Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards the flu (influenza) vaccine and Covid-19 vaccines amongst university staff and university students in Trinidad and Tobago

• Vaccines prevent and control public health outbreaks through creating antibodies . • As of July 3rd, 2021, 105,586 persons were vaccinated with two doses. • Available vaccines at the time, were AstraZeneca (viral vector) and Sinopharm (inactivated vaccines). • The Covid-19 vaccine must be utilized for herd immunity to occur to prevent strains in the health system in Trinidad and Tobago.

The epidemiology of invasive haemophilus influenzae type B disease in Jamaica and a cost-benefit analysis of vaccine provision

To study the epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease and to estimate the costs of this treatment to the Government of Jamaica, epidemiological data was retrospectively collected for the 5 year period, 1989-1993, on persons with microbiologically confirmed invasive Haemophilus influenzae infection amongst patients admitted to 5 of the 6 major hospitals in Jamaica. The study aimed at establishing justification for the inclusion of H. influenzae type b vaccine in the primary immunization schedule of Jamaican children. Over the 5 year period, 111 cases of invasive H. influenzae type b disease were detected from laboratory data. The records of 70 cases were accessed. The minimal average estimated annual incidence rate for invasive disease was 8.05 per 100,000 children aged less than 5 years. The majority of the disease (52.9 percent) occurred in infants (less than 1 year old), and 77.2 percent occurred in children less than 2 years of age with peak incidence between 4 and 7 months. The case fatality rate was 7.1 percent. The mean cost of treatment of a case of H. influenzae type b disease admitted to hospital was J$14,363. The total discounted cost of treatment over 5 years when the population is not vaccinated was J$1,329,420. If routine vaccinations are instituted, it is estimated that 17 cases of H. influenzae disease will be prevented from being admitted, and 6 deaths will be prevented. The implied maximum cost of vaccination (i.e the point where at any lower cost, the vaccination would be less costly than treatment) when subjected to a sensitivity analysis produced a range of J$1.94 to $7.00. Benefits such as reduction of pain and suffering, reduction of mortality and morbidity, and "external" or spill-over benefits were not included. The provision of H. influenzae type b vaccine is justifiable (on the basis of treatment costs only) within the price range of J$1.94 to $7.00. However at present costs, provision of H. influenzae type b vaccine is not justified. (AU)

An outbreak of influenza in Jamaica (1986)

An outbreak of febrile illness at the Police Training Academy in St. Catherine, Jamaica in October, 1986 is described. Influenza A similar to type A/Taiwan/86 (H1N1) was confirmed serologically in 33 cases, and Influenza B similar to typeB/Ann Arbor/86 in 1 case. Clinical findings included upper respiratory symptoms (97 percent) headache (74 percent), fever (68 percent), joint pains (39 percent) and retro-orbital pain (26 percent). The role of vaccination and chemoprophylaxis in the prevention of influenza is discussed, and the importance of surveillance is stressed (AU)