RESUMO
In 1992, Egypt adopted a hepatitis B vaccine schedule at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. We evaluated the long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccination using this schedule in 180 children whose time lapse since last vaccination varied between 1 month and 5 years. None of the participants had clinical hepatitis, HBsAg was not detected in any participant and all but one had negative results for anti-HBc test. Although a high seroprotection rate [93.3%] was elicited 1 month after vaccination, there were low initial anti-HBs concentrations and both declined rapidly over time. Thus, the short interval [2 months] between the second and third doses of vaccine is less desirable in the long term. We recommend booster inoculations for all previously vaccinated children and a new vaccination schedule at 1, 2 and 9 months
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite B , Antígenos do Núcleo do Vírus da Hepatite B , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B , Esquemas de Imunização , Imunização Secundária , Fatores de Tempo , Vacinas Sintéticas , Vacinas contra Hepatite BRESUMO
A state-of-the-art review of basic and applied research focused on the potential of synthetic antigens to yield more rapid and accurate diagnostic tests for infectious diseases. Addressed to researchers, the book evaluates more than 200 recent studies in an effort to define which lines of investigation are most likely to produce significant diagnostic gains. Applications in viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases are considered together with prospects for the development of improved diagnostic tests for the detection and monitoring of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Throughout, an effort is made to pinpoint specific applications where the use of synthetic antigens offers distinct advantages over natural epitopes. Guidelines for the use of existing synthetic peptides are also provided. The report opens with a review of the remarkable progress achieved in chemical peptide synthesis and in the use of recombinant DNA technology for the production of antigens. An introduction to procedures for the identification of antigenic determinants is followed by a review of progress in the development of diagnostic assays at the B cell and T cell levels. Readers are then given a detailed assessment of the potential usefulness of synthetic antigens in the diagnosis of viral infections, including those caused by influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, arenaviruses, hepatitis B virus, poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, and herpesviruses. Applications in the diagnosis of HIV infection are assessed against the drawbacks of current diagnostic tests, particularly concerning the need for expensive confirmatory tests and the serious problems caused by false-negative responses. Readers learn how the ability to produce synthetic antigens has opened exciting prospects for the design of new screening reagents and the development of urgently needed assays for monitoring the progress of infection and therapy, for routinely following up asymptomatic carriers, and for establishing a prognosis for carriers and patients at various stages of disease severity. The final section reviews the potential of synthetic antigens to improve the diagnosis of bacterial and parasitic diseases. Examples explored include mycobacteria, streptococci, malaria, and schistosomiasis
Assuntos
Vacinas Sintéticas , Viroses , Doenças Parasitárias , Infecções BacterianasRESUMO
El objetivo de esta reuniâon era examinar la posición que ocupan los antígenos sintâeticos en el diagnóstico de las enfermedades infecciosas y evaluar las ventajas relativas y las limitaciones de dichos antígenos en comparación con los epitopos naturales
Assuntos
Vacinas Sintéticas , Viroses , Doenças Parasitárias , Infecções BacterianasRESUMO
Ce rapport fait le bilan des recherches fondamentales et appliquées sur les possibilités offertes par les antigènes de synthèse pour parvenir à un diagnostic plus rapide et exact des maladies infectieuses. Destiné aux chercheurs, il évalue plus de 200 études récentes en vue de définir les axes de recherche les plus indiqués pour une nette amélioration du diagnostic. Y sont examinées les applications de cette technique dans le domaine des maladies virales, bactériennes et parasitaires ainsi que la mise au point éventuelle d'épreuves diagnostiques améliorées pour la détection et la surveillance de l'infection due au virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH). Tout au long du rapport, les auteurs se sont attachés à signaler les cas particuliers où l'utilisation d'antigènes de synthèse présente des avantages manifestes sur les étiopes naturels. On trouvera également des indications sur l'utilisation des peptides de synthèse existants. L'utilisation des médicaments essentiels. Liste modèle des médicaments essentiels (Cinquième liste)
