Diagnostic office hysteroscopy; why is it still painful procedure despite the surgical experience and mini-hysteroscope?

AIM: To evaluate the effect of cervical canal features on pain during outpatient hysteroscopy performed by experienced surgeons using mini-hysteroscope. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on 303 women undergoing diagnostic hysteroscopy without anesthesia. Pain intensity was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) when the cervical canal was passed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the VAS score: painless or mild pain (VAS <4) and moderate or severe pain (VAS ≥ 4). The relationship between cervical canal characteristics (length, version, and flexion positions, history of cervical intervention, stenosis, synechiae), obstetric and gynecological history, preoperative anxiety level, procedure duration, and pain intensity was examined. RESULTS: Moderate pain (4 ≤ VAS < 7) was observed in 38% of patients (n = 117) and 14 patients (5%) experienced severe pain (VAS ≥ 7). In multivariate analysis, nulliparity (p = 0.01; OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.7-13.2), postmenopausal state (p = 0.02; OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-4.3), excessive flexion of the cervix and retroverted uterus (p <0.001; OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 2.0-8.5) were identified as risk factors for a painful procedure. Diagnostic hysteroscopy was successful in 98% of the patients. The pain was the primary cause of the failed hysteroscopy. CONCLUSION: In addition to nulliparity and postmenopausal status, unfavorable features of the cervical canal, such as the excessive flexion position of the cervix and uterine retroversion are significant causes of pain during outpatient hysteroscopy.

Vaginal axis on MRI after unilateral and bilateral sacral hysteropexy: a controlled study.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the vaginal position on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after bilateral abdominal sacral hysteropexy (BASH) and classical abdominal sacral hysteropexy (ASH) and to investigate which method keeps the vagina the most proximate to its original anatomical position. Ten patients, with 10 having BASH, 10 ASH and 10 being nulliparous, were compared. The angle between the vagina and the pubococcygeal plate, the angle between the upper and lower vaginal segments, the distance between the posterior fornix and the 2nd vertebra and the distances between the lateral fornices and spina ischiadica were measured on MRI. A p value less than .05 was considered statistically significant. The distance between the vaginal axis and the left spina ischiadica was greater in the ASH group compared to the control and the BASH group (p = .011, .047), while it was similar between the BASH group and the control individuals (p = .473). The angle between the upper and lower vaginal segments was greater in the ASH group compared to the control group (p = .004), while no significant difference was found between the BASH and control groups (p = .112). BASH keeps the vaginal axis at a more proximate location to its original anatomical position. IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject: In pelvic reconstructive surgery; the anatomic correction serves the functional results. What the results of this study add: On MRI examination bilateral abdominal sacral hysteropexy (mimicking uterosacral ligament), keeps the vagina closer to the original anatomic position than classical abdominal sacral hysteropexy. Hence functional outcomes could be better, especially in the long term. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research: This study may be of interest for clinicians in terms of different methods for pelvic floor surgery and may be of interest for researchers to investigate the relationship between anatomic position and functional outcomes especially in younger patients.

The relationship between hyperemesis gravidarum and maternal psychiatric well-being during and after pregnancy: controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: Psychiatric symptoms of varying degrees that accompany hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) may continue throughout the pregnancy or after, and these psychological problems may cause morbidity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the HG and psychiatric symptoms in the first trimester and postpartum depression. METHODS: Two hundred and seven pregnant who were diagnosed as HG and 177 healthy pregnant women included in this prospective study. All cases were assessed with SCL-90-R in first trimester and with ED in postpartum period. Factors related to postpartum psychiatric symptoms were investigated with bivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: SCL-90-R and ED scores were statistically significant at HG group (p < 0.05). In cases who diagnosed as postpartum depression, the rates of HG and SCL-90-R results were higher (p< 0.05). In the bivariate analysis, the high rates of HG and high SCL-90-R scores were determined to be related to postpartum depression (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that mental health is negatively affected by HG at pregnancy, and in this case, psychiatric symptoms may continue even after discontinuation HG.

A comparative study of conventional and liquid-based cervical cytology.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study is the comparison of the results of conventional smear (CC) technique and liquidbased cytology (LBC) technique used as cervical cancer screening methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of 47954 patients submitted to smear screening in our gynecology clinic between January 2008 and December 2014 have been studied. The smear results have been divided into two groups CC and LBC according to the technique used. RESULTS: When considering the distribution within CC group, the results were as follows: intraepithelial cell abnormalities 2,0% (n=619), insufficient sample for analysis 2,1% (n=660), Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) 1.8% (n=554), Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL) 0.1% (n=35), High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) 0.1% (n=16), Atypical squamous cells - cannot exclude HGSIL (ASC-H) 0.029% (n=9), Atypical glandular cells- not other wise specified (AGC-NOS) 0.012% (n=4), squamous carcinoma 0.003% (n=1). When considering the distribution in LBC group, the results were as follows: intraepithelial cell abnormalities2.1% (n=357), insufficient sample for analysis 0.9% (n=144), ASC-US 1.8% (n=296), LGSIL 0.2% (n=38), HGSIL 0.1% (n=8), ASC-H 0.1% (n=10), AGC-NOS 0.017% (n=3), squamous carcinoma 0.011% (n=2). CONCLUSIONS: Although the rates of epithelial cell abnormalities are similar for both tests, LSIL results are more frequently observed in LBC technique. In LBC technique, the number of insufficient sample for analysis is quite low compared to CC group and thus constitutes an advantage.

Does performing cesarean section after onset of labor has positive effect on neonatal respiratory disorders?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate whether neonatal respiratory disorders relate to the onset of labor or labor pain in patients with history of previous cesarean section. METHODS: This prospective controlled study comprised 164 patients, grouped according to the presence of labor and related labor pain. All patients in both groups were applied cesarean section at 38 weeks gestational age or beyond due to previous cesarean section. The cord blood pH, Apgar scores and the need for the neonatal intensive care unit were compared. RESULTS: There was a greater need for the neonatal intensive care unit in the control group and the cord blood pH values were higher in the study group (p < 0.05). No significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of Apgar scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The onset of labor and related labor pain provide a positive contribution to a reduction in neonatal respiratory disorders. Therefore, it can be considered reasonable to perform a cesarean section after the onset of labor or related pain.

Emergency peripartum hysterectomy: 2-year experiences in non-tertiary center.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors, indications and materno-fetal outcomes for emergency peripartum hysterectomy. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation was made of 23 cases. Maternal and neonatal outcomes, need for referral to the tertiary center and related complications were compared to those at the initial diagnosis for surgery, location of delivery, type of surgery and the admission diagnosis. The risk factors associated with emergency peripartum hysterectomy were also investigated. Significance was evaluated at p values of <0.01 and <0.05. RESULTS: There was a correlation between peripartum hysterectomy and uterine atony or uterine rupture (p < 0.01). The referral rates of patients with home delivery were significantly higher than those of patients who delivered in hospital (p = 0.02) but no significant difference was observed in the neonatal outcomes (p = 0.38). There was no significant difference in the rates of maternal complications between home and hospital delivery (p = 0.068). According to the indication for surgery, no significant difference was observed between the rates of referral to the tertiary center, maternal outcomes, complications, or need for maternal intensive care (p > 0.05). However, a highly significant difference was observed between the neonatal outcomes (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed the most important risk factors associated with peripartum hysterectomy to be uterine atony, grand multiparity, and uterine rupture. Maternal intensive care, maternal death, neonatal death, or neonatal intensive care were associated with home delivery or delayed presentation at hospital.

Tranexamic acid for cesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of an intravenous formulation of tranexamic acid to reduce intrapartum and postpartum bleeding in patients giving birth by cesarean section. METHODS: Healthy women with normal pregnancies, at any gestational age, that we performed ceaserean section. Two hundred and twenty-three patients with cesarean section, were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Tranexamic acid of 20 cc and a 20 cc 5 % dextrose solution was intravenously injected to the patients; both the study group (n = 101) and the control group (n = 122) 10 min before the start of cesarean section. We measured volume of blood loss in postoperative periods, decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels after cesarean section. The mean follow up was 2 weeks after the operation. RESULTS: Tranexamic acid reduced intraoperative and postoperative blood loss. We did not observe any complications caused by TA such as venous thromboembolism, gastrointestinal problems and hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that tranexamic acid is effective in reducing intrapartum and postpartum bleeding in patients giving birth by cesarean section. Although some obstetricians are still worried about its thrombosis risk, our study shows that it can be used safely in aforementioned patients.