economic resilience, grounded in the intrinsic mechanisms of both domains. It conducts a thorough evaluation employing entropy weight-TOPSIS methodology. Additionally, leveraging coupling theory, a coordination model's coupling degree serves as the foundational framework for scrutinizing the symbiotic advancement of the digital economy and economic resilience, along with their interdependent nature. The research sample comprises data from 31 provinces and municipalities in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2011 to 2020. Spatial autocorrelation and Geodetector methodologies probe the evolutionary traits and driving factors underlying the coordinated developmental relationship between these two systems. The findings indicate an upward trajectory in China's annual comprehensive development index for digital economy development (from 0.233 to 0.458) and regional economic resilience (from 0.393 to 0.497). The coupling and coordination between the two systems, measured from 0.504 in 2011 to 0.658 in 2020, demonstrate a consistent growth pattern with an average annual increase of 3.01%. These levels exhibit continuous improvement, with comprehensive economic zones manifesting hierarchical results within the coupling range of [0.5, 0.8]. Notably, agglomeration development evinces a pronounced spatial positive correlation, while local Moran scattering points are primarily concentrated in localized migration leaps. Factors such as foreign-funded enterprises' total import and export volume, online payment capability, and fiber-optic cable length greatly influence the coupling relationship. In contrast, other variables exhibit a lower and more fluctuating degree of weighted impact. This study establishes a foundation for the synergistic and effective development of the digital economy and economic resilience within the Chinese region. Simultaneously, it offers valuable insights for research of related subjects in global contexts.

Simulation of mangrove suitable habitat in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Area under the background of climate change.

Climate change has resulted in great influence on the geographical distribution of species. Mangrove forests are one of the most precious ecosystems on the planet, yet they are being threatened by the habitat destruction and degradation under the situation of global warming. Seeking suitable areas for planting mangroves to tackle climate change has been gradually popular in ecological restoration. In this study, we applied the Maximum Entropy algorithm to assess the contribution of environmental factors on mangrove distribution, simulated mangrove suitable habitat for present and future (scenario of SSP245-2070s), and used kernel density analysis for identifying priority of mangrove reserve construction. Results indicate that mean diurnal range and elevation made the highest contribution on mangrove distribution. At present, the mangrove habitat suitability along the western coast of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Area (GHMA) was the highest while that along the eastern coast was the lowest. By 2070s, mangrove suitable areas would show a decreasing trend under SSP245 scenario. High suitable areas (HSAs) would change fastest and shift to northeast in the same direction as dominant environmental factors. For further mangrove restoration, it is advisable to select sites with high suitability density in the future but low reclamation density at present as prior mangrove reserves, and these sites distribute along the northeastern and northwestern coast of Zhanjiang, Yangjiang and Jiangmen, the Pearl River Estuary and Honghai Bay of Shanwei. Meanwhile, regions with lower suitability density but higher reclamation density could be listed as secondary mangrove reserves.

Integrating land-sea coordination into construction of an ecological security pattern for urban agglomeration: a case study in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

The construction of ecological security pattern (ESP) is of great scientific significance for solving the problem of habitat fragmentation in urban environment. However, previous studies mainly focused on the ESP in land area, leaving the sea area to be ignored. This study took the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) and its offshore area as an example and integrated the land-sea coordination into the construction of ESP based on the minimum resistance model, gravity model, and graph theory centrality. The results showed that there are 171 and 56 ecological sources for land area and offshore area, accounting for 31.46% and 21.51% of total area, respectively. Twenty-four important ecological corridors with a total length of 2738.05 km were identified in GBA, and the width is proposed to be less than 100 m. Moreover, the α, ß, and γ index of the ecological network in the study area is 0.19, 1.33, and 0.5, respectively, indicating that the ecological network structure is complex and the connectivity between ecological nodes is good. The ecological restoration area includes 286.6 km2 of ecological pinch points and 140.44 km2 of ecological barrier. The overall ESP of the study area is "one ring, two belts, and four zones." The main body of the area with a superior ecological environment is distributed in a ring-like pattern near the outer edge of the study area, and two belts (important ecological corridor and ecological corridor) are distributed in a network. According to the ecological characteristics, the study area was divided into four zones: ecological preservation areas, ecological restoration areas, limited construction areas, and optimized construction areas. The ESP established herein institute provides a reference for the revision of ecological space control and optimization measures in the GBA. It also provides effective and systematic means to solve ecological problems in the current territorial spatial planning and territorial ecological restoration of coastal urban agglomeration.

Analyzing the impact of sustainable economic development from the policy text network: Based on the practice of China's bay area policy.

In order to break through the surface analysis of the content structure of policy texts, an in-depth discussion of the linkage between regional policy makers and objectives is helpful to analyze the formation mechanism of policy effects. Through social network analysis and multi-index analysis, this study takes the QianwanNew Area of Ningbo and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as representatives to explore the policy framework for the sustainable development of manufacturing industry in the two bay areas respectively. Through the construction of government department cooperation network, policy keyword co-occurrence network, department keyword correlation network, and the analysis of network density, network centrality, structural holes, and cohesive subgroups, it is found that the impact results show great differences, which is related to the network structure of manufacturing policy text.

How can new energy development reduce CO2 emissions: Empirical evidence of inverted U-shaped relationship in China.

This article is based on the statistical yearbook data of 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Tibet Autonomous Region) from 2000 to 2017, a total of 18 years of statistical yearbook data was used to conduct in-depth research on the reduction of CO2 emissions from the development of new energy in the region. First, it is proposed that the regional new energy development has a significant negative effect on CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, this impact has a significant time lag effect, and the development of new energy cannot be quickly and effectively applied in the short term to replace traditional fossil energy in the dynamic model. Therefore, there is a significant positive impact in the short term, but the significant negative effect of new energy development on CO2 emission can be shown in the long run. Secondly, the new energy development has a significant non-linear impact on CO2 emissions, showing an inverted U-shaped relationship, which confirms the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) of CO2 emissions based on new energy development. Finally, in order to alleviate the continuous impact of national economic development on CO2 emissions, the DID model is used to prove that the level of technological innovation has a significant moderating effect on the CO2 emission reduction effect of new energy development, which confirms theoretically the importance of technological innovation in accelerating new energy substitution and improving energy efficiency.

Mapping the number of mangrove trees in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

Mangroves are vital components of coastal ecosystems. Due to the complex canopy morphology and dense distribution of mangroves, it is challenging to accurately estimate the density based on satellite data. In this study, a density regression-based mangrove mapping network is proposed. The network can capture the multi-scale characteristics of mangroves through the combination of an attention mechanism and a parallel segmentation path, and its performance is better than existing methods. We then apply it to mapping the Greater Bay Area (GBA) the number of mangrove trees. The results show about 2.55 million mangrove trees in the GBA, with an average density of 782 trees per hectare. The tree number of mangroves on the beach is significantly higher than those distributed along the riverbank. This study is the first to achieve mangrove tree count mapping, opening up new prospects for applying satellite-based mangrove monitoring.

Spatial-temporal differences and influencing factors of coupling coordination between urban quality and technology innovation in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

The coordinated development of urban quality and technology innovation is an important element of China's technology innovation development strategy in the new era. Based on entropy TOPSIS, coupling coordination models, the gravity center and standard deviation ellipse method, the geographic probe, the GWR, and other methods, we explore the spatial variation and influencing factors of the coupling coordination relationship between urban quality and technology innovation in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from 2011 to 2020. It is found that: (1) the spatial distribution of the coupling coordination shows a characteristic of "high in the middle and low in the surroundings," and (2) the level of benign interaction in the central region is becoming more prominent. The center of gravity of coupling coordination moves toward the northeast, and the standard deviation ellipse shows a contraction trend away from the southwest. (3) Agglomeration capacity, human capital, cultural development, and infrastructure can significantly drive the improvement of the coupling coordination of urban quality and technology innovation, and the two-factor influence is significantly increased after the interaction. (4) The feedback effects of the coupling and coordination states of different cities on each factor have significant spatial differences and show the characteristics of hierarchical band distribution.

Evaluation and Improvement of Employee Performance with respect to Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) Factors: A Case of Complex Transport Construction Project.

Risk control in complex transport construction is complicated due to the dangerous nature of high variation and unpredictability. Most of the current research analysis focuses on the health, safety, and environment (HSE) risk assessment and employee performance evaluation, which neglects the impact of HSE risks on employee performance. Consequently, this research develops a framework to evaluate employee performance and identify key factors affecting performance. The employee performance indicators and HSE indicators are established by reviewing related literature. Using data from questionnaires, an artificial neural network- (ANN-) based model of employee activity effectiveness is then developed to evaluate employee performance. Sensitivity analysis is implemented to determine the key factors affecting employee performance. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge, a large-scale cross-sea channel project, is taken as a case study for validation. The model results show that the employees are satisfied with the effect of HSE management in general, but the psychological stress they perceive becomes large. The indicators of risk control and employee participation positively impact employee performance, while job satisfaction has a negative impact on performance. These findings indicate that operators should pay more attention to employees' psychological perception of work and form a standardized process management and control plan to prevent cumbersome processes from increasing employees' workload. This study helps construction systems and managers to identify the areas of strengths and weaknesses in their HSE management. The research only focuses on the impact of HSE risks on managers' performance in the complex transport construction project. In the future, further engineering projects and employee performance in composite scenarios can be investigated to improve the overall productivity.

Gestational glucose intolerance and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective study in the primary care setting of Macau.

Although glucose intolerance is prevalent in Macau, it is rarely assessed during pregnancy. This study examined short-term maternal and neonatal outcomes at different maternal glucose levels in Macau. A total of 2388 pregnant women who received antenatal care at Health Centers and delivered at the Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário between June 2018 and December 2019 were included in this study. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was diagnosed using Carpenter and Coustan criteria, involving a 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) followed by a 100g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Participants were categorized into 4 groups: normal glucose tolerance if GCT was negative; mild gestational hyperglycemia in this study if positive GCT without GDM; GDM patients with normal fasting blood glucose (FBG) or high FBG in OGTT. Logistic regression analysis was employed to compare pregnancy outcomes among these 4 groups. Due to the limited number of cases, we combined several adverse maternal outcomes, including pregnancy-induced hypertension, assisted delivery, primary Caesarean section, moderate to severe perineal trauma, and postpartum hemorrhage, into a composite measure. The results showed higher rates of the aforementioned outcomes for mild gestational hyperglycemia and GDM with high FBG in OGTT groups [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.64; aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.24-3.37], as well as macrosomia risk (aOR 2.02, 95% CI 1.11-3.66; aOR 5.04, 95% CI 2.03-12.52) and large-for-gestational age infants (aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.02-2.16; aOR 4.34, 95% CI 2.31-8.15). Pregnancy outcomes were similar for normal glucose tolerance and GDM with normal FBG in OGTT. Mild gestational hyperglycemia raised the likelihood of adverse maternal outcomes and excessive infant birth weights. Even after achieving target glucose levels, GDM patients with elevated fasting glucose readings in OGTT remained at significant risk for these events. Instead, fasting normoglycemic GDM was treated effectively at Macau Health Centers.

Equity and prediction of health resource allocation of traditional Chinese medicine in China.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the equity of health resource allocation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) and predict its development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, and to provide a scientific basis for promoting the improvement of TCM service capacity. METHODS: The Chinese Mainland (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) was divided into the Northeast, Eastern, Central and Western regions, and the number of TCM medical institutions, the number of TCM beds, practitioners (assistants) of TCM and Chinese pharmacists from 2016 to 2020 were selected as evaluation indicators, and the equity of health resource allocation of TCM was evaluated by Concentration index(CI), Theil index(T) and Health resource agglomeration degree (HRAD), and the development of health resource of TCM during the 14th Five-Year Plan period was predicted by grey prediction model GM (1,1). RESULTS: The Concentration index of the number of TCM medical institutions and TCM beds is negative, and the allocation tends to the regions with low economic development level. The Concentration index of practitioners (assistants) of TCM and Chinese pharmacists is positive, and the allocation tends to the regions with higher economic development level. The number of TCM medical institutions, TCM beds, practitioners (assistants) of TCM and Chinese pharmacists' Theil index allocated by geography is larger than that allocated by population, which indicates that the equity of TCM health resources allocated by population is better than that allocated by geography. The number of TCM medical institutions, practitioners (assistants) of TCM and Chinese pharmacists in between regions by population contributed more than 72% to the Theil index, indicating that the inequity mainly comes from between regions. The number of TCM medical institutions, TCM beds, practitioners (assistants) of TCM and Chinese pharmacists in within regions by geography contributed more than 80% to the Theil index, indicating that the inequity mainly comes from within regions. The HRAD in the Eastern and Central regions is greater than 1, indicating that the equity is better by geography. The HRAD in the Western region is less than 1, indicating insufficient equity by geography. The HRAD/PAD of the Central region (except for the number of TCM beds in 2020) is less than 1, indicating that it cannot meet the medical needs of the agglomerated population. The HRAD/PAD of the Western region (excluding for the Chinese pharmacists) is greater than 1, indicating that the equity is better than that of the agglomeration population. CONCLUSION: The number of TCM medical institutions and TCM beds tends to regions with low economic development levels, while the number of practitioners (assistants) of TCM and Chinese pharmacists tends to regions with high economic development levels. The equity of the allocation of TCM health resources by population is better than that by geography, and the inequity of the allocation by geography mainly comes from within region. The allocation of health resources of TCM in the four regions is different, and there is a contradiction between equity and actual medical needs.

Evaluation of the industrial cooperation of the Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area: Based on the Origin-Destination pairs of industrial parks and coupling model efficiency.

The industrial cooperation of Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is one of the leading regional development strategies of this world-class urban agglomeration. This study constructed the industrial cooperation network based on the travel Origin-Destination (OD) connections among industrial parks. A multi-dimensional industrial cooperation and industrial development calculation index system were also set up to measure the nonlinear interaction relationship between them. The research found that an industrial collaboration network has been basically formed in the GBA, particularly presented by major cities. Some undeveloped cities may receive more benefits in the industrial collaboration network. The Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact in terms of within city connection instead of cross-city industrial cooperation. In addition, the degree of coupling between urban industrial coordination and urban industrial development has improved significantly over one decade and taking industrial collaboration as the input variables, industrial collaboration efficiently leads to industrial development outputs in almost every city in the GBA. Practically, decision makers should encourage and support intercity industrial collaboration, particularly between cities with closer geographic proximity, as it has been found to result in stronger cooperation and better economic enhancement. In addition, although industrial collaboration does not guarantee industrial development, when the collaboration systems and policies are enhanced, the synergy and coordination between them gradually improve. This highlights the potential benefits of continued investment in industrial collaboration for economic development.