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1.
Sud Med Ekspert ; 66(6): 59-64, 2023.
Artigo em Russo | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38093432

RESUMO

The article presents a part of historical path (1918-1991) of forensic medical examination in the Republic of Belarus, the history of origin, formation and development of forensic medical service and the academical departments of forensic medicine in the BSSR. The creation date of the state forensic medical service on the territory of Belarus can be considered as 3 of July 1918 yr. Since then, the service has passed from the judicial and administrative subdivision of the department of public healthcare of Executive Committee of Vitebsk Council of Workers, Peasant and Red Army Deputies (1918), the department of forensic medicine of the PCH of the BSSR (1919), forensic medical department at the Central Chemical and Biological Station of the PCH of the BSSR (1921) to the Institute of Scientific and Forensic Examination of the BSSR (1929), Central Forensic Medical Laboratory of the PCH of the BSSR (1931) and Republican Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination under the Ministry of Healthcare of the BSSR (1952). The historical stages of the existence of the forensic medical service and its state organizations in the BSSR were following: 1) stage of origin (1918-1922); 2) stage of formation (1921-1941, 1946-1952); 3) stage of development (1952). The main forensic medical experts, who made a significant contribution to the origin, formation and development of forensic medical examination in the territory of Belarus were V.F. Chervakov (1930-1939), S.A. Prilutskiy (1939-1941, 1946-1960), V.K. Steshits (1961-1977) and S.S. Maksimov (from 1977).


Assuntos
Medicina Legal , Humanos , República de Belarus
2.
Lancet ; 402(10400): 436, 2023 08 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37544317
3.
Front Public Health ; 11: 1192068, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37465173

RESUMO

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has brought about unfavourable changes regarding both physical activity (PA) levels and patterns of behaviour associated with mental health. The study sought to assess PA levels and kinesiophobia in medical students from Poland and Belarus taking account of gender. Methods: A total of 779 students (405 students from University of Grodno (UG), Belarus, and 374 students from John Paul II University of Applied Sciences (ABNS) in Biala Podlaska, Poland) took part in the study. Women constituted 74.2% of the study population. A diagnostic survey as well as two research tools, i.e., the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short form, and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TAMPA) were employed in the study. Results: Students from ABNS manifested significantly higher levels of PA. Taking into account gender, male respondents displayed significantly higher levels of MET-min/week (MET-metabolic equivalent of task). As for kinesiophobia, significantly higher levels were demonstrated by students from UG. Its higher levels were also noted among women. Conclusion: The findings of the study did not reveal strong correlations between kinesiophobia and PA levels in students from Poland and Belarus in the context of different approaches to the pandemic that both countries adopted. Students from ABNS proved to be more physically active. In turn, participants from UG exhibited significantly higher levels of kinesiophobia. Gender was the factor that significantly differentiated levels of kinesiophobia, with women displaying its higher levels.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Estudantes de Medicina , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pandemias , Saúde Mental , Polônia , República de Belarus/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Exercício Físico
4.
Urologiia ; (3): 5-12, 2023 Jul.
Artigo em Russo | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37417405

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Urolithiasis (UCD) is the most common and most expensive urological disease in all regions of the planet. The study of the prevalence of types of urinary stones in different areas of the country and the world plays an important role in predicting the burden on the health care system as a whole and the urological community, including in terms of calculating the probability of recurrence of the disease, even against the background of effective metaphylactic therapy. PURPOSE: in connection with the above, we made an attempt to assess the prevalence of various types of urinary stones in various regions of the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan and the dynamics of changes in the composition of urinary stones depending on age and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the study is based on data from a study of the chemical composition of 6787 urinary stones, presented by INVITRO in an anonymized form for the period 2018-2021. The study of the chemical composition of stones was carried out by infrared spectroscopy and/or X-ray diffraction. RESULTS: The prevalence of one-, two- and multi-component urinary stones of the adult population and children in both sexes of the Russian Federation, the Republics of Kazakhstan and Belarus was estimated. Separate regularities in the distribution of the component composition of stones in each region, with age and gender, were noted. CONCLUSION: The study of the composition of urinary stones is important in choosing an adequate tactic for metaphylactic treatment.


Assuntos
Cálculos Urinários , Urolitíase , Masculino , Criança , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Cazaquistão/epidemiologia , República de Belarus/epidemiologia , Cálculos Urinários/epidemiologia , Cálculos Urinários/química , Urolitíase/epidemiologia , Minerais , Federação Russa/epidemiologia
5.
Zootaxa ; 5255(1): 38-61, 2023 Mar 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37045269

RESUMO

A survey of the earthworm fauna of Belarus that included most of its territory was performed in this study. One genus, three species and one subspecies were reported for the first time. The fauna of Belarus thus comprises 17 species and two subspecies. Detailed maps for all of the reported species were constructed.


Assuntos
Anelídeos , Oligoquetos , Animais , República de Belarus
6.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36981855

RESUMO

Domestic violence is sequential, developmental and dynamic. The aim of this study was to examine whether, in the perceptions of students in Poland and Belarus, there is a relationship between involvement in violence and the legal and social consequences for the perpetrators. A total of 482 university students took part in the study, including 251 students from Poland and 231 students from Belarus. Statistically, Polish respondents were more frequently involved in domestic violence as witnesses and victims, which was confirmed by χ2 test. Based on the 95% confidence interval (CI), it can be concluded that the largest number of respondents from both countries surveyed who have been involved in violence as witnesses (85.2-94.8) indicated that an adequate punishment for perpetrators of violence is imprisonment. Students who have never been involved in domestic violence indicated social consequences as appropriate punishment for the use of violence more often than those who have been involved in violence as witnesses, victims or perpetrators. Witnesses and victims were not found to be in favour of more severe punishment or more serious moral and social consequences than perpetrators. The largest number of respondents indicated that the appropriate consequence of using violence should be imprisonment, followed by a restraining order and eviction from the place of residence.


Assuntos
Criminosos , Violência Doméstica , Punição , Estudantes , Humanos , Violência Doméstica/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência Doméstica/estatística & dados numéricos , Princípios Morais , Polônia , República de Belarus , Estudantes/psicologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Criminosos/legislação & jurisprudência , Fatores Sociológicos , Universidades , Masculino , Feminino
7.
Fam Cancer ; 22(1): 19-30, 2023 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35596902

RESUMO

The spectrum of BRCA1/2 mutations demonstrates significant interethnic variations. We analyzed for the first time the entire BRCA1/2 coding region in 340 Belarusian cancer patients with clinical signs of BRCA1/2-related disease, including 168 women with bilateral and/or early-onset breast cancer (BC), 104 patients with ovarian cancer and 68 subjects with multiple primary malignancies involving BC and/or OC. BRCA1/2 pathogenic alleles were detected in 98 (29%) women, with 67 (68%) of these being represented by founder alleles. Systematic comparison with other relevant studies revealed that the founder effect observed in Belarus is among the highest estimates observed worldwide. These findings are surprising, given that the population of Belarus did not experience geographic or cultural isolation throughout history.


Assuntos
Proteína BRCA1 , Proteína BRCA2 , Neoplasias da Mama , Neoplasias Ovarianas , Feminino , Humanos , Alelos , Proteína BRCA1/genética , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Efeito Fundador , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Mutação , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , República de Belarus
8.
Front Public Health ; 10: 1052744, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36530658

RESUMO

Background: More than two years of the COVID-19 pandemic has changed lives of people around the world and had a profound impact on the field of sports. This has resulted in decreased physical activity (PA) and changes in mental health. The goal was to assess self-reported physical activity, life satisfaction, perceived stress, choice of coping strategies and their correlations among student athletes from two neighboring countries facing different anti-pandemic strategies. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys using standardized questionnaires: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Mini-COPE) to compare 600 students from Physical Education and Sports departments of universities in Belarus (n = 333), where restrictions were found to be less stringent than in neighboring Poland (n = 267). Results: Minor differences in physical activities between both countries indicate that student athletes have adapted fairly quickly and found ways to keep their PA at a fairly high level. Nevertheless, higher PA was reported in the group of student athletes from Belarus. PA levels correlated with life satisfaction, anxiety and stress levels. Female students from Poland reported lower satisfaction with their lives. Their perception of stress was twice as high as that of their Belarusian counterparts. The most common coping strategy in both groups was active coping. Polish respondents less frequently used strategies of avoiding problems and seeking outside support. Conclusion: The level of physical activity and well-being of student athletes are associated with increased mental health and coping with stress. They also contribute to prevention of affective disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it is dependent on the country's anti-pandemic policies.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Feminino , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/psicologia , Polônia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , República de Belarus , Adaptação Psicológica , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Atletas , Exercício Físico , Satisfação Pessoal , Percepção
9.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36360873

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has struck all of us suddenly and unexpectedly; it deprived the society of a sense of control over their lives on different levels. In a short period of time, it led to a number of changes in everyday life of people all over the world. In particular, these changes affected medical staff, who, all of a sudden, were burdened with new work-related responsibilities and duties. This situation may have had a detrimental effect on their mental health. Due to the unpredictability of the COVID-19 pandemic, we attempted to assess its consequences in terms of mental health and physical fitness of university students from countries in which different approaches to these issues were adopted. METHODS: A total of 779 medical students (374 students from John Paul II University of Applied Sciences (ABNS) in Biala Podlaska, Poland, and 405 students from Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno (YKSUG), Belarus) took part in the survey. Three standardised psychometric tools were used in the study: The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Stress Coping Inventory (Mini-COPE). In addition, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was applied. RESULTS: The vast majority of students both from Poland and Belarus demonstrated high levels of physical activity. However, students from ABNS manifested significantly higher levels of physical activity compared to their counterparts from YKSUG. Students from Biala Podlaska had greater satisfaction with life during the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas their peers from Grodno exhibited higher levels of mental distress. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant exacerbation of mental health issues among medical students. In order to alleviate negative effects of the pandemic, it seems necessary for universities to monitor the physical and mental health state of students and to implement prevention programmes.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Saúde da População , Estudantes de Medicina , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Saúde Mental , Polônia/epidemiologia , República de Belarus , Exercício Físico
10.
PLoS One ; 17(10): e0275758, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36206285

RESUMO

In western and north-western Europe there has been a growing focus on exploring how major economic, political, and social changes during the Medieval period impacted the lived experience of different populations and sectors of society. Stable isotope analysis has proven particularly powerful in this regard, providing direct insights into the long-term diets of individuals and communities. Despite experiencing similarly dramatic social reconfigurations and changes, eastern Europe has, however, received far less attention in this regard. The territory of Belarus has, especially, so far remained a relative blank spot on the bioarchaeological map of Europe, though cities such as Polack emerged rapidly as key nodes within a growing economic and religious network. To gain direct insight into the diets of inhabitants of the Polack region of Belarus in the 11-18th centuries, we applied stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis to bone and dentine collagen from human (n = 143) and animal (n = 105) individuals from the city of Polack and surrounding rural sites. Results indicate a diet based on C3 terrestrial resources, which did not differ between sexes and showed limited variation over time. Contrary to expectations, it appears that animal products were commonly consumed by rural dwellers, but no significant reliance on fish resources or millet consumption is found. In contrast to examples from western Europe, we argue that the diets in the city and the surrounding villages remained broadly similar for the majority of the population, and similar to commoners analysed in Poland and Lithuania, perhaps suggestive of slightly different economic changes operating in this part of the Medieval world.


Assuntos
Colágeno , Dieta , Animais , Carbono , Isótopos de Carbono/análise , Dieta/história , História Medieval , Humanos , Isótopos de Nitrogênio/análise , Polônia , República de Belarus
11.
BMC Health Serv Res ; 22(1): 1217, 2022 Sep 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36180873

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) often concentrates in groups of people with complex health and social issues, including alcohol use disorders (AUD). Risk of TB, and poor TB treatment outcomes, are substantially elevated in people who have AUD. Médecins sans Frontières and the Belarus Ministry of Health have worked to improve treatment adherence in patients with multi-drug or rifampicin resistant (MDR/RR)-TB and harmful use of alcohol. In 2016, a person-centred, multidisciplinary, psychosocial support and harm reduction programme delivered by TB doctors, counsellors, psychiatrists, health-educators, and social workers was initiated. In 2020, we described patient and provider experiences within the programme as part of a wider evaluation. METHODS: We recruited 12 patients and 20 health-care workers, using purposive sampling, for in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions. We used a participant-led, flexible, exploratory approach, enabling participants and the interviewer to shape topics of conversation. Qualitative data were coded manually and analysed thematically. As part of the analysis process, identified themes were shared with health-care worker participants to enable their reflections to be incorporated into the findings. RESULTS: Key themes related to the patients' and practitioners experience of having and treating MDRTB with associated complex health and social issues were: fragility and despair and guidance, trust and health. Prejudice and marginalisation were global to both themes. Counsellors and other health workers built a trusting relationship with patients, enabling guidance through a multi-disciplinary approach, which supported patients to achieve their vision of health. This guidance was achieved by a team of social workers, counsellors, doctors and health-educators who provided professional and individualised help for patients' illnesses, personal or interpersonal problems, administrative tasks, and job searches. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MDR/RR-TB and harmful use of alcohol faced complex issues during treatment. Our findings describe how person-centred, multi-disciplinary, psychosocial support helped patients in this setting to cope with these challenges and complete the treatment programme. We recommend that these findings are used to: i) inform programmatic changes to further boost the person-centred care nature of this program; and ii) advocate for this type of person-centred care approach to be rolled out across Belarus, and in contexts that face similar challenges.


Assuntos
Alcoolismo , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Tuberculose , Alcoolismo/terapia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Redução do Dano , Humanos , Sistemas de Apoio Psicossocial , Pesquisa Qualitativa , República de Belarus , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico
12.
Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) ; 68(3): 30-43, 2022 03 08.
Artigo em Russo | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35841166

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, the Republic of Belarus belongs to the countries with sufficient iodine supply, which made it possible to reduce the incidence of non-toxic goiter and congenital hypothyroidism. However, even a slight change in iodine consumption influences the pattern of thyroid diseases. In addition to iodine deficiency, other environmental conditions, as well as genetic factors, play a significant role in the etiology of thyroid diseases. AIM: To analyze the dynamics of the main epidemiological indicators of benign thyroid diseases from 2009 to 2019 in the adult population of the Republic of Belarus, using the data of official state statistics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The indicators of the incidence and prevalence of benign thyroid diseases were studied on the basis of state statistics for 2009-2019. To analyze the dynamics of the studied indicators, regression analysis was used with the construction of linear and polynomial models. RESULTS: A decrease in the incidence and prevalence of diffuse euthyroid goiter and an increase in the incidence and prevalence of nodular euthyroid goiter, thyroiditis, acquired hypothyroidism, Graves' disease, as well as the incidence of nodular toxic goiter were revealed. CONCLUSION: Obtained data indicate, that there is an increase in the prevalence of most of the studied thyroid diseases, despite the adequate iodine supply. The above justifies the need for further study of the causes of the identified trends, as well as the necessity of developing new methods of diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases.


Assuntos
Bócio Endêmico , Bócio Nodular , Doença de Graves , Iodo , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Tireoidite , Bócio Endêmico/complicações , Bócio Endêmico/epidemiologia , Bócio Nodular/complicações , Bócio Nodular/epidemiologia , Doença de Graves/complicações , Humanos , República de Belarus/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/etiologia , Tireoidite/complicações
13.
J Environ Manage ; 318: 115608, 2022 Sep 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35779294

RESUMO

The Eurasian beaver is currently found in at least 32 European countries, with many of these populations being established in the 1960s. In most European countries, the beaver is under protection, however, when the population is strong, the beaver becomes a game species. In Poland, the beaver is partially protected despite the species having a strong population. In this study we aimed to compare the development trends of Eurasian beaver populations in two management regimes, in Poland (protected) and Belarus (hunted), between 2004 and 2019. We compared beaver population trends in both countries, and analyzed the factors that could impact population growth. In Poland, during this period the population increased 3.5 times, while in Belarus it was only 20%. Distinct differences in the rate of population numbers increase were also observed between regions in Poland, but a stable, slight increase similar in all regions in Belarus. Our study did not show that precipitation or the density of this species influenced the rate of population development in Poland. During this period, hunting and wolf density significantly and negatively impacted beaver population growth in Belarus, but in the long-term analysis, hunting had a lower impact on beaver population growth. We concluded that we can expect a further increase in this population in Poland. Long-term hunting at a level of 13,7% (based on the analysis of population dynamics and hunting bags for Belarus) of the annual population seems to be a safe value for the beaver population. Nevertheless more detailed analysis should be carried out in the face of the large differences between regions.


Assuntos
Roedores , Animais , Europa (Continente) , Polônia/epidemiologia , República de Belarus/epidemiologia
14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35886479

RESUMO

The COVID-19 restrictions in Belarus turned out to be less stringent than those of its neighboring countries. Objective: We aimed to evaluate physical activity, life satisfaction, perception of stress, choice of coping strategies and their correlations among Belarusian students. An anonymous Internet survey was conducted among 1769 students studying at the faculties of physical culture (415), pedagogical (737), and medical (617) universities. International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), and Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (mini-COPE) questionnaires were used. The respondents declared sufficient and high levels of physical activity. The level of physical activity was correlated with life satisfaction (typically for student-athletes). The least satisfaction with life and highest level of perceived stress were among future doctors. The minimum indicator of stress was noted in athletes. The most common coping strategy was active coping. Strategies of problem avoidance and seeking support from outside were not used by student-athletes. These strategies were used by pedagogical and medical students. Student-athletes have the most favorable opportunities, followed by representatives of pedagogical and medical students. The proposed classification of the levels of behavior (optimal, acceptable, satisfactory and risky) makes it possible to adjust lifestyles.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Estudantes de Medicina , Adaptação Psicológica , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Pandemias , Percepção , Satisfação Pessoal , República de Belarus/epidemiologia , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Universidades
15.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 29(51): 77553-77564, 2022 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35676579

RESUMO

Increased radioactivity in the near-surface atmosphere is virtually an annual occurrence in the Gomel region, Belarus. However, there is no explicit evidence as to what causes these anomalies and whether their origin has a strong seasonal association. To establish any such relations, we have analysed long-term radiation monitoring data recorded in the region over the past 17 years from 2003 to 2020 to find that abnormal levels of atmospheric radioactivity in summer and in winter have different origins. Summer spikes are most likely caused by occasional wildfires blazing in contaminated afforested areas in extreme heat weather, such as the wildfires of 2015 and 2020 in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, which is confirmed by backward and forward trajectories of the air mass transport at the time calculated using the HYSPLIT model. By contrast, in winter, when a wildfire cannot occur, a potential source of atmospheric radioactivity in the Gomel region may be the use of wood fuel from contaminated territories in residential woodstoves. Measurements of wood ash sampled from local households across the contaminated area and close to the woods show excessively high concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr. The Holt-Winters and the Facebook's Prophet models used for the purposes of this study prove their applicability for performing a short-term (5 years) prediction of the weekly index dynamics of the atmospheric radioactivity.


Assuntos
Acidente Nuclear de Chernobyl , Radioatividade , Humanos , Estações do Ano , República de Belarus , Atmosfera
16.
J Environ Radioact ; 250: 106928, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35660203

RESUMO

This study evaluates the 131I transfer from ground deposition to the human thyroid gland after the Chernobyl accident using measurements of 131I concentrations in 1,252 soil, 124 grass, and 136 cow's milk samples as well as 131I thyroid activity measured in 3,100 individuals included in the Belarusian-American cohort. The following parameters of an 131I environmental transfer model used to calculate thyroid doses were evaluated in this study: (i) the interception factor of 131I by pasture grass, which was described by a purely empirical equation, (ii) the removal rate of 131I from pasture grass due to weathering and growth dilution, estimated to be 0.0676 d-1 (half-life of 10.3 d), (iii) the removal rate of 131I from cow's milk, estimated to be 0.0686 d-1 (half-life of 10.1 d), and (iv) the transfer coefficient of 131I from feed to cow's milk, arithmetic mean ± standard deviation of (6.7 ± 8.7) × 10-3 d L-1 (median = 4.0 × 10-3 d L-1). The individual model-based and measurement-based 131I thyroid activities for the Belarusian-American cohort members were calculated using different starting points of 131I transfer in the chain 'ground deposition' → 'vegetation' → 'cow's milk' → 'human thyroid', i.e., the measured 131I concentrations in soil, grass, and cow's milk. De novo thyroid doses from 131I for the 3,100 cohort members were calculated in this study using measured 131I activity concentrations in soil, grass, and cow's milk and were compared with those estimated previously for the same individuals using model-based 131I activity concentrations. It was shown that the use of measured instead of model-based 131I concentrations, in general, did not improve the measurement-based thyroid dose estimates. This is likely to be because there was already a good generic data base for the parameters used in this assessment. This finding indicates that, although the measurements of environmental samples are essential to estimate the parameter values of the 131I transfer model, the individual measurements of 131I thyroid activity are the most valuable information for estimating individual thyroid doses.


Assuntos
Acidente Nuclear de Chernobyl , Monitoramento de Radiação , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Humanos , Radioisótopos do Iodo , Leite , Poaceae , República de Belarus , Solo
17.
Radiat Environ Biophys ; 61(3): 445-464, 2022 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35767189

RESUMO

This study considers the exposure of the population of the most contaminated Gomel and Mogilev Oblasts in Belarus to prolonged sources of irradiation resulting from the Chernobyl accident. Dose reconstruction methods were developed and applied in this study to estimate the red bone-marrow doses (RBMs) from (i) external irradiation from gamma-emitting radionuclides deposited on the ground and (ii) 134Cs, 137Cs and 90Sr ingestion with locally produced foodstuffs. The mean population-weighted RBM doses accumulated during 35 years after the Chernobyl accident were 12 and 5.7 mGy for adult residents in Gomel and Mogilev Oblasts, respectively, while doses for youngest age groups were 20-40% lower. The highest mean area-specific RBM doses for adults accumulated in 1986-2021 were 63, 56 and 46 mGy in Narovlya, Vetka and Korma raions in Gomel Oblast, respectively. For most areas, external irradiation was the predominant pathway of exposure (60-70% from the total dose), except for areas with an extremely high aggregated 137Cs soil to cow's milk transfer coefficient (≥ 5.0 Bq L-1 per kBq m-2), where the contribution of 134Cs and 137Cs ingestion to the total RBM dose was more than 70%. The contribution of 90Sr intake to the total RBM dose did not exceed 4% for adults and 10% for newborns in most raion in Gomel and Mogilev Oblasts. The validity of the doses estimated in this study was assessed by comparison with doses obtained from measurements by thermoluminescence dosimeters and whole-body counters done in 1987-2015. The methodology developed in this study can be used to calculate doses to target organs other than RBM such as thyroid and breast doses. The age-dependent and population-weighted doses estimated in this study are useful for ecological epidemiological studies, for projection of radiation risk, and for justification of analytical epidemiological studies in populations exposed to Chernobyl fallout.


Assuntos
Acidente Nuclear de Chernobyl , Animais , Bovinos , Radioisótopos de Césio , Ingestão de Alimentos , Feminino , Doses de Radiação , República de Belarus , Radioisótopos de Estrôncio
18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35410048

RESUMO

A significant drop in tuberculosis (TB) case-finding has been widely reported during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. To address a decrease in TB notification, Belarus introduced laboratory TB testing in patients with the laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a secondary analysis of health records among 844 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis who were admitted to repurposed departments at TB hospitals and who were tested by Xpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) in five Belarus regions between April and October 2021. Quantitative analysis followed by 13 individual interviews with health managers, physicians, and nurses participating in the intervention. Most patients were male (64%) and mean age was 43.5 ± 16 years. One in twenty (n = 47, 5.6%) patients were co-infected with active pulmonary TB, and over one-third of them (n = 18) had rifampicin resistance. In-hospital mortality was comparable in patients with and without TB co-infection (2.1% and 2.3% respectively, p > 0.99). Laboratory TB testing among patients with COVID-19 at repurposed departments of TB hospitals is feasible in Belarus and may improve TB case-finding.


Assuntos
Antibióticos Antituberculose , COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Tuberculose Latente , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose , Adulto , Antibióticos Antituberculose/uso terapêutico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Teste para COVID-19 , Coinfecção/tratamento farmacológico , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Hospitalização , Humanos , Tuberculose Latente/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pandemias , República de Belarus/epidemiologia , Rifampina , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose/epidemiologia
19.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 5475, 2022 03 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35361826

RESUMO

Public health intervention to contain the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic significantly differed by country since the SARS-CoV-2 spread varied regionally in time and in scale. Since vaccinations were not available until the end of 2020 non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) remained the only strategies to mitigate the pandemic spread at that time. Belarus in Europe is one of a few countries with a high Human Development Index where no lockdowns have ever been implemented and only limited NPIs have taken place for a period of time. Therefore, the Belarusian case was evaluated and compared in terms of the mortality burden. Since the COVID-19 mortality was low, the excess overall mortality was studied for Belarus. Since no overall mortality data have been reported past June 2020 the analysis was complemented by the study of Google Trends funeral-related search queries up until August 2021. Depending on the model, the Belarusian mortality for June of 2020 was 29 to 39% higher than otherwise expected with the corresponding estimated excess death was from 2953 to 3690 while the reported COVID-19 mortality for June 2020 was only 157 cases. The Belarusian excess mortality for June 2020 was higher than for all neighboring countries with an excess of 5% for Poland, 5% for Ukraine, 8% for Russia, 11% for Lithuania and 11% for Latvia. The relationship between Google Trends and mortality time series was studied using Granger's test and the results were statistically significant. The results for Google Trends searches did vary by key phrase with the largest excess of 138% for April 2020 and 148% for September 2020 was observed for a key phrase "coffin", while the largest excess of 218% for January 2021 was observed for "funeral services". In summary, there are indications of the excess overall mortality in Belarus, which is larger than the reported COVID-19-related mortality.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , República de Belarus/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2
20.
Ann Agric Environ Med ; 29(1): 126-135, 2022 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35352916

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The WHO term 'physical activity' refers to all body movements produced by skeletal muscles which require energy expenditure. The ways to be active include daily activities, exertion in the performance of work, or active recreation. The objective of the study is to compare physical activity of the students of Bialystok University of Technology, Higher School of Physical Education and Tourism in Biaystok (Poland), University of Beira Interior in Covilha (Portugal) and Janka Kupala Grodno State University in Grodno (Belarus). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 1,136 persons participated in the study (398 men and 738 women). The level of physical activity of the students was assessed on the basis of a short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The individual value of the body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each respondent. RESULTS: Among men studying at WSWFiTB, in Portugal and Belarus, the dominant level of activity was high. Both in the group of men and women, people studying in Portugal spent the most time sitting during one working day. Without taking into account the gender of the respondents, a high level was the dominant among students of WSWFiTB, in Portugal and Belarus. With regard to overweight and obese people, the highest average amount of energy expenditure was recorded in the case of intensive activity. CONCLUSIONS: Men, compared to women, were characterized by a higher average amount of energy consumption related to total activity and intensive exercise. Students in Belarus obtained the highest average amount of energy expenditure related to moderate and intensive activity, compared to students at BUT, WSWFiTB and in Portugal. A high level of activity dominated both in the group of underweight/normal body weight, as well as overweight and obese persons.


Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Estudantes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Polônia , Portugal , República de Belarus
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