Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 52
Filtrar
1.
Nyam news ; (December): 1-3, December 2008. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-17859

RESUMO

You're in the gym and you stroll over to the refreshment counter and say " Can I have a bottle water please?" The seller asks " What kind?" You reply, "Bottled". He points to the wide variety of water bottles on display in the refrigerator - the colours are catchy, the labels are bold and you become confused when you are faced with the decision - plain water or water fortified with calcium, vitamin C or fibre? Sweetened with sugar or sugar substitutes? Grapefruit, lime, cucumber, mango or strawberry flavoured? The natural element from the earth is not as simple as it once was and our expectations of it have grown. Over the years, consumers have got accustomed to seeing an increasing variety of bottled waters on the market. This has now been taken to a new level, with a new generation of fortified water being offered to consumers thirsty for the nutritional benefit they claim to offer.


Assuntos
Alimentos Fortificados , Água Potável , Águas Minerais , Deficiências Nutricionais/dietoterapia
3.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 67(5): 873-7, May, 1998.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-1656

RESUMO

The influence of ascorbic acid on iron absorption from an iron-fortified, chocolate-flavored milk drink (6.3 mg total Fe per serving) was evaluated with a stable-isotope technique in 20 6-7-y-old Jamaican children. Each child received two test meals labeled with 5.6 mg 57Fe and 3.0 mg 58Fe as ferrous sulfate on 2 consecutive days. Three different doses of ascorbic acid (0, 25, and 50 mg per 25-g serving) were evaluated in two separate studies by using a crossover design. Iron isotope ratios were measured by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry. In the first study, iron absorption was significantly greater (P < 0.001) after the addition of 25 mg ascorbic acid; geometric mean iron absorption was 1.6 percent (range; 0.9-4.2 percent) and 5.1 percent (2.2-17.3 percent) for the test meals containing 0 and 25 mg ascorbic acid, respectively. In the second study, a significant difference (P < 0.05) in iron absorption was observed when the ascorbic acid content was increased from 25 to 50 mg: geometric mean iron absorption was 5.4 percent (range: 2.7-10.8 percent) compared with 7.7 percent (range: 4.7-16.5 percent), respectively. The chocolate drink contained low iron absorption without added ascorbic acid shows that chocolate milk is a poor vehicle for iron fortification unless sufficient amounts of an iron-absorption enhancer are added. Regular consumption of iron-fortified chocolate milk drinks containing added ascorbic acid could have a possible effect on iron nutrition in population groups vulnerable to iron deficiency(AU)


Assuntos
21003 , Criança , Estudo Comparativo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Ácido Ascórbico/administração & dosagem , Cacau , Alimentos Fortificados , Ferro/administração & dosagem , Ferro/farmacocinética , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Estudos Cross-Over , Ferritinas/sangue , Ferritinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Alimentos , Alimentos Fortificados/análise , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Absorção Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Jamaica
4.
West Indian med. j ; 47(suppl. 2): 28-9, Apr. 1998.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-1880

RESUMO

We investigated whether there was a morbidity or growth response to zinc supplementation of nutrition clinic attenders in Kingston, which would indicate zinc deficiency. Children selected were singletons aged 6 to 24 months and stunted (<2.0 sd length for age, NCHS references). They were stratified by gender and age (6-11, 12-17, 18-24 mo.) and randomly assigned to receive zinc supplementation (n=31) (5mg elemental zinc), or placebo (n=30) daily for 12 weeks. Adequately nourished comparison children (n=24) were recruited from a well-baby clinic. Caretakers were interviewed to obtain social background data. Anthropometric measurements were done on enrolment and after 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 12 months. A weekly questionnaire to determine the stunted children's health was given to the caretakers during the supplementation period. The zinc supplemented and placebo groups were very similar on enrolment. The adequately nourished children were significantly better socio-economic circumstances. Five placebo children, but no zinc supplemented children, were hospitalized during the supplemented period (Fisher's exact test, two-tailed, p=0.02), indicating reduced severity of illness with supplementation, which suggests a response to zinc deficiency. There were no significant differences in hair zinc content among the three groups. Regression analyses showed that there were no significant effects of supplementation of length, height or head circumference, or on the incidence of any symptom. Mean duration of the episodes were significantly shorter for skin rashes in the supplemented group compared with the placebo group (ANCOVA, P=0.02), and longer for vomiting (ANCOVA, p=0.02).(AU)


Assuntos
Lactente , Humanos , Zinco/uso terapêutico , Crescimento/fisiologia , Alimentos Fortificados , Morbidade , Jamaica
5.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 66(2): 247-53, Aug., 1997.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-1952

RESUMO

It is not known whether nutritional supplementation in early childhood has long-term benefits on stunted children's mental development. We followed up 127 7-8-y old children who had been stunted in early childhood and received supplementation, stimulation, or both. At 9-24 mo of age, the children had been randomly assigned to four treatment groups: nutritional supplementation, stimulation, both treatments, and control. After 2 y, supplementation and stimulation had independent benefits on the children's development and the effects were additive. The group receiving both treatments caught up to a matched group of 32 nonstunted children. Four years after the end of the 2-y intervention 97 percent of the children were given a battery of cognitive function, school achievement, and fine motor tests. An additional 52 nonstunted children were included. Factor analyses of the test scores produced three factors: general cognitive, perceptual-motor, and memory. One, the perceptual-motor factor, showed a significant benefit from stimulation, and supplementation benefited only those children whose mothers had higher verbal intelligence quotients. However, each intervention group had higher scores than the control subjects on more test than would be expected by chance (supplemented and both groups on 14 of 15 tests, P = 0.002; stimulated group in 13 of 15 tests, P = 0.01), suggesting a very small global benefit. There was no longer an additive effect of combined treatments at the end of the intervention. The stunted control group had significantly lower scores than the nonstunted children on most tests. Stunted children's heights and head circumferences on enrollment significantly predicted intelligence quotient at follow-up.(AU)


Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Lactente , Alimentos Fortificados , Inteligência , Estudos de Intervenção , Jamaica , Inquéritos e Questionários , Antropometria
6.
West Indian med. j ; 46(1 (suppl.1)): 24, Feb.- Mar. 1997.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-2412

RESUMO

At least three minerals - magnesium, chromium, and vanadium - have been shown to affect insulin sensitivity. The critical question is whether any (or all) of these should be used routinely as dietary supplements. The data supporting the use of magnesium chloride and chromium picolinate as routine supplements will be reviewed (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Alimentos Fortificados , Diabetes Mellitus/dietoterapia
7.
J Nutr ; 126(12): 3017-24, Dec. 1996.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-2072

RESUMO

The long-term benefits of early childhood supplementation and the extents to which catch-up growth occurs following linear growth retardation remain controversial. Stunted children (height-for-age < -2 SD of NCHS reference, n = 122) recruited from a survey of poor neighborhoods in Kingston, Jamaica, participated in a 2-yr randomized, controlled trial of supplementation beginning at ages 9-24 mo. A group of 32 non-stunted children from the same neighborhoods was also followed. Four years after the intervention ended, when children were 7 to 8 y old, there were no effects of supplementation on any anthropometric measure. From the end of the trial until follow-up, the children who had been supplemented gained 1.2 cm less (P < 0.05) than the non-supplemented children, approximately the same amount as they had gained during the trial compard with the non-supplemented children. After adjustment for regression to the mean, the height-for-age of stunted children (supplemented and non-supplemented combined) increase from enrollment to follow-up by 0.31 Z-score (95 percent CI 0.17, 0.46). The height-for-age of the non-stunted children also increase (0.96 Z-score; 95 percent CI 0.70, 1.22). Our results suggest that some catch-up growth is possible even when children remain in poor environments. Long-term benefits of supplementation to growth may not be achieved when intervention begins after age 12 mo in children who have already become undernourished.(AU)


Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Alimentos Fortificados , Crescimento , Transtornos do Crescimento/dietoterapia , Antropometria , Jamaica , Pobreza , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/complicações , Análise de Regressão , Estudos Longitudinais
8.
Nut Res ; 16(11/12): 1821-8, 1996.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-2260

RESUMO

Stunting is the nutritional indicator most consistenly correlated with children's mental development. In Third World countries stunting is usually associated with poor development in older children. Moreover, stunting in young children predicts poor later development. Generally, when social background is controlled for, the association between stunting and poor development remains. In a recent Jamaican study, nutritional supplementation given to stunted children for 2 years produced an improvement in psychosocial development. Supplementation and linear growth had shared and independent effects on change in development. There was also a significant relationship between change in developemnt and growth over the 2 year period. It is therefore probably that at least part of the poor development found in stunted children is due to poor nutrition. (AU)


Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/complicações , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/complicações , Alimentos Fortificados , Estatura , Inteligência , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/etiologia , Jamaica , Jogos e Brinquedos
9.
Anon.
Cajanus ; 29(2): 84-99, 1996.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-3151

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of high-energy, high protein, oral, liquid, nutrition supplementation and nutrition counselling on the weight status of patients infected with the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) with and without secondary infections. DESIGN: prospective, descriptive, intervention trial. Follow-up clinic visits were scheduled every 1 to 3 weeks for at least 6 weeks to monitor weight, gastrointestinal symptoms, number of supplements consumed, and incidence of secondary infections. SUBJECTS/SETTING: community-based, HIV-infected patients, with and without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) defining illness, who were receiving outpatient medical care at Deaconess Hospital, 17 patients were evaluated. INTERVENTION: dietary counselling consisted of recommendations to consume a high protein diet (1.5 g/kg ideal body weight); select foods that minimize gastrointestinal complications; and at least one high-energy, high-protein, oral, liquid, nutrition supplement daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Energy intake from the supplements and weight change over time in relation to whether a secondary infection occurred. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Means, standard deviations, and frequency. RESULTS: At the time of entry to the study, the patients with pre-existing weight loss (16 of 17) were 14 ñ 8 percent below their usual body weight. On average, patients consumed 11 ñ 4 supplements per week for 6 ñ 3 weeks. The majority (12 out of 17) were able to gain or maintain weight. Overall weight gain was 1.1 ñ 2.2 kg. Only 5 of 17 patients lost weight, 4 of whom developed a secondary infection during the study (i.e, after enrollment in the study). All of those who developed a secondary infection were classified as having AIDS and had lower mean CD4 counts at baseline than those who did not develop a secondary infection. Although those who developed a secondary infection had a higher incidence of weight loss, their consumption of oral supplements per week was greater than that of those without a secondary infection. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: In patients with HIV infection and in the early stages of AIDS without a secondary infection, weight gain and/or maintenance was achieved with a high-energy, high-protein, oral, liquid, nutrition supplement in conjunction with nutrition counselling. The majority of patients who developed a secondary infection, however, lost weight despite the use of supplements and counselling (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HIV/dietoterapia , Avaliação Nutricional , Alimentos Fortificados , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Alimentos Fortificados , Alimentos Formulados , Dietoterapia , Aumento de Peso , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica , Redução de Peso
10.
Child dev ; 66(6): 1786-97, Dec. 1995.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-3518

RESUMO

It is frequently assumed that undernutrition in young children leads to poor development through reduced activity. Three groups of 26 1-year-old stunted children were studied: nutritional supplementation, supplementation with psychosocial stimulation, and controls. 26 nonstunted comparison children were also studied. Activity levels were measured by extensive observations in the homes, and development using 4 subscales of the Griffith's Mental Development Scales. Initially, stunted children were less active than nonstunted ones (p<.01), but after 6 months they caught up regardless of treatment. The mental ages of the stunted children were lower than those of the nonstunted children initially, and improved with either treatment. Initially activity levels made a significant contribution to the variance in the locomotor subscale only, but not 6 months later. Activity did not predict change in development over 6 or 12 months, nor did change in activity over 6 months predict change in development over 12 months (AU)


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Nanismo/psicologia , Alimentos Fortificados , Atividade Motora , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica , Intervenção Educacional Precoce , Seguimentos , Meio Social , Jamaica
11.
Cajanus ; 28(3): 131-48, 1995.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-4765

RESUMO

Multiple micronutrient deficiencies is not a public health problem in the Caribbean. The most widespread micronutrient deficiency is iron. In some countries as many as 75 per cent of pregnant women had low haemoglobin levels. In one country 80 per cent of children 6 months to 2 years of age had no iron reserves as measured by ferritin levels. There is also a high prevalence of dental caries in some countries. Flouride has been added to salt in Jamaica. This paper reviews some of the data on micronutrient deficiencies and concentrates on the approaches for the control of iron deficiency in the region. These approaches are supplementation, nutrition education, parasitic control and fortification. The problems and successes of each approach are discussed and how they are helping to control anaemia in the English-speaking Caribbean (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Adulto , Deficiências Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , Índias Ocidentais/epidemiologia , Educação Alimentar e Nutricional , Ferritinas/deficiência , Alimentos Fortificados , Doenças Parasitárias/prevenção & controle
12.
Acta Paediatr ; 84(1): 22-9, Jan. 1995.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-5893

RESUMO

The relationship between physical growth and change in mental development on the Griffiths mental development scales was investigated in 127 stunted Jamaican children over a 2-year period. The role of nutritional supplementation in this relationship was examined. There were no consistent associations between changes in weight-for-height or head circumference and developmental change. Height gain over 2 years was significantly associated with change in mental age, and locomotor and hearing and speech subscale scores. Height gain in the first year predicted change in mental age, and hearing and speech in the second year. Some of the effect of supplementation on development was shared with linear growth. Therefore, nutrition probably explains part of the relationship between growth and development. However, supplementation also had effects on development independent of growth. The benefits of supplementation on development and the extent to which they were shared with growth varied among the subscales (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Alimentos Fortificados , Transtornos do Crescimento/dietoterapia , Estatura , Transtornos do Crescimento/fisiopatologia
13.
St. George's; Grenada. Ministry of Education; Jan. 1995. 14 p.
Monografia em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-3427

RESUMO

Iron deficiency anaemia was found to be widespread among all age and gender groups and ranged from fourteen per cent among young men to seventy-four per cent in pregnant women. Details of a project to prevent iron deficiency anaemia involving the government and a private flour milling company are given. The project involves the fortification of wheat flour to reduce anaemia and the monitoring of this intervention


Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , Alimentos Fortificados , Farinha , Anemias Nutricionais/dietoterapia , Anemias Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Projetos Piloto
14.
Kingston; s.n; 1995. [23] p. tab, gra.
Não convencional em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-3549

RESUMO

The highest prevalence of anaemia was noted at Bridgeport Primary School where 86.1 percent of the children had haemoglobin levels below 12.0 g/dl. Sixty five percent of 154 school age children from all four of the schools were anaemic. Serum ferritin level is associated with iron deficiency as it is the only iron measurement which provides as index of iron status in segments of the population with residual iron stores. The results indicated that 50 percent of the children had low ferritin levels. This indicates iron deficiency and explains why the hemoglobin levels were low. No correlation was found between haemoglobin levels and any of the anthropometric measurements or indices. Children at Bridgeport Primary, the only urban area studied were found to be slightly taller than the reference population for both boys and girls. Overall, the values for WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ indicated that for the most part the measurements were below the reference values. Less than 5 percent of children were found to be malnourished (below SD -2.0) or obese (above SD +2.0).(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Feminino , Masculino , Deficiências de Ferro/prevenção & controle , Alimentos Fortificados , Nutrição da Criança , Estado Nutricional , Jamaica , Alimentação Escolar
15.
FASEB J ; 8(5): A697, Mar. 19 1994.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-5328

RESUMO

In developing countries, weaning foods are often of low energy density. We examined ad lib, intakes of 3 porridges: thin, low energy density; semi-solid, high energy density; and amylases-treated low viscosity, high energy density. The study was conducted under controlled conditions on a metabolic ward. 15 children aged 7-15 months, recovered from malnutrition, received each porridge in a randomised sequence for 4 consecutive days 4 times daily. The quantity of thin porridge consumed was significantly greater than that of the semi-solid or amylase-treated porridges (p < 0.001), but the energy intake was significantly lower (p < 0.001). The energy intakes of both high energy density porridges were similar and matched recommended intakes. Therefore viscosity reduction of a semi-solid porridge offered no advantage in energy intake (AU)


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Lactente , Viscosidade , Desmame , Alimentos Fortificados , Países em Desenvolvimento , Necessidade Energética , Amilases , Alimentos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Ingestão de Alimentos , Jamaica
16.
Proc Nutr Soc ; 53(1): 241-248, Mar. 1994.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-5334

RESUMO

Although evidence is accumulating which suggests a causal relationship between undernutrition and poor development in young children (Simeon & Grantham-McGregor, 1990; Pollitt et al. 1993), the mechanism linking the two remains unclear. One hypothesis is that lack of dietary energy leads to reduced activity levels, which in turn leads to reduced exploration and subsequently results in developmental delays (Levitsky, 1979). This is known as the 'functional isolation hypothesis'. In the present review we will discuss the evidence for this hypothesis in young children as it relates to activity levels (AU)


Assuntos
Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Distúrbios Nutricionais/dietoterapia , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Exercício Físico , Estudos Transversais , Peso Corporal , Peso-Estatura , Jamaica , Gâmbia , Guatemala , Ciências da Nutrição , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil , Esforço Físico , Alimentos Fortificados
17.
Bull Pan Am Health Organ ; 28(4): 302-11, 1994.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-5871

RESUMO

Most micronutrient deficiencies affect relatively few people in the Caribbean; however, many Caribbean residents are affecfted by anemia that appears due primarily to a lack of dietary iron. While generally substantial, the prevalences of such anemia have differed a good deal from place to place and study to study, observed rates ranging from 27 percent to 75 percent in pregnant women, 19 percent to 55 percent in lactating women, and 15 percent to 80 percent in young children. Severe anemia, defined by a blood hemoglobin concentration below 8 g/dl, has been found in approximatelty 6 percent of the pregnant women and 11 percent of the preschool children in some Caribbean countries. The principal ways of controlling iron deficiency anemia are through food fortification, control of intestinal parasites, direct oral supplementation, and dietary modification. Progress has been made in iron fortification of wheat flour and wheat products (the principal foodstuffs consumed by the general public in most of the English-speaking Caribbean). Data on control of relevant parasites in the Caribbean (primarily hookworm and to a lesser extent whipworm) are limited. Health services throughout the English-speaking Caribbean have been providing direct iron supplementation for pregnant women, but high levels of anemia during pregnancy still exist because of coverage, monitoring, and compliance problems. All the Caribbean countries also have education programs, which mainly advise pregnant women about iron-rich foods and iron absorption inhibitors and enhancers (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Alimentos Fortificados , Índias Ocidentais/epidemiologia
19.
Kingston; Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute; 1994. 8 p. tab.
Não convencional em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-3551
20.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg ; 87(1): 109-13, Jan/Feb. 1993.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-8497

RESUMO

Infection and undernutrition in young children are thought to act synergistically. However, studies of the relationship between low height-for age (stunting) and morbidity in young children have had inconsistent findings and there are few adequate data on the effects of nutritional supplimentation on morbidity. 129 stunted and 21 non-stunted children aged between 9 and 24 months, from poor Kingston neighbourhoods, identified from a house to house survey, were studied. The stunted children were randomly assigned to supplementation or no supplementation. Every week for 24 months the mothers were asked about the occurrence of any symptoms of illness. Supplementation had no consistent effect on the incidence or duration of symptoms. The stunted children had significantly more attacks of diarrhoea, fever, anorexia and apathy than the non-stunted children. The difference remained after controlling for social background and previous attacks of diarrhoea. There was also some indication of more severe illness in the stunted than the non-stunted children (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Masculino , Feminino , Alimentos Fortificados , Transtornos do Crescimento/dietoterapia , Estatura , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Morbidade , Pobreza , Saúde Pública , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA
...