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1.
[Belmopan]; Belize. Ministry of Health; 2018. 8 p. graf.
Não convencional em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: biblio-908794

RESUMO

This communicable diseases digest offers a summary of incidence rates for the Ministry of Health's epidemiological week 16. It draws on weekly data retrieved through the Belize Health Information System (BHIS) which seeks to improve individual health outcomes and public health performance as well as to optimize resource utilization. Using graphics, national, seasonal and weekly trends are compared for the following: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs), a leading cause of death among children under the age of five; Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARIs), which have the potential for large scale epidemics; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Vector Borne Diseases; Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs); and Other Communicable Diseases/Outbreaks/Public Health related incidents.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Belize/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Vírus Chikungunya , Dengue/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Incidência , Insetos Vetores , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Zika virus
2.
[Belmopan]; Belize. Ministry of Health; 2018. 8 p. graf.
Não convencional em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: biblio-908812

RESUMO

This communicable diseases digest offers a summary of incidence rates for the Ministry of Health's epidemiological week 17. It draws on weekly data retrieved through the Belize Health Information System (BHIS) which seeks to improve individual health outcomes and public health performance as well as to optimize resource utilization. Using graphics, national, seasonal and weekly trends are compared for the following: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs), a leading cause of death among children under the age of five; Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARIs), which have the potential for large scale epidemics; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Vector Borne Diseases; Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs); and Other Communicable Diseases/Outbreaks/Public Health related incidents.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Belize/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Incidência , Vírus Chikungunya , Dengue/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Insetos Vetores , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Zika virus
3.
[Belmopan]; Belize. Ministry of Health; 2018. 8 p. graf.
Não convencional em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: biblio-908857

RESUMO

This communicable diseases digest offers a summary of incidence rates for the Ministry of Health's epidemiological week 19. It draws on weekly data retrieved through the Belize Health Information System (BHIS) which seeks to improve individual health outcomes and public health performance as well as to optimize resource utilization. Using graphics, national, seasonal and weekly trends are compared for the following: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs), a leading cause of death among children under the age of five; Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARIs), which have the potential for large scale epidemics; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Vector Borne Diseases; Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs); and other Communicable Diseases/Outbreaks/Public Health related incidents.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Belize/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Incidência , Vírus Chikungunya , Dengue/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Insetos Vetores , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Zika virus
4.
[Belmopan]; Belize. Ministry of Health; 2018. 8 p. graf.
Não convencional em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: biblio-908944

RESUMO

This communicable diseases digest offers a summary of incidence rates for the Ministry of Health's epidemiological week 20. It draws on weekly data retrieved through the Belize Health Information System (BHIS) which seeks to improve individual health outcomes and public health performance as well as to optimize resource utilization. Using graphics, national, seasonal and weekly trends are compared for the following: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs), a leading cause of death among children under the age of five; Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARIs), which have the potential for large scale epidemics; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Vector Borne Diseases; Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs); and other Communicable Diseases/Outbreaks/Public Health related incidents.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Belize/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Incidência , Vírus Chikungunya , Dengue/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Insetos Vetores , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Zika virus
5.
In. Caribbean Public Health Agency. Caribbean Public Health Agency: 60th Annual Scientific Meeting. Kingston, The University of the West Indies. Faculty of Medical Sciences, 2015. p.[1-75]. (West Indian Medical Journal Supplement).
Monografia em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-17941

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To obtain an understanding of the space and time dynamics of dengue and provide health agencies with important clues for reducing its impact. DESIGN AND METHODS: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) cases observed for the period 1998-2004 were georeferenced using Geographic Information System software. Spatial clustering was calculated for individual years and for the entire study period using the Nearest Neighbor Index. Space and time interaction between DHF cases was determined using the Knox Test while the Nearest Neighbor Hierarchical method was used to extract DHF hot spots. All space and time distances calculated were validated using the Pearson r significance test. RESULTS: Results shows that (1) a decrease in mean distance between DHF cases correlates with activity leading up to an outbreak, (2) a decrease in temporal distance between DHF cases leads to increased geographic spread of the disease, with an outbreak occurrence about every 2 years, and (3) a general pattern in the movement of dengue incidents from more rural to urban settings leading up to an outbreak with hotspot areas associated with transportation hubs. CONCLUSION: The results of this study can be used by public health officers to help visualize and understand the spatial and temporal patterns of dengue, and to prepare warnings for the public. Dengue space-time patterns and hotspot detection will provide useful information to support public health officers in their efforts to control and predict dengue spread over critical hotspots allowing better allocation of resources.


Assuntos
Dengue , Dengue Grave , Incidência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Trinidad e Tobago , Conglomerados Espaço-Temporais
6.
In. Caribbean Public Health Agency. Caribbean Public Health Agency: 60th Annual Scientific Meeting. Kingston, The University of the West Indies. Faculty of Medical Sciences, 2015. p.[1-75]. (West Indian Medical Journal Supplement).
Monografia em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-17965

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To assess (1) the incidence and survival rates of PC, (2) the distribution of prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) and Gleason score in Grenada. DESIGN AND METHODS: A PC hospital-based series from the only urologist in the island was assembled. Age-adjusted incidence rates, PSA levels and Gleason scores for Grenada were analyzed and compared with US-Blacks and incidence rates from “International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)-contributing” Caribbean registries. RESULTS: 601 new cases of PC diagnosed between 1997-2013 equate to an annual age-adjusted incidence rate of 69.3 per 100,000 in Grenada. This is similar to the Jamaica rate of 77.3, but much inferior to those of US-Blacks 197.7 and Martinique 177.8. The median PSA level in Grenada was 18.0 ng/ml compared to 7.0 among US-Blacks (P<0.05). 47% of Grenadians with PC were in the high risk PSA category (>20ng/ml), compared to only 17% US-Blacks. Lower tract urinary infection and positive digital rectal examination were both significantly associated with high risk PSA and high risk Gleason score (Gleason sum ≥ 8). CONCLUSION: The lower PC incidence in Grenada and Jamaica is likely a reflection of lower prevalence of PSA-testing. Thus, PSA levels fall more substantially in the high risk category.


Assuntos
Próstata , Neoplasias da Próstata , Incidência , Taxa de Sobrevida , Antígeno Prostático Específico , Granada
7.
In. Caribbean Public Health Agency. Caribbean Public Health Agency: 60th Annual Scientific Meeting. Kingston, The University of the West Indies. Faculty of Medical Sciences, 2015. p.[1-75]. (West Indian Medical Journal Supplement).
Monografia em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-18021

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To assess the burden of diabetes in Grenada in terms of changes in quality of life and trends of incidence, amputation and gender. DESIGN AND METHODS: A mixed methods approach was used in which statistical retrospective analysis determined trends of diabetic related amputations based on secondary data for the period 2008-2012. A qualitative approach was also used to assess perceptions of quality of life of diabetic related amputees using interviews. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences or trends (relationships) found between number of amputations and incidences of diabetes with respect to time. The quality of life of diabetics decreased after receiving an amputation surgery as a result of multifactorial issues such as feelings of loneliness and financial instability. CONCLUSION: The decreasing trend of diabetes in Grenada was found to be statistically insignificant while quality of life of amputees was shown to be lowered. Decreasing the incidence of amputations should involve focus on the role of peripheral neuropathy. Policy development to increase benefits to disabled citizens is recommended to improve quality of life of Grenadians.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Qualidade de Vida , Incidência , Amputação Cirúrgica/tendências , Granada
8.
In. Caribbean Public Health Agency. Caribbean Public Health Agency: 60th Annual Scientific Meeting. Kingston, The University of the West Indies. Faculty of Medical Sciences, 2015. p.[1-75]. (West Indian Medical Journal Supplement).
Monografia em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-18028

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology of OPC and assess the impact of age, stage at diagnosis, gender and treatment outside of Grenada on OPC survival. DESIGN AND METHODS: An OPC population-based series from the only ENT surgeon in the island was assembled. Age-adjusted incidence rates, and stage distribution were analyzed and compared with US-Blacks and incidence rates from regional registries. RESULTS: 93 cases of OPC diagnosed during 1991-2010 resulted in an annual age-adjusted incidence rate of 9.5 per 100,000 in Grenadian males and 1.7 among females. Jamaica’s rates were 5.2 and 2.3; Martinique’s 13.1 and 1.6; US-Blacks 15.1 and 5.0 respectively. The median age in Grenada was 58 years of age. In Grenada 73% of the cases presented with stage III/IV compared to 72% among US Blacks. Nearly 24% of patients had treatment outside of Grenada. CONCLUSION: OPC rates in Grenada were comparable to others in the region, attesting to the population basis of this series. Grenadian males show medium risk for OPC while the risk is low among females. Surprisingly, the tumor, node and metastasis (TNM) stage distribution in Grenada does not differ significantly from that among US Blacks for OPC, a cancer for which screening is rarely performed or possible.


Assuntos
Incidência , Taxa de Sobrevida , Neoplasias Bucais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Faríngeas/epidemiologia , Granada
9.
American journal of epidemiology ; 165(1): 94-100, Jan. 2007. tabilus
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-17707

RESUMO

Prevalent biologic specimens can be used to estimate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence using a two-stage immunologic testing algorithm that hinges on the average time, T, between testing HIV-positive on highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays and testing HIV-positive on less sensitive enzyme immunoassays. Common approaches to confidence interval (CI) estimation for this incidence measure have included 1) ignoring the random error in T or 2) employing a Bonferroni adjustment of the box method. The authors present alternative Monte Carlo-based CIs for this incidence measure, as well as CIs for the biomarker-based incidence difference; standard approaches to CIs are typically appropriate for the incidence ratio. Using American Red Cross blood donor data as an example, the authors found that ignoring the random error in T provides a 95% CI for incidence as much as 0.26 times the width of the Monte Carlo CI, while the Bonferroni-box method provides a 95% CI as much as 1.57 times the width of the Monte Carlo CI. Further research is needed to understand under what circumstances the proposed Monte Carlo methods fail to provide valid CIs. The Monte Carlo-based CI may be preferable to competing methods because of the ease of extension to the incidence difference or to exploration of departures from assumptions.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Algoritmos , Biomarcadores , Doadores de Sangue , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Simulação por Computador , Intervalos de Confiança , Soropositividade para HIV/sangue , Soropositividade para HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Incidência , Modelos Estatísticos , Método de Monte Carlo , São Francisco/epidemiologia , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
10.
Archives of general psychiatry ; 63(3): 250-258, March 2006. graf
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-17398

RESUMO

CONTEXT Convention suggests uniformity of incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses; variation would have implications for their causes and biological characteristics. OBJECTIVE To investigate variability in the incidence of psychotic syndromes in terms of place, ethnicity, age, and sex. DESIGN Three-center, prospective, comprehensive survey of clinically relevant first-onset psychotic syndromes over a 2-year period (1997-1999). Census data provided the denominator. SETTING Southeast London, Nottingham, and Bristol, England. PARTICIPANTS One million six hundred thousand person-years yielded 568 subjects aged 16 to 64 years with clinically relevant psychotic syndromes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The World Health Organization Psychosis Screen and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry to classify, blind to ethnicity, all DSM-IV psychotic syndromes and the subclasses of schizophrenia, other nonaffective disorders, affective disorders, and substance-induced psychosis.


RESULTS All syndromes showed a characteristic age distribution. Schizophrenia was significantly more common in men (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.3 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-3.1]); affective disorders occurred equally in men and women (IRR, 1.0 [95% CI, 0.7-1.3]). All psychoses were more common in the black and minority ethnic group (crude IRR, 3.6 [95% CI, 3.0-4.2]). Differences in age, sex, and study center accounted for approximately a quarter of this effect (adjusted IRR, 2.9 [95% CI, 2.4-3.5]) in each psychosis outcome. The age-sex standardized incidence rate for all psychoses was higher in Southeast London (IRR, 49.4 [95% CI, 43.6-55.3]) than Nottingham (IRR, 23.9 [95% CI, 20.6-27.2]) or Bristol (IRR, 20.4 [95% CI, 15.1-25.7]). Rates of all outcomes except affective disorders remained significantly higher in Southeast London when the model was expanded to control for ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS There is significant and independent variation of incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in terms of sex, age, ethnicity, and place. This confirms that environmental effects at the individual, and perhaps neighborhood level, may interact together and with genetic factors in the etiology of psychosis.


Assuntos
Humanos , Esquizofrenia/etiologia , Incidência , Esquizofrenia/epidemiologia
11.
West Indian med. j ; 50(2): 165-8, Jun. 2001.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-338

RESUMO

We report the cliniopathological features and outcome of four cases of carcinoma of the male breast diagnosed at the University Hospital of the West Indies between 1988 and 1998. Male breast cancer is most commonly seen in men over age sixty years, and it exhibits the same prognosis, stage for stage, as the disease in females. However, some researchers report overall poorer survival in men, and explain this on the basis of advanced disease at presentation. Other researchers maintain that the majority of breast cancers in males present at early stages, and exhibits survival similar to that in females. The published literature concerning this uncommon malignancy is reviewed, and the data are compared with the features of our cases.(Au)


Assuntos
Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Relatos de Casos , Neoplasias da Mama Masculina/epidemiologia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama Masculina/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama Masculina/cirurgia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/cirurgia , Incidência , Fatores de Risco
12.
West Indian med. j ; 50(2): 123-9, Jun. 2001. gra
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-347

RESUMO

A total of 4285 malignant neoplasms were recorded in Kingston and St. Andrew during the period 1993-1997. 2344 in females and 1941 in males. The crude incidence rate per 100,000 (CIR) for males was 121.6 and for females 129.2. Age standardized rates per 100,0000 (ASR) were 156.7 and 176.7 for males and females respectively. In males, the leading sites for cancer were prostate (619 cases), bronchus (265 cases) and large bowel (144 cases) while in females the leading sites were breast (627 cases) cervix uteri (376 cases) and large bowel (204 cases). The crude and age standardized incidence rates have remained stable as compared to those for the previous five year period (1988-1992). The leading sites for both males and females have also been maintained in the same order but there was a marked increase in prostate cancer (ASR 56.4 versus 36). Invasive cervial cancer has shown no significant change in incidence (ASR 25.2 versus 26.3) but the rate for in-situ cancers has decreased (ASR 27.4 versus 43.8). The incidence of cancer of the female breast has remained relatively stable (ASR 43.2 versus 47.1). The trends exhibited by both prostate cancer and in-situ cervical cancer probably represent the influence of screening methods for prostate cancer and ablative management for low grade dysplastic lesions of the cervix uteri respectively.(Au)


Assuntos
Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Recém-Nascido , Adolescente , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Brônquicas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Coleta de Dados , Incidência , Neoplasias Intestinais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Sistema de Registros/estatística & dados numéricos
13.
Am J Epidemiol ; 153(2): 184-7, Jan. 2001. tab, gra
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-111

RESUMO

Incidence data on open-angle glaucoma (OAG) are limited and difficult to obtain. To date, few studies have reported incidence directly measured from population-based cohorts. Other reported estimates have been derived indirectly from age-specific prevalence by using several assumptions, and their validity is unknown. To the authors' knowledge, this report presents the first comparison of observed versus indirect estimates of OAG incidence based on data from the population-based Barbados Incidence Study of Eye Diseases (1992-1997) (n= 3,427; 85 percent participation). The observed 4-year incidence of OAG was 1.2 percent (95 percent confidence interval (CI):ages 60-69 years, and 4.2 percent (95 percent CI: 2.6, 6.3 percent) in persons at ages 70 or more years. When incidence was calculated from the prevalence data, power function fitting achieved a closer approximation to observed incidence than did logistic curve fitting. Calculated incidence rate for each group were similar when assuming mortality that was equal (incidence rate= 0.7, 1.3, 2.3, and 4.8 percent) or differential (incidence rate= 0.7, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 percent). Other nonlogistic approaches also increased the resemblance of observed and calculated estimates. The absence of longitudinal data, reasonably valid incidence estimates of OAG were obtained from available prevalence data. These estimation techniques can be useful when OAG incidence estimates are required for research or public health purposes. (AU)


Assuntos
Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Humanos , Estudo Comparativo , Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto/epidemiologia , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Observação/métodos , Vigilância da População/métodos , Barbados/epidemiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Incidência , Distribuição por Idade , Estudos de Coortes
14.
Arch Ophthalmol ; 119(1): 89-95, Jan. 2001. tab, gra
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-112

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To measure the 4-year risk of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in a black population. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study with 4 years of follow up. SETTING: Simple random sample of residents of Barbados, West Indies, aged 40 years or older. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3427 members of the cohort (85 percent of those eligible). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Development of glaucoma visual field defects and optic disc damage, confirmed by automated perimetry, independent fundus photographic gradings, and standardized opthalmologic examinations. RESULTS: The 4-year risk of OAG in black participants was 2.2 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 percent-2.8 percent), based on 67 newly developed cases of OAG. Incidence rates increased from 1.2 percent at ages 40 to 49 years to 4.2 percent at ages of 70 years or more, tending to be higher in men than women (2.7 percent vs 1.9 percent). About half of the incident cases were undiagnosed previously, and the rest were receiving OAG treatment. Of the 67 new cases of OAG, 32 had intraocular pressure of 21 mm HG or less at baseline (1.2 percent incidence) and 35 had higher pressures (9 percent incidence). Risk was the highest among persons classified as having suspect OAG at baseline (26.1 percent), followed by those with ocular hypertension (4.9 percent and lowest in the remining population (0.8 percent). CONCLUSIONS: This longitudinal study provides new information on OAG risk, as well as the first incidence measurement in a black population. Although intraocular pressure increased risk, about half of the new cases had baseline pressures of 21 mm Hg or less. Results substantiate the high OAG risk in the population of African origin, especially in older adults; the relative role of intraocular pressure; and the considerable underdetecion of new disease after 4 years of follow-up. (AU)


Assuntos
Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto/etnologia , Barbados/etnologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Estudos de Coortes , Seguimentos , Transtornos da Visão/etnologia , Disco Óptico/patologia , Doenças do Nervo Óptico/etnologia , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição Aleatória , Testes de Campo Visual , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Incidência
16.
Ann Trop Paediatr ; 20(3): 231-5, Sept. 2000. tab, gra
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-128

RESUMO

Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) are preventable, but epidemics of rubella and CRS are not infrequent in the caribbean and other developing countries. As a result of a surveillance system initiated after an epidemic of rubella in the Barbadian population in 1996, cases of CRS were identified and investigated. A total of seven cases of CRS were proven to be rubella IgM-positive. The infants were found to have a mean borthweight of 2587 g and a mean gestational age of 38 weeks. The clinical course, complications and outcome of those infants were documented and the cost of acute hospital care for each patient was also recorded. Cataracts in four infants, congenital heart disease in three and central nervous system abnormalities in five were the major clinical abnormalities. In four infants, two or more clinical systems were affected. The combined total hospital stay was 105 days (mean 15, range 0-44). A national effort to immunize all those at risk and a strict surveillance programme are essential to prevent future epidemics. This would lead to a significant reduction in the number of cases of rubella and CRS and could effect substantial savings in the national health budget. (AU)


Assuntos
Relatos de Casos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Recém-Nascido , Síndrome da Rubéola Congênita/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Barbados/epidemiologia , Hospitalização , Incidência , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia
17.
Am J Trop Med ; 62(1): 112-4, Jan. 2000.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-744

RESUMO

The annual incidence of leptospirosis in Barbados is approximately 13 severe cases/100,000. The peak incidence occurs in October to December of each year, coinciding with the months of heaviest rainfall. During the second half of 1995, the epidemic of dengue type 1 infection produced almost 1.000 laboratory-confirmed cases. During the same period, leptospirosis mortality was twice the average, suggesting that some cases of leptospirosis were being misdiagnosed and treated inappropriately. Sera from patients investigated for dengue or leptospirosis were analyzed retrospectively to determine the extent of misdiagnosis. During 1995 and 1996, 31 of 139 and 29 of 93 patients, respectively, were confirmed as having leptospirosis. Sera from the remaining leptospirosis-negative patients were tested for IgM antibodies to dengue virus. During 1995 and 1996, 48 of 108 patients and 21 of 64 patients, respectively, were found to have dengue. In 1997, sera from all patients investigated for leptospirosis were treated prospectively for IgM antibodies to dengue: 38 of 92 leptospirosis-negative patients (41 percent) were dengue IgM-positive, while 2 of 25 leptospirosis cases also had serologic evidence suggesting acute dengue infection. A second large outbreak of dengue caused by serotype 2 occurred in 1997 dengue epidemics in Barbados, dengue cases outnumbered leptospirosis cases investigated in the leptospirosis diagnostic protocol. During, 1997, patients investigated but negative for dengue were also tested for anti-leptospiral IgM: 7.3 percent (19 of 262) were IgM-positive. Substantial misdiagnosis of both dengue and leptospirosis can occur and greater public awareness and clinical suspicion of the similar presentations of these two diseases are necessary. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Dengue/diagnóstico , Vírus da Dengue/imunologia , Surtos de Doenças , Leptospira/isolamento & purificação , Leptospirose/diagnóstico , Testes de Aglutinação , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Barbados/epidemiologia , Dengue/sangue , Dengue/epidemiologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Incidência , Leptospirose/sangue , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/urina , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estações do Ano
18.
J Pedriatr ; 136(1): 80-5, Jan. 2000.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-749

RESUMO

The prevalence, incidence, risk factors, clinical associations, and morbidity of gallstones were studied in 311 patients with homozygous sickle cell disease and 167 patients with sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease in a cohort study from birth. Gallstones developed in 96 patients with homozygous sickle cell disease and 18 patients with sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease; specific symptoms necessitating cholecystectomy occurred in only 7 patients with homozygous sickle cell disease.(AU)


Assuntos
Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Anemia Falciforme/epidemiologia , Colelitíase/epidemiologia , Doença da Hemoglobina SC/epidemiologia , Anemia Falciforme/genética , Anemia Falciforme/mortalidade , Colecistectomia , Colelitíase/complicações , Colelitíase/cirurgia , Estudos de Coortes , Seguimentos , Doença da Hemoglobina SC/mortalidade , Homozigoto , Incidência , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida
19.
Bull World Health Organ ; 78(No. 7): 868-76, 2000. tab
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-119

RESUMO

The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) project was developed by the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to track tobacco use among youth in countries across the world, using a common methodology and core questionnaire. The GYTS is school based and employs a two stage sample design to produce representative data on smoking among students aged 13-15 years. The first stage consists of a probabilistic selection of schools. All students in the selected classes are eligible for the survey. In 1999, the GYTS was conducted in 13 countries and is currently in progress in over 30 countries. This report describes data from 12 countries: Barbados, China, Costa Rica, Fiji, Jordan, Poland and the Russian Federation (Moscow), South Africa, Sri Lanka, Ukraine (Kiev), Venezuela and Zimbabwe. The findings show that tobacco use in the surveyed age group ranged from a high of 33 percent to a low of 10 percent. While the majority of current smokers wanted to stop smoking, very few were able to attend a cessation programme. In most countries the majority of young people reported seeing advertisements for cigarettes in media outlets, but anti-tobacco advertising was rare. The majority of young people being taught in school about the dangers of smoking. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure was very high in all countries. These results show that the GYTS surveillance system is enhancing the capacity of countries to design, implement, and evaluate tobacco prevention and control programmes. (AU)


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Tabagismo/epidemiologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/estatística & dados numéricos , Tabagismo/epidemiologia , Publicidade , Distribuição por Idade , Incidência , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Tabagismo/prevenção & controle , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Barbados
20.
West Indian med. j ; 48(4): 227-30, Dec. 1999. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-1565

RESUMO

This paper reviews the frequency of inoculation injures, which occurred in hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago from 1991 to 1997, inclusive. A total of 397 cases of inoculation injuries were detected. Significantly more of this injures occurred during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures (231, or 58.2 percent: G=41.2, df 9, p < 0.001) than during disposal of needles and other sharps (136, or 34.3 percent), certain situations remote from patient care (21, or 5.2 percent), and "rogue incidents" related to unsafe disposal with later injury to janitors or others (9, or 2.3 percent). No statistically significant monthly or seasonal variations occurred in the incidence of reported inoculation injuries. The two institutions that saw the largest number of patients, the Port-of-Spain General and San Fernando General Hospitals, accounted for the largest number of cases of inoculation injury, with 139 (35.0 percent) and 135 (34.0 percent), respectively. Interestingly enough, there were 42 reported inoculation incidents at the St. Ann's Hospital for the Mentally Impaired and 23 (52.5 percent of these were bites, most of them occurring during attempted procedures. Nurses were the main recipients of inoculation injuries (287 cases, or > 72 percent), followed by doctors (9.3 percent), and ward maids (6.2 percent). The main modes of inoculation were needle sticks (305, pr 76.8 percent). Bites (34, 8.6 percent) injuries with sharps other than needles (29, or 7.3 percent), and splashes (29, or 7.3 percent) were the other types seen. One recipient was found to be infected with HIV following accidental inoculation. The infection control methodologies used in hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago was reviewed and recommendations for preventing injuries are outlined.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Acidentes de Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricos , Recursos Humanos em Hospital , Ferimentos Penetrantes Produzidos por Agulha/epidemiologia , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologia , Incidência , Infecções/transmissão , Controle de Infecções
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