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1.
Copenhagen; World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 2023.
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-368163

RESUMO

Human biomonitoring (HBM) is an instrument for measuring the internal dose of exogenous substances/chemicals that enter a body during a certain period of exposure from a range of sources. It contributes to reducing uncertainties in the assessment of health risks from chemicals and provides information for decision-making on the prevention of negative impacts of chemicals on human health and the environment. Promoting the use of HBM is a recognized priority of chemical safety globally and in the WHO European Region. Given the complexity of HBM, relevant capacities should be built at the national level to explore its benefits. This educational course on HBM, presented in the form of slides with accompanying notes and references, compiles scientific information on HBM as well as practical examples. It was developed to support the training of public-health and health-care professionals; students of medical, biological and other allied sciences; and professionals and decision-makers in the health, environment and other relevant sectors.


Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Saúde Ambiental , Exposição Ambiental , Saúde Pública
2.
Copenhague; Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Bureau régional de l’Europe; 2020.
em Francês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-331399

RESUMO

L’objectif de ce document est de définir une procédure efficace pour mener des activités de contrôle de la qualité afin de garantir la fiabilité des résultats obtenus dans le cadre des études de biosurveillance humaine du mercure. Ces activités concernent exclusivement les phases de préanalyse et d’analyse de ces études. Les mesures décrites doivent être considérées comme des recommandations à suivre lors de la planification et du déroulement des études de biosurveillance humaine à l’échelle nationale, régionale ou internationale. Ce document doit être utilisé conjointement avec les procédures opératoires standardisées pertinentes concernant le prélèvement d’échantillons et l’analyse du mercure dans les cheveux, le sang ombilical et l’urine des êtres humains.


Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Mercúrio , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Exposição Materna , Meio Ambiente
5.
Cairo; World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean; 2018. (WHO-EM/NUT/279/E).
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-272555

RESUMO

There is compelling evidence of the direct relationship between salt consumption and blood pressure. WHO is coordinating initiatives globally to reduce dietary salt intake at the population level. Fundamental to this initiative is for countries to estimate a baseline of population-level dietary salt intake, and from there, to monitor trends in intake and the effectiveness of any interventions within and between populations. This document provides an essential salt intake measurement tool for countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region that want to start, contribute to and share information on dietary salt reduction initiatives. The protocol is primarily intended for principle investigator(s) of studies of salt/sodium, potassium and iodine intake. Parts of the document are also intended for field staff who are conducting the surveys


Assuntos
Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta , Ritmo Circadiano , Hipertensão , Circunferência da Cintura , Biomarcadores , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto
6.
Copenhagen; World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 2018. (WHO/EURO:2018-430-40165-53693).
Não convencional em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-332161

RESUMO

Mercury is toxic for humans, and the toxic effects of different forms of mercury have been extensively studied. Human biomonitoring is recognized as the most effective tool for evaluation of cumulative human exposure to mercury. In-utero development is the most vulnerable stage for the long-term adverse neurodevelopmental effects of mercury. Characterizing prenatal exposure is critical for evaluating public health impacts of mercury and assessing public health benefits of exposure reduction measures. Approaches to estimating exposure to mercury include measuring mercury levels in different biological matrices. The level of mercury in tissues can be an indicator of exposure to various types of mercury. The validity, usefulness and meaning of such measurements depend on the form of mercury exposure, type of tissue measurement and other factors. This document consists of standard operating procedures describing the assessment of mercury in hair, cord blood and urine. Quality control is essential to get reliable results. The document also provides information on alternative methods that can be used for analysis of mercury.


Assuntos
Mercúrio , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Exposição Materna , Exposição Ambiental , Compostos de Metilmercúrio , Biomarcadores , Troca Materno-Fetal , Recém-Nascido , Controle de Qualidade , Saúde Pública
9.
(East. Mediterr. health j).
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-118557

RESUMO

This study in Alexandria, Egypt was conducted to investigate the distribution of different hepatitis B virus [HBV] markers in apparently healthy blood donors who were hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] negative, and to determine the major independent risk factors. Evidence of past exposure to HBV was found in 148/508 screened donors [29.1%]. The most prevalent marker was anti-HBc in 124/508 donors [24.4%], half of whom [63/124] showed anti-HBc only. Anti-HBs prevalence was 15.9%, combined anti-HBc and antiHBs was 12.0% and anti-HBe was 5.7%. Independent risk factors associated with the presence of at least 1 marker were: being married [OR 3.82], history of blood transfusion [OR 3.04] and parenteral antibilharzial treatment [OR 2.49]. Receiving a full HBV vaccination schedule was reported by 39 donors, but only 1 of them had isolated anti-HBs. The relatively high prevalence of HBV exposure necessitates solid infection control measures and adult vaccination programme awareness


Assuntos
Testes Sorológicos , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B , Doadores de Sangue , Biomarcadores , Fatores de Risco , Antígenos do Núcleo do Vírus da Hepatite B , Antígenos E da Hepatite B , Vírus da Hepatite B
10.
WHO training package for the health sectorWHO/HSE/PHE/EPE/11.01.05.
Monografia em Inglês, Português | WHO IRIS | ID: who-337040
11.
(East. Mediterr. health j).
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-117956

RESUMO

This study assessed the utility of some novel inflammatory markers compared with traditional laboratory markers in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]. In a cohort of 43 SLE patients [19 with inactive and 24 with active SLE] and 20 healthy controls, serial measures of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule [sVCAM-1] were significantly associated with SLE disease activity, scored using the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group index. Inflammatory markers neopterin and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule [sICAM-1] appeared to be clinically useful for isolated assessments of disease activity. Both antibodies to double-stranded DNA [antidsDNA] and sVCAM-1 were relatively good markers of disease activity and could help to predict remission or monitor the therapeutic response in SLE


Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico
12.
(East. Mediterr. health j).
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-117820

RESUMO

The aim of this study in Tunisia was to classify ketosis-onset diabetes in adult patients. All patients aged >/= 30 years without known diabetes, presenting with ketosis and admitted to our department were studied. Patients with secondary or gestational diabetes and those on corticoid therapy or with coinciding infection were excluded. The data included clinical characteristics, immunological markers and beta-cell function. Of the 63 patients, islet-cell antibodies were present in 27.0%, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in 25.4% and thyrosin phosphatase antibodies in 19.0%. beta-cell functional reserve was preserved in 54.0%. Our results confirm that patients with ketosis-onset diabetes mellitus in adulthood are a heterogeneous group


Assuntos
Cetoacidose Diabética , Ilhotas Pancreáticas , Biomarcadores , Cetose
15.
(East. Mediterr. health j).
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-117553

RESUMO

We evaluated the serum levels of IgG antibodies to Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumonia and cytomegalovirus and the level of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and fibrinogen in 57 patients with acute coronary syndrome, 65 with unstable angina, 60 with stable angina and 44 healthy controls, and whether these markers were associated with cardiac instability 6 months after admission. There was a significant increased risk of late coronary events [cardiac death or readmission with acute coronary events] associated with seropositivity to C. pneumoniae [adjusted odds ratio 2.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.16-4.08]. Other parameters were not significantly associated with late cardiac events after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and smoking behaviour


Assuntos
Cardiopatias , Prognóstico , Proteína C-Reativa , Fibrinogênio , Chlamydophila pneumoniae , Infecções por Chlamydia , Imunoglobulina G , Infecções por Citomegalovirus , Fatores de Risco , Biomarcadores
16.
(East. Mediterr. health j).
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-117148

RESUMO

Turkey is an intermediate endemic area for hepatitis B virus infection. The study investigated the hepatitis B exposure risk and prevalence of hepatitis B infection in a group of workers of no known occupational exposure. The prevalence of seropositivity for hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg], hepatitis B surface antibody [anti- HBs] and hepatitis B core antibody [anti- HBc] were 6.6%, 29.9%, and 50.6% respectively. Hepatitis B infection rates were also high in the families of HBsAg- positive workers; 73.7% of family members were positive for HBsAg, anti- HBs or anti- HBc. Risk factors included ever having an injection by an unqualified practitioner [14.6%] and ever having unprotected extramarital intercourse [62.5%]


Assuntos
Exposição Ocupacional , Fatores de Risco , Biomarcadores , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Testes Sorológicos , Hepatite B
17.
(East. Mediterr. health j).
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-119387

RESUMO

Neonate meconium cotinine level was evaluated as a marker of prenatal exposure to nicotine from tobacco smoking by mothers. Mothers admitted to a maternity hospital in Alexandria, Egypt, were divided into 3 groups: 10 active smokers, 10 passive smokers and 10 with no tobacco exposure during pregnancy. Urine and saliva samples were collected from mothers and first-day meconium samples from their neonates. Mean maternal urinary cotinine levels, measured using radioimmunoassay, differed significantly between the 3 groups, as did mean salivary cotinine and mean cotinine levels in meconium.There was a significant positive correlation between cotinine levels in meconium and both maternal urinary and salivary cotinine levels. Meconium is an ideal biological marker for testing direct fetal exposure to tobacco smoke in the neonatal period


Assuntos
Análise de Variância , Biomarcadores , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Hipóxia Fetal , Troca Materno-Fetal , Complicações na Gravidez , Fumar Tabaco , Cotinina
18.
(East. Mediterr. health j).
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-119133

RESUMO

We investigated urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase [NAG] levels in children with type 1 diabetes as an early marker of tubular damage and studied its correlation with microalbuminuria and glycaemic control. The study group comprised 42 children with type 1 diabetes and 20 healthy children as control. Urinary NAG to urinary creatinine ratio, microalbuminuria, glycated haemoglobin [Hb A1c], blood urea and serum creatinine were estimated. Urinary NAG levels in the children with diabetes were significantly higher than those of controls. There were positive correlations between urinary NAG levels and microalbuminuria, Hb A1c and systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. We found that 59.5% of diabetic children were positive for urinary NAG, while 38.1% of them were positive for microalbuminuria


Assuntos
Nefropatias Diabéticas , Albuminúria , Biomarcadores , Pressão Sanguínea , Nitrogênio da Ureia Sanguínea , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Pré-Escolar , Colesterol , Creatinina , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Diástole , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Sístole , Acetilglucosaminidase
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