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1.
Genes and immunity ; 3(2): 86-95, Apr. 2002. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-17782

RESUMO

Natural killer (NK) and some T cells express killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), which interact with HLA class I expressed by target cells and consequently regulate cytolytic activity. The number of KIR loci can vary and so a range of genetic profiles is observed. We have determined the KIR genetic profiles from one African (n = 62) and two South Asian (n = 108, n = 78) populations. Several of the KIRs are present at significantly different frequencies between the two major ethnic groups (eg KIR2DS4 gene frequency 0.82 African, 0.47 S Asian. Pc < 1 x 10(-6)) and this is due to uneven distribution of two KIR haplotype families 'A' and 'B'. All three populations described here displayed a greater degree of diversity of KIR genetic profiles than other populations investigated, which indicates further complexity of underlying haplotypes; in this respect we describe two individuals who appear homozygous for a large deletion including the previously ubiquitous 2DL4. We have also reanalysed three populations that we studied previously, for the presence of a KIR which is now known to be an indicator of the 'B' haplotype. South Asians had the highest overall frequencies of all KIR loci characteristic of 'B' haplotypes (Pc < 0.0001 to < 0.004). Furthermore, gene frequency independent deviances in the linkage disequilibrium were apparent between populations.


Assuntos
Humanos , Estudo Comparativo , Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't , África Ocidental , Bangladesh , Frequência do Gene , Índia , Paquistão , Receptores Imunológicos/genética , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologia , Haplótipos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Desequilíbrio de Ligação
2.
West Indian med. j ; 49(Suppl. 2): 47-8, Apr. 2000.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-929

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Essential National Research (ENHR) process since its introduction in nine developing countries. DESIGN AND METHODS: A survey of ENHR was conducted between December 1997 and November 1998 in nine developing countries. A total of 27 respondents from 7 South East Asian and 2 Caribbean countries completed questionaires. Respondents included 14 men and 13 women with a median age of 48 years (ranged 25-69 years); 15 were researchers, 6 were health providers, 3 policy makers and 1 a community representative (1 no response). RESULTS: ENHR was formally adopted in 5 countries mainly through public policy statements. Seven countries has a mechanism in place of promotion of ENHR and national meetings were held in 5 countries in the year prior to the survey. A special activity was conducted in order to define health research priorities in 8 countries and a list of these priorities was available in 7 countries. The level of ENHR activity was ranked as low or moderate in most countries except India and Malaysia which were rated as moderate to high. Three countries reported that the process resulted in new or additional funds being made available for research while India reported available funds being reallocated to meet the priorities defined. The respondents of 6 countries said that ENHR networking had led to tangible results including improved collaboration among researchers and research institutions and the sharing of resources among different organisation (5 countries). The ENHR process had resulted in research findings being used to formulate or change health policy in 5 countries. Most countries had not produced any new research protocols through the ENHR process. However, there were 250 new research protocols in India and 68 in Pakistan, of which 20 and between 25 and 35, respectively, were funded, and 15 peer reviewed articles published from India. CONCLUSION: This survey does suggest that the ENHR process may be promoting health research on priority health problems and the use of results to formulate policy in selected countries. However, it is too early to assess the contribution of ENHR to health and development and a variety of different studies would be needed to conduct this assessment.(AU)


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Política de Saúde , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Coleta de Dados , Índia , Paquistão , Malásia , Sudeste Asiático , Região do Caribe
3.
J Clin Epidemiol ; 48(5): 657-66, May 1995.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-5891

RESUMO

This paper uses five strategies to evaluate the reliability and other measurement qualities of the Ten Questions screen for childhood disability. The screen was administered for 22,125 children, aged 2-9 years, in Bangladesh, Jamaica and Pakistan. The test-retest approach involving small sub-samples was useful for assessing reliability of overall screening results, but not of individual items with low prevalence. Alternative strategies focus on the internal consistency and structure of the screen as well as item analyses. They provide evidence of similar and comparable qualities of measurement in the three culturally divergent populations, indicating that the screen is likely to produce comparable data across cultures. One of the questions, however, correlates with the other questions differently in Jamaica, where it appears to "over-identify" children as seriously disable. The methods and findings reported here have general applications for the design and evaluation of questionnaires for epidemiologic research, particularly when the goal is to gather comparable data in geographically and culturally diverse settings (AU)


Assuntos
Estudo Comparativo , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Comparação Transcultural , Avaliação da Deficiência , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/etnologia , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Jamaica , Paquistão
4.
Ann Hum Biol ; 20(4): 369-80, July-Aug. 1993.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-8468

RESUMO

The National Study of Health and Growth (NSHG) of primary school children has examined the relationships between height and each of six separate respiratory conditions, one of which was asthma, in children aged 5-11 years, allowing for a number of genetic and enviromental confounding factors, in particular for parental height. The relationships were investigated in a 'representative' sample of 4974 Caucasian English children in 1984 and in an 'ethnic/inner city' sample of 3419 Afro-Caribbean/Indian and Pakistani/Caucasian English children in 1985. None of the respiratory conditions was found to be related to height except for wheeze most days', whether or not it was accompanied by an asthma attack in the last 12 months. The Caucasian children in the 'representative' sample who had 'wheeze most days', were 0.17 height standard deviation score (95 percent confidence interval 0.03 to 0.31) less (approximately 1cm) than those with no wheeze. Comparisons with previous results for NSHG 'representative' Caucasian English children in 1973 showed good agreement except for children with three or more asthma attacks who were found to be shorter in 1973, but not in 1984, which may reflect improved treatment, or milder asthma being reported in 1984. It was concluded that, in the 1980s, the respiratory conditions were not related to height. The exception was 'wheeze most days'. It is suggested that this is an indicator of sickness, most likely asthma, which is being experienced with sufficient severity to affect growth slightly (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Asma/fisiopatologia , Estatura , Doenças Respiratórias/fisiopatologia , Análise de Variância , Asma/epidemiologia , Asma/etnologia , Bronquite/epidemiologia , Bronquite/etnologia , Bronquite/fisiopatologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Índia/etnologia , Paquistão/etnologia , Prevalência , Análise de Regressão , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/etnologia , População Urbana , Índias Ocidentais/etnologia
5.
Br J Psychiatry ; 163: 91-9, July 1993.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-8476

RESUMO

Psychaitry admissions in Central Manchester of Europeans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Asians (within three age-bands) were studied over four years. Among the Afro-Caribbean group there were more single or unemployed persons than in either the Asian or European groups, which suggested greater socio-economic disadvantages. Rates for first admissions and readmissions among Afro-Caribbeans were greater; among Asians they were similar except for the 16-29-year age-group, who tended to have lower rates than Europeans. A higher proportion of Afro-Caribbean and Asians were psychotic. In the Afro-Caribbean group, the raised rates of admission were largely attributable to increase rates of schizophrenia. The highest rate occurred in second-generation (UK-born) Afro-Caribbeans and was nine times that among Europeans. The police were more frequently involved in the admissions of Afro-Caribbean compared with Europeans or Asians. Higher proportions of Afro-Caribbeans and Asians who were readmitted were detained under the Mental Health Act 1983, when compared with Europeans (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Masculino , Feminino , Internação Compulsória de Doente Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Comparação Transcultural , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Fatores Etários , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Etnicidade/psicologia , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Incidência , Índia/etnologia , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Paquistão/etnologia , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Índias Ocidentais/etnologia
6.
Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol ; 6(2): 166-80, Apr. 1992.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-15750

RESUMO

Although numerous estimates of the prevalence of seizure disorders in populations in the less developed world have now been published, these estimates are difficult to interpret due to lack of comparability of study methods and criteria for case definition. The results reported in this paper are from a large, collaborative study of disabilities in 2- to 9-year-old children in which standard research procedures and case definitions were used in three diverse populations (located in Bangladesh, Jamaica and Pakistan). A two-phase study design (screening followed by professional evaluations) was used in this study allowing for the professional evaluation to serve as the criterion in the estimation of prevalence, even for rare disorders. As a result, the prevalence estimates reported here have a high degree of comparability across populations and exhibit unusually strong validity for population surveys. Febrile seizures were the most common type of seizure history in all three populations, with point estimates of lifetime prevalence rates of epilepsy (recurrent unprovoked seizures) ranged from 5.8 to 15.5 per 1000. Lifetime prevalence rates of neonatal, all provoked and all unprovoked seizures, as well as estimates of the prevalence of active epilepsy, are also reported.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Área Carente de Assistência Médica , /epidemiologia , Fatores Etários , Bangladesh/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Intervalos de Confiança , Epilepsia/epidemiologia , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos
7.
Int J Soc Psychiatry ; 37(2): 121-34, 1991 Summer.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-9849

RESUMO

The prevalence of admission to psychiatric inpatient care in the major immigrant groups in the London Borough of Newham in 1982 is surveyed and results discussed with reference to relevant published literature. High admission rates were found among young West Indian men and older West Indian women, Pakistani men, older Indian women, Irish women and women from the West African new commonwealth. Women from the East African new commonwealth had a low admission rate. The diagnostic mixture found in patients from the various groups is discussed. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Feminino , Emigração e Imigração , Etnicidade , Hospitalização , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Unidade Hospitalar de Psiquiatria/estatística & dados numéricos , África/etnologia , Fatores Etários , Índia/etnologia , Irlanda/etnologia , Londres/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Paquistão/etnologia , Prevalência , Escócia/etnologia , Fatores Sexuais , Índias Ocidentais/etnologia
8.
BMJ ; 296(6675): 716-20, Mar. 1989.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-14879

RESUMO

To examine ethnic differences in postnatal mortality and the incidence of sudden infant death in England and Wales during 1982-5 records were analysed, the mother's country of birth being used to determine ethnic group. Postnatal mortality was highest in infants of mothers born in Pakistan (6.4/1000 live births) followed by infants of mothers born in the Caribbean (4.5) and the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland (4.1). Crude rates were lower in infants of mothers born in India (3.9/1000), east and west Africa (3.0), and Bangladesh (2.8) than in infants of mothers born in the United Kingdom despite less favourable birth weights. Mortality ratios standardised separately for maternal age, parity, and social class were significantly higher in infants of mothers born in Pakistan and lower in those of mothers born in Bangladesh. The ratio for infants of Caribbean mothers was significantly higher when adjusted for maternal age. Ratios for infants of Indian and east African mothers did not show significant differences after standardisation. An important finding was a low incidence of sudden infant death in infants of Asian origin. This was paralleled by lower mortality from respiratory causes. During 1975-85 postnatal mortality in all immigrant groups except Pakistanis fell to a similar or lower rate than that in the United Kingdom group; Pakistanis showed a persistent excess. During 1984-5 several immigrant groups (from the Republic of Ireland, India, west Africa, and the Caribbean) reported an increase in postnatal mortality. Surveillance of postnatal mortality among ethnic communities should be continued, and research is needed to identify the causes underlying the differences (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Feminino , Mortalidade Infantil , Morte Súbita do Lactente/etiologia , Peso ao Nascer , Causas de Morte , Emigração e Imigração , Inglaterra , Mortalidade Infantil , Idade Materna , Paquistão/etnologia , Paridade , Classe Social , Morte Súbita do Lactente , País de Gales , Índias Ocidentais/etnologia
9.
Arch Dis Child ; 62(7): 709-11, July 1987.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-15884

RESUMO

The incidence of very low birthweight babies (less than 1500 g) and neonatal mortalities in this group were analysed for the 15,608 births to mothers of various racial origins at this hospital during the years 1979-82 inclusive. Very low birth weight occurred less commonly in the European (9.1/1000) and Pakistani (10.1/1000) groups and most commonly in the West Indian group (23.2/1000). Neonatal survival in West Indians, however, was better than in any other group. Analysis of the stillbirths weighing less than 1500 g showed a lower rate in the West Indians compared with that of the European, Pakistani, and Indian groups. There was no evidence of a higher incidence of `light for dates' in very low birthweight West Indian neonates.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Feminino , Etnicidade , Mortalidade Infantil , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Peso ao Nascer , Inglaterra , Índia/etnologia , Paquistão/etnologia , Índias Ocidentais/etnologia
10.
Bull Narcot;37(4): 37-49, Oct.-Dec. 1985.
em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-10971

RESUMO

In 1984 cannabis derivatives, in particular marijuana, hashish and liquid hashish, continued to be the most readily available drugs of abuse in Canada. Marijuana originating in Colombia decreased on the illicit marijuana market in Canada from an estimated 45 percent in 1983 to 30 percent in 1984, but it remained the largest source of marijuana supply. Marijuana originating in Thialand remained at approximately the same level (20 percent) in 1984 as in 1983, while marijuana of Jamaican origin increased its share in the illicit market from 10 percent in 1983 to 20 percent in 1984. Approximately 10 percent of marijuana on the illicit market originated in Canada, 10 percent in Mexico, and 10 per cent in the United States of America. In 1984 an estimated 85 percent of hashish on the illicit market in Canada originated in Lebanon (55 percent in 1983), 10 percent in India or Pakistan (31 percent in 1983) and 5 percent in Jamaica (2 percent in 1983). Illicit shipments in tonnes of hashish originating in Lebanon made this the dominant source of supply of the drug. Liquid hashish originating in Jamaica shared 88 percent of the illicit market of this drug in Canada during 1984, while 10 percent of the drug originated in Lebanon and 2 percent in Canada. In 1984 an estimated 40 percent of smuggled marijuana entered the illicit market in Canada by air and approximately the same by sea, while 20 percent was smuggled over land. During the same year, hashish was smuggled into Canada primarily by sea, while air accounted for 5 percent and land for 1 per cent only. Liquid hashish, in contrast, entered Canada primarily by air, and only 9 percent by land and 1 percent by sea (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Abuso de Maconha , Canadá , Cannabis , Colômbia , Custos e Análise de Custo , Índia , Jamaica , Líbano , México , Paquistão , Drogas Ilícitas , Tailândia , Estados Unidos
11.
Br Med J ; 281(6251): 1307-8, Nov. 15, 1980.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-9555

RESUMO

The 3996 mothers delivered at Dudley Road Hospital, Birmingham, in 1979 were analysed for their ethnic origins. Social classes IV and V predominated in all groups. A high proportion of Indian mothers fell into the low-risk group based on age and parity but had the highest stillbirth and perinatal mortality rates (15.1 and 27.5/1000 respectively) and infants of low mean birth weight (2986 g). Elderly and multiparous mothers were characteristic of the Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups. Young, primiparous mothers were more common among the West Indians and Europeans, in whom the stillbirth and perinatal mortality rates were low; infants in the European group had a mean birth weight higher than in any other group (3231 g). From these findings ethnic origin of the mother is apparently an important factor in perinatal mortality.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Etnicidade , Mortalidade Infantil , Anormalidades Congênitas/mortalidade , Bangladesh/etnologia , Estudo Comparativo , Inglaterra , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Morte Fetal , Índia/etnologia , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Idade Materna , Paquistão/etnologia , Paridade , Classe Social , Índias Ocidentais/etnologia
12.
Br J Psychiatry ; 134: 201-10, feb. 1979.
Artigo em Inglês | MedCarib | ID: med-12697

RESUMO

Data are presented from four studies which compare rates of psychological disturbance for three groups of immigrants to Britain and natives respectively. Children of West Indian and Asian parents are compared to native British children on the Rutter Teachers' Questionnaire and on rates of admission to psychiatric hospitals. Asian children have lower rates of behavioural deviance and mental hospital admissions than do British children. Children of West Indian immigrants show no more behavioural deviance in schools than do British children, but have considerably higher rates of admission to mental hospitals. The pattern for adults is remarkably similar to that shown by children, even though different definitions of psychological disturbance are used. The findings are discussed in the context of previous studies of immigrants to Britain and contemporary theories of immigrant adjustment (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Masculino , Feminino , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Emigração e Imigração , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/epidemiologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Hospitais Psiquiátricos , Admissão do Paciente , Instituições Acadêmicas , Reino Unido , Índia/etnologia , Paquistão/etnologia , Índias Ocidentais/etnologia
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