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1.
Rev. panam. salud p£blica ; 24(5): 345-360, Nov. 2008. tab
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-17670

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To identify potential impacts of the Central America-Dominican Republic-Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) on food consumption patterns associated with the nutrition transition, obesity, and diet-related chronic diseases. METHODS: Examination of CAFTA-DR agreement to identify measures that have the potential to affect food availability and retail prices. RESULTS: CAFTA-DR includes agreements on tariffs, tariff-rate quotas (TRQs), and sanitary and phytosanitary regulations with direct implications for the availability and prices of various foods. Agreements on investment, services, and intellectual property rights (IPR) are also relevant because they create a business climate more conducive to long-term investment by the transnational food industry. Trade liberalization under CAFTA-DR is likely to increase availability and lower relative prices of two food groups associated with the nutrition transition: meat and processed foods. These outcomes are expected to occur as the direct result of increased imports from the United States and increased production by U.S. companies based in Central America, and the indirect result of increased domestic meat production (due to increased availability of cheaper animal feed) and increased production of processed foods by domestic companies (due to a more competitive market environment). CONCLUSIONS: CAFTA-DR is likely to further the nutrition transition in Central America by increasing the consumption of meat; highly processed foods; and new, non-traditional foods. The public health community should be more aware of the implications of trade agreements for dietary health. Governments and related stakeholders should assess the coherence between changes fostered by specific trade agreements with national policies on diet and nutrition.


Assuntos
Humanos , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Obesidade , Doença Crônica , Distúrbios Nutricionais , Economia , República Dominicana , América Central
2.
The journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism ; 93(11, Supl.1): S1-S8, nov.2008. tabgraf^cmapas
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-17879

RESUMO

CONTEXT: Obesity has emerged as a global public health challenge. The objective of this review was to examine epidemiological aspects of obesity in the Western Hemisphere. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Using PubMed, we searched for publications about obesity (prevalence, trends, correlates, economic costs) in countries in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. To the extent possible, we focused on studies that were primarily population based in design and on four countries in the Western Hemisphere: Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Data compiled by the International Obesity Task Force show a substantial level of obesity in all of or selected areas of the Bahamas, Barbados, Canada, Chile, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, and Venezuela. Furthermore, countries such as Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and the United States have experienced increases in the prevalence of obesity. In many countries, the prevalence of obesity is higher among women than men and in urban areas than in rural areas. The relationship between socioeconomic status and obesity depends on the stage of economic transition. Early in the transition, the prevalence of obesity is positively related to income whereas at some point during the transition the prevalence becomes inversely related to income. CONCLUSIONS: Like other countries in the Western Hemisphere, the four countries that we focused on have experienced a rising tide of obesity. The high and increasing prevalence of obesity and its attendant comorbidities are likely to pose a serious challenge to the public health and medical care systems in these countries.


Assuntos
Humanos , Epidemiologia , Obesidade , Trinidad e Tobago , América do Norte , América Central , América do Sul , Região do Caribe
3.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 22(6): 425-431, Dec. 2007. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-17359

RESUMO

Underserved regions in the developing world are challenging areas to provide emergency medical care. As populations in these often remote or isolated districts may have minimal access to regular health care, contacts with medical providers are frequently episodic and driven by an acute condition. Health promoters—practitioners who provide basic medical care and promote public health in numerous countries across Central and South America, Asia and Africa—help to fill this void. Typically, health promoters are certified through a formal training program in their country and come from the same population as the clients they serve, which helps them form a link between their community and the dominant health care system in the region (1-2). Access to health and social services in regions served by health promoters is usually minimal, resulting in high morbidity and mortality associated with preventable diseases. Health promoters strive to improve the overall health of these communities by supplementing and improving the curative, preventive, and promotional aspects of the existing health system.


Assuntos
Humanos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/tendências , América Central , Tratamento de Emergência/tendências , América do Sul , Atenção à Saúde , Enfermeiras Obstétricas/educação , Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodos , Países em Desenvolvimento
4.
Rev. panam. salud publica ; 11(2): 76-82, Feb. 2002. tab
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-16967

RESUMO

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between behavioral problems and tobacco use among adolescent students in six countries of Central America and in the Dominican Republic. Methods: Data were drawn from a multinational collaborative study that included questionnaire surveys of between 451 and 1 170 school-attending adolescents in each of the seven countries studied. Assessments were based on an adapted, Spanish-language version of the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI). The conditional form of logistic regression was employed for analysis, matching students on type of school and area, with further statistical adjustments for sex, age, and selected risk factors. Results: Occurrence of tobacco use was observed to vary dramatically from country to country. Nevertheless, for the combined group of countries, the estimated odds of tobacco use in youths at the highest levels of behavioral problems was more than five times that for youths at the lowest levels, after controlling for sex, age, lack of participation in recreational activities, level of irritability, and levels of problems with school, family, and mental health. Country-specific analyses show that youths at the highest levels of behavioral problems have a consistently greater occurrence of tobacco use as compared to youths at the lowest levels of behavioral problems. Conclusions: These findings are concordant with prior studies on tobacco use among adolescents with behavioral problems. Although the magnitude of observed associations varied according to the country of residence, the strength of these associations and their significance by conventional standards were observed in nearly all the countries sampled. This is the first study in these seven countries on potentially causal relationships such as these. More research is needed to augment our knowledge regarding the observed cross-country differences and ultimately to develop, implement, and evaluate effective tobacco preventative intervention programs (AU)


Assuntos
Adolescente , Humanos , Fumar , Transtornos do Comportamento Social/complicações , Comportamento do Adolescente , América Central , Tabagismo , República Dominicana
5.
Cambridge; IUCN The World Conservation Union; 2000. viii,182 p. ilus, maps, tab.
Monografia em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-16668
6.
Heredity ; 83(6): 722-32, Dec. 1999.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-861

RESUMO

Swietenia macrophylla King, a timber species native to tropical America, is threatened by selective logging and deforestation. To quantify diversity within the species and monitor the impact of selective logging, populations were sampled across Mesoamerica, from Mexico to Panama, and analysed for RAPD DNA variation. Ten decamer primers generated 102 polymorphic RAPD bands and pairwise distances were calculated between populations according to Nei, then used to construct a radial neighbour-joining dendrogram and examine intra- and interpopulation variance coefficients, by analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA). Populations from Mexico clustered closely together in the dendrogram and were distinct from the rest of the populations. Those from Belize also clustered closely together. Populations from Panama, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras, however, did not cluster closely by country but were more widely scattered throughout the dendrogram. This result was also reflected by an autocorrelation analysis of genetic and geographical distance. Genetic diversity estimates indicated that 80 percent of detected variation was maintained within populations and regression analysis demonstrated that logging significantly decreased population diversity (P=0.034). This study represents one of the most wide-ranging surveys of molecular variation within a tropical tree species to date. It offers practical information for the future conservation of mahogany and highlights some factors that may have influenced the partitioning of genetic diversity in this species across Mesoamerica.(Au)


Assuntos
Variação Genética , Árvores/genética , Belize , América Central , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Genética Populacional , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico
7.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 60(4): 630-4, Apr. 1999.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-1351

RESUMO

Phylogenetic analysis of 20 strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus subtype IE isolated from 1961 to 1996 in Mexico and throughout Central America showed that VEE virus subtype IE was monophyletic with respect to other VEE virus subtypes. Nonetheless, there were at least three distinct geographically separated VEE virus IE genotypes: northwestern Panama, Pacific coast (Mexico/Guatemala), and Gulf/Caribbean coast (Mexico/Belize). Strains from the Caribbean coast of Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua may cluster with the Gulf/Caribbean genotype, but additional isolates from the region between Guatemala and Panama will be required to firmly establish their phylogenetic position. Viruses associated with two separate equine epizootics in Mexico in the 1990s were phlogenticaly related to nonepizootic viruses from neighbouring Guatemala and may represent the emergence or re-emergence of equine-virulent VEE virus subtype IE in Middle America.(AU)


Assuntos
Adulto , Criança , 21003 , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/classificação , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/genética , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , América Central , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/isolamento & purificação , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/virologia , Cavalos , México , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Precursores de Proteínas/química , Precursores de Proteínas/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/química , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética
8.
Ann N Y Acad Sci ; 791: 233-40, July 23, 1996.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-2983

RESUMO

The Screwworm Eradication Program has been extremely successful in its efforts to achieve its goal of eradication of screwworms through Central America and establishement of a permanent biological barrier in the eastern half of Panama. Following eradication of screwworms from Mexico in 1991, eradication was achieved in Belize in 1992, in Guatemala in 1993, and in El Salvador in 1994. Honduras has been free of screwworms since Janaury 1995, and the number of cases in Nicaragua has dropped, as of April 1995, to about 4 percent of the average number of cases found during the period June-August 1993. (AU)


Assuntos
21003 , Masculino , Dípteros , Ectoparasitoses/epidemiologia , Ectoparasitoses/prevenção & controle , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Controle de Pragas/métodos , Infertilidade Masculina , América Central/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos , United States Department of Agriculture
10.
Bull Pan Am Health Organ ; 27(2): 154-67, 1993.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-8467

RESUMO

This article provides an assessment of 1986 mortality from violent causes in the Americas. Directed at assisting with development of preventive public health measures, it employs data available in the PAHO data base to focus on the under-25 year age group, compare mortality from violent causes with mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases, and evaluate the relative role of motor vehicle traffic accidents, other accidents, suicide, homicide, and deaths from unknown causes in mortality from voilent causes. The study uses the classification of causes presented on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. The results show that 517,465 deaths from violent causes were registered in 28 countries and political units of the Americas in 1986, mortality from these causes ranging from 19.3 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in Jamaica to 125 in El Salvador. Examination of available 1980-1986 data from five countries points to steady increases in mortality from violent causes in Brazil and Cuba that began respectively in 1983 and 1984. Assessment of male and female 1986 mortality from these causes in nine countries showed male mortality to be substantially higher, the lowest male: female ratio (in Cuba) 1.9:1. Among infants,infectious and parasitic disease mortality was greater than mortality from violent causes in most countries. However, from age 1 to the study's 25-year cut off, mortality from violent causes was found to exceed infectious and parasitic disease mortality in most countries and to play an especially large role in deaths among those 19-24 years old. Data from eight countries suggested that accidents other than motor vehicle traffic accidents were accounting for much of the mortality from violent causes among infants and the 1-4 year age group in 1986, while motor vehicle traffic accidents rivaled other accidents in importance among the older (5-9, 10-14, 15-19, and 19-24) age groups. It appears that the information presented could prove of considerable use in developing policies designed to reduce morbidity and mortality from violent causes (1) (AU)


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Mortalidade , Violência , Fatores Etários , Causas de Morte , América Central/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Homicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Lactente , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , América do Norte/epidemiologia , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos
12.
CLAN : Caribbean laboratory action news ; 1(1): 8-10, October 1991. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-17294

RESUMO

Aedes aegypti (L) is the most important insect vector of disease in the Caribbean islands. Not only is it a potential vector of yellow fever, but it is the only vector of dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome in the Caribbean, Central and South America. Management of this mosquito should thus be accorded highest priority in public health, but in many Caribbean countries it continues to flourish and transmit dengue at will(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Aedes/virologia , Região do Caribe , Resistência a Inseticidas , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , América do Sul/epidemiologia , América Central/epidemiologia , Entomologia , Aedes/parasitologia
13.
World Health Forum ; 12(3): 289-96, 1991.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-15944

RESUMO

Progress in the campaign against neonatal tetanus in South and Central America and the Caribbean is reviewed. The main emphasis is on immunizing women of childbearing age who live in high-risk areas, although importance also attaches to routine tetanus toxoid treatment, adequate care during the prenatal period and delivery, and epidemiological surveillance. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Criança , Adolescente , Feminino , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Tétano/congênito , Toxoide Tetânico/uso terapêutico , América Central/epidemiologia , Incidência , Fatores de Risco , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Tétano/epidemiologia , Tétano/prevenção & controle , Índias Ocidentais/epidemiologia
15.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 41(6): 687-725, Dec. 1989.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-12484

RESUMO

A review of the epidemiologic aspects of the new world leishmaniases, including their known geographic distribution, etiologic agents, zoonotic reservoirs, and insect vectors, based on biological and molecular characterization of Leishmania isolates is presented. Data summarized in this paper on parasite taxonomy and geographic distribution come from our studies of >1,000 new world leishmania isolates identified by species-specific monoclonal antibodies using an indirect radioimmune binding assay and from scientific literature. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , 21003 , Leishmania/classificação , Leishmaniose/epidemiologia , América Central/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose/parasitologia , América do Norte/epidemiologia , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Índias Ocidentais/epidemiologia
17.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 34(6): 1219-24, Nov. 1985.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-15900

RESUMO

Twenty-eight populations representing a worldwide distribution of Aedes aegypti were tested for their ability to become orally infected with yellow fever virus (YFV). Populations had been analyzed for genetic variations at 11 isozyme loci and assigned to one of 8 genetic geographic groups of Ae. aegypti. Infection rates suggest that populations showing isozyme genetic relatedness also demonstrate similarity to oral infection rates with YFV. The findings support the hypothesis that genetic variation exists for oral susceptibility to YFV in Ae. aegypti.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , 21003 , Feminino , Aedes/microbiologia , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Vírus da Febre Amarela/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aedes/enzimologia , África , Ásia , América Central , Estados Unidos , Variação Genética , Índias Ocidentais , Isoenzimas/análise , Boca/microbiologia , América do Sul
18.
Anon.
Williamsburg; Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary; 1984. xx,153 p. ilus.
Monografia em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-16443
19.
In. Anon. Papers: women as providers of health care workshop. Kingston, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of the West Indies, Mona, 1984. p.11.
Monografia em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-13963
20.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 5: 163-80, 1982. tab
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-2622

RESUMO

The botanical remedies reported in Santamaria's Diccionario General de Americanismos have been screened out of their philological context, translated into english and summarized as a table of scientific names, local names, places used, and available details of use. (AU)


Assuntos
Medicina Herbária , Plantas Medicinais , Índias Ocidentais , América do Sul , América Central
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