Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of some plant essential oils and synergistic effects of cinnamon essential oil with vancomycin against Clostridioides difficile: in vitro study.

The detection of resistant strains of Clostridioides difficile against existing antibiotics and the side effects led to the investigation of alternative agents. Inhibition zones of various essential oils to four strains of C.difficile and other Clostridium species ranged from 8·32 to 44·18 mm. The highest zone was observed in cinnamon and tea tree essential oils. and The MIC values varied between 0·39-25 (%, v/v). The main components were cinnamaldehyde (85·64%) in cinnamon essential oil, 4-terpineol (83·6%) was determined in tea tree essential oil. Additive effects were found between cinnamon essential oil and vancomycin and between cinnamon and tea tree essential oils, and the FICI values were 0·512 and 0·517, respectively. Both cinnamon and tea tree essential oils showed antibiofilm activities against all tested C. difficile strains at all tested concentrations. Essential oils may be used as a supplement in addition to treatment in the control of C. difficile-related diseases.

Functional consequences of enhanced expression of STIM1 and Orai1 in Huh-7 hepatocellular carcinoma tumor-initiating cells.

BACKGROUND: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ sensor, stromal interaction molecule1 (STIM1) activates the plasma membrane (PM) channel Orai1 in order to mediate store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in response to ER store depletion. Enhanced expression of STIM1 in cancer tissue has been associated with poor patient prognosis. Therefore, this study investigated the functional consequences of enhanced expression of STIM1 and Orai1 in a tumor-initiating subpopulation of Huh-7 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells that express epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and Prominin 1 (CD133). METHODS: We performed qRT-PCR, intracellular Ca2+ monitoring, protein analyses, and real-time cell proliferation assays on EpCAM(+)CD133(+) subpopulation of tumor-initiating Huh-7 HCC cells expressing high levels of STIM1 and/or Orai1. Statistical significance between the means of two groups was evaluated using unpaired Student's t-test. RESULTS: Enhanced STIM1 expression significantly increased ER Ca2+ release and proliferation rate of EpCAM(+)CD133(+) cells. CONCLUSION: STIM1 overexpression may facilitate cancer cell survival by increasing ER Ca2+-buffering capacity, which makes more Ca2+ available for the cytosolic events, on the other hand, possibly preventing Ca2+-dependent enzymatic activity in mitochondria whose Ca2+ uniporter requires much higher cytosolic Ca2+ levels.

Effects of MMP-1 and MMP-3 gene polymorphisms on gene expression and protein level in lumbar disc herniation.

The aim of this study was to identify the possible correlation between polymorphisms in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3 and their corresponding protein levels in disc tissues obtained from patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) using biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Blood and disc samples were obtained from 100 patients with LDH who underwent a lumbar microdiscectomy. Based on the radiological degeneration, the patients were diagnosed with grade 2, 3, or 4 LDH. MMP-1 -1607 1G/2G and MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expressions of MMP-1 and MMP- 3 were detected by biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. We found no association between the MMP-1 polymorphism and disc degeneration and MMP-1 expression. However, patients expressing the 6A/6A and 5A/6A alleles of MMP-3 -11715A/6A showed higher MMP-3 expression, compared to those expressing the 5A/5A genotype. Additionally, the radiological degeneration grades were correlated with the histological degeneration scoring. Protein levels and immunopositive cell rates of MMP-1 and MMP-3 were associated with disc degeneration grades. Moreover, the MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression and the histological and radiological scores were positively correlated and the MMP-3 -11715A/6A polymorphism was associated with MMP-3 expression in herniated disc tissues. This study is the first to investigate polymorphisms in MMP-1 and MMP-3, as well as their corresponding protein expressions. We also quantified an association between the radiological degeneration grades and MMP-1 and MMP- 3 expression. Further genomic studies on MMPs could focus on the utilization of MMP-1 and MMP-3 as markers for the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Alterations of store-operated calcium entry and cyclopiazonic acid-induced endothelium-derived relaxations in aging rat thoracic aorta.

The purpose of our study was to investigate whether endothelium-derived relaxations induced by store depletion are altered in aging rat thoracic aorta. Vascular responses were measured in aortic segments isolated from young (2-4 month) and old (20-24 month) male Sprague-Dawley rats. In phenylephrine-contracted intact tissues, receptor-mediated and receptor-independent endothelium-derived relaxations were induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) blocker cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), respectively. In addition, CPA-induced changes in intracellular calcium levels were monitored in fura-2-loaded endothelium-denuded tissues. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to determine the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) 4 mRNA and protein levels. Endothelial TRPC4 mRNA levels were apparently decreased in aging rats. Immunoblot analysis showed that TRPC4 protein levels significantly decreased in intact aorta from 20- to 24-month-old rats compared to that from 2- to 4-month-old rats. ACh- and CPA-induced endothelium-dependent relaxations decreased in old rat aorta without any change in direct vasodilation induced by sodium nitroprusside. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) induced by CPA was significantly decreased, whereas sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release was unaffected in endothelium-denuded aging rat aorta. In conclusion, TRPC4 downregulation could be associated with decreased endothelium-dependent vasorelaxations. As endothelial nitric oxide synthase is activated by SOCE-induced caveolar internalization, tracking the expression levels of SERCA, ion channels, and/or associated proteins involved in SOCE would lead to the development of novel therapeutics for age-related vasospastic disorders with dysfunctional endothelium.

Efficacy of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and staging of endometrial tumors.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in differentiating between benign and malignant endometrial lesions and determinining tumor grade. It also aimed to determine the contribution of the DWI to the diagnosis by detection of the myometrial invasion depth in malignant lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lesions were classified as benign (n=14) or malignant (n=42) according to the histopathological results and, the mean apparent diffusion coefficent (ADC) values were compared. For determining the myometrial invasion depth of malignant lesions, T2W, DWI and dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images (DCET1WI) were evaluated individually. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve for discriminating between malignant and benign lesions by using cutoff ADC value of 1.10×10(-3)s/mm(2) were 85.7%, 92.8% and 0.95, respectively. According to the histopathological grading, there was no difference for the mean ADC values. For both observers the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in determining the depth of myometrial invasion in malignant lesions was found to be 87.1%, 89.7% and 76.9%, 76.9% for T2WI-DWI and DCET1WI, respectively. CONCLUSION: DWI and ADC measurements can accurately discriminate endometrial cavity lesions as benign or malignant. T2WI-DWI is highly effective in determining the depth of myometrial invasion.

Diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast using fine-needle aspiration cytology: A case report and review of the literature.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a rare variant of breast malignancy and is associated with an excellent prognosis. ACC accounts for 0.1% of all breast carcinomas. It has favorable biological characteristics and an excellent prognosis. A 77-year-old woman presented with a lump in the right breast. Ultrasonography and mammography showed a 12-mm, well-defined, lobulated mass in the retroareolar region of the right breast. The lump was diagnosed as ACC on the basis of immunohistochemical staining results for c-kit (CD117), muscle-specific actin, p63, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor using a fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) specimen. This diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by excision biopsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of ACC of the breast to date to be diagnosed on the basis of immunohistochemical staining of an FNAC cell block material. From our experience, we recommend the usage of cell block material for immunohistochemical studies to accurately diagnose ACC of the breast.

Psychological effects of calisthenic exercises on neuroinflammatory and rheumatic diseases.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of calisthenic exercises on psychological status in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: This study comprised 40 patients diagnosed with AS randomized into two exercise groups (group 1 = hospital-based, group 2 = home-based) and 40 patients diagnosed with MS randomized into two exercise groups (group 1 = hospital-based, group 2 = home-based). RESULTS: The exercise programme was completed by 73 participants (hospital-based = 34, home-based = 39). Mean age was 33.75 ± 5.77 years. After the 8-week exercise programme in the AS group, the home-based exercise group showed significant improvements in erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR). The hospital-based exercise group showed significant improvements in terms of the Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A) scores. After the 8-week exercise programme in the MS group, the home-based and hospital-based exercise groups showed significant improvements in terms of the 10-m walking test, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), HADS-A, and MS international Quality of Life (MusiQoL) scores. There was a significant improvement in the hospital-based and a significant deterioration in the home-based MS patients according to HADS-Depression (HADS-D) score. CONCLUSION: The positive effects of exercises on neurologic and rheumatic chronic inflammatory processes associated with disability should not be underestimated.

Serum omentin levels predicts mesenteric ischemia.

BACKGROUND: Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is an intestinal vascular disease with high mortality. Clinical diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia is difficult. Adipose tissue is an important mediator of metabolism and inflammation.Omentin is produced by visceral adipose tissue and decreased serum levels of omentin are associated with poor metabolic outcomes. We aimed to investigate whether serum omentin level predicts early diagnosis of AMI before development of transmural ischemia. METHODS: Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats weighted about 200-250 gr grouped in 3 experimental groups as sham, transient ischemia and permanent ischemia. Each group consisted of 8 rats. Blood samples were evaluated to determine serum urea, creatinine, omentin and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. A blinded histological examination performed with the same histologist for hemotoxileneosine painted ileal tissue samples. RESULTS: Mean serum omentin level in sham group (27.5±4.67) was significantly elevated compared to rats in Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) group (10.9±9.01).The difference reached the statistical significance (p=0.004). Serum omentin levels were not correlated to urea, creatinine or CRPlevels. CONCLUSION: Omentin levels may be a biochemical indicator to detect AMI. However, further human studies are needed (Tab. 3, Fig. 3, Ref. 34).

The protective effects of dexmedetomidine on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine (100 µg/kg-ip) on liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in rats. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar Albino rats were separated into three groups as control (C), ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) and dexmedetomidine group (I/R-D). Ischemia was induced with portal clampage for 45 minutes and reperfusion period was 45 minutes after declampage. Group I/R-D was received dexmedetomidine 100 µg/kg i.p. 30 min before portal clampage. Thiobarbutiric Acid-Reactive Substances (TBARS), glutathioneS-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) were investigated in blood samples. Also HSP60 and p53-positive hepatocytes were counted under ImageJ image analysis program. RESULTS: All parameters, except GST levels, were significant between the groups (p < 0.05). Although HSP60 expression was significantly increased between I/R, I/R-D and C groups there were no significant differences between I/R-D and C (p = 0.443). On the other hand, p53 expression was also significantly increased between I/R, I/R-D and C groups At the same time, there were no significant differences between I/R-D and C groups (p = 0.354). CONCLUSION: All the results suggest that dexmedetomidine has beneficial effects on liver ischemia/reperfusion stress (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 49).

Hepatocyte apoptotic index and p53 expression in obstructive jaundice rats.

OBJECTIVE: Obstructive jaundice is a serious disease. It can deteriorate critical functions in the liver. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 20 male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly allocated into two groups consisting of ten in each as follows: Group I (Control) was subjected to a sham operation isolating the bile duct. Group II(Study) was subjected to acute cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation with 4/0 silk suture from two different places and full fold cut between ligatures. On the 7th day, group II rats were re-operated for liver sampling and sacrification-aimed histological analysis through the old incision with anaesthesia. Hepatic tissues were histologically and immunohistochemically processed. The number of apoptotic and p53(+) cells were measured. RESULTS: On the 7th day, the averages of direct and indirect bilirubin values in Group II rats were found to be 6.99 and 11.70 mg/dl, respectively. They were observed to be statistically significant. In the immunohistochemical evaluation p53 expression in hepatocytes was assessed, p53-positive hepatocytes were determined to exist quite widely in the tissue samples taken from the livers of rats in the study group. Nevertheless, no cells exhibiting p53 expression were found in the tissue samples of the control group. CONCLUSION: Apoptosis is a closed box and it might make it possible to stop the many disease processes or accelerate the healing. If the principal effective mechanism in the liver under a certain stress factor is apoptosis, it is definite that it will make a difference in the treatment approach. Consequently, we can say that both apoptotic index and p53 expression increase in the rats' liver with biliary obstruction (Fig. 4, Ref. 51).

Effects of N-acetyl cysteine on lipid levels and on leukocyte and platelet count in rats after splenectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Many of studies have shown that increased lipid levels play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis after splenectomy. We investigated the effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on lipid parameters and leukocyte and platelet (PLT) levels following splenectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 32 Sprague-Dawley rats weighing from 200 to 250 g were placed into four experimental groups. For 42 days post-operatively, all rats were fed standard rat food and water and the rats in the first group ( n = 8) received no intraperitoneal infusion. Rats in the second group ( n = 6) were given a 50 mg/kg saline solution (SF); those in the third group ( n = 8) received 50 mg/kg NAC and the rats in the fourth group ( n = 8) were administered a 100 mg/kg NAC infusion intraperitoneally. RESULTS: All parameters other than white blood cell count were significantly different between the four groups. There were no significant differences between the control and SF groups in terms of total cholesterol and PLT levels. Triglyceride (TG), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were significantly elevated in the SF group compared with the control rats. There was no statistically significant difference between the SF and NAC 50/100 groups in terms of low-density lipoprotein levels. Total cholesterol, TG, HDL and VLDL levels were significantly reduced and the PLT level was significantly elevated in the NAC 50 and NAC 100 groups compared with the SF group. CONCLUSION: Serum VLDL and TG levels should be monitored in patients after splenectomy. For reduction in these lipid parameters, early NAC treatment should be initiated. More prospective larger studies are needed to confirm our results.

Cyclopiazonic acid alters serotonin-induced responses in rat thoracic aorta.

We previously showed that endothelin A (ETA) receptor antagonist BQ-123 partially inhibited cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)-enhanced endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced contractions suggesting enhancement of ETA receptor internalization in caveolar structures by sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca+2 ATPase (SERCA) blockade. Since serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors are reported to be localized on caveolar membranes, we investigated whether SERCA inhibition affects 5-HT-induced responses and 5-HT receptor antagonism. For this purpose, vascular responses were measured in thoracic aorta segments from male Wistar albino rats using isolated tissue experiments. Data showed that CPA inhibits 5-HT- and PE-induced contractions in intact vessels while potentiating those in endothelium-denuded. Furthermore, non-selective 5-HT receptor blocker methysergide partially inhibited CPA-induced 5-HT contractions. However, α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin totally inhibited CPA-potentiated PE contractions. We suggest that SERCA inhibition results in 5-HT receptor internalization similar to ETA receptors possibly through protein kinase C activation by increased subsarcolemmal Ca2+ levels, eventually preventing 5-HT receptor antagonism.

Effects of the inflammatory response on serum omentin levels in early acute and chronic pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammation of the parenchyma of the pancreas. Several adipokines have been investigated in acute pancreatitis, and these cytokines contribute to inflammation in acute pancreatitis. However, not enough data exist regarding omentin in injuries of the pancreas. Because of a possible common pathogenesis, we aimed to study the association between pancreatic damage and serum omentin levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four Sprague Dowley rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly placed into three groups: a sham group (n=8), an acute pancreatitis group (n=8), and a chronic pancreatitis group (n=8). Both rats in the sham group underwent laparotomy, and 0.1 cc of saline solution was injected through the pancreatic canal. On the seventh day, a blood sample was obtained by abdominal aorta puncture, and the pancreas was resected for histological examination. In the acute and chronic pancreatitis groups, 0.1 cc of 4.5% Sodium Taurocholote was injected through the pancreatic canal. Blood samples were obtained and pancreatic resection was performed after 24 hours for the acute pancreatitis group and after 7 days for the chronic pancreatitis group. RESULTS: Serum omentin levels of rats with chronic pancreatitis (49.37±2.82 ng/ml) were increased compared to both acute pancreatitis (37.79±1.24 ng/ml) (p<0.01) and sham rats (22.49±1.4 ng/ml) (p<0.01). In addition, the omentin level of rats with acute pancreatitis was significantly increased compared to the sham group (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The elevation in omentin levels in rats in the early stage of pancreatitis was due to the anti-inflammatory effects of omentin; hence, elevated omentin levels improved insulin resistance and caused a significant reduction in glucose levels.

Association between omentin levels and insulin resistance in pregnancy.

AIMS: Omentin is a new adipokine secreted mainly from visceral adipose tissue. Serum omentin is found to be reduced in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and insulin resistant states. Despite the fact that pregnancy is also characterized with hyperinsulinemia, literature is lacking about data of omentin levels and its association with insulin resistance in pregnant women. We aimed to evaluate the association of omentin levels and insulin resistance in pregnant women and to compare these levels with those of non-pregnant, non-diabetic women. METHODS: Uncomplicated pregnant women who admit to our outpatient clinics for routine follow-up were included in the study group. Non-pregnant women without diabetes mellitus were served as control group. Fasting glucose, insulin, omentin levels and HOMA IR were recorded. SPSS 15.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were 36 pregnant women in the study group and 37 healthy, non-pregnant women in the control group. Serum omentin and fasting glucose levels were significantly decreased and fasting insulin was significantly increased in the study group compared to control group. CONCLUSION: Omentin might be an indicator of insulin resistance in pregnant women. Larger prospective studies are needed to claim whether omentin can have a clinical use for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Serum amyloid A and Omentin levels in acute appendicitis: a preliminary study for a novel diagnostic approach.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of acute appendicitis is based on medical history and physical examination. Serum (S) amiloid A (AA) levels are elevated in many inflammatory conditions. Omentin is a recently discovered adipokine showing decreased levels associated with inflammatory conditions. We aimed to measure SAA and omentin levels in patients with acute appendicitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 36 patients with a diagnosis of acute appendicitis and 30 healthy subjects were enrolled to this research study. A statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc.®, Chicago, IL, United States). RESULTS: Patients in study group were significantly older than healthy control subjects (p=0.013). Body mass index of the patients with acute appendicitis (23.2 ± 1.3) was greater than that of the control group (22.7 ± 1), but the difference did not reach the statistically significance (p=0.076). ). Mean level of SAA was significantly raised in study group compared to healthy control subjects (p< 0.001). Mean omentin level was significantly lower in study group compared to healthy subjects (p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, although diagnosis of acute appendicitis is mostly based on clinical findings, omentin and especially SAA measurement in serum may help surgeons to avoid negative laparatomy.

Clinical analysis of emergency peripartum hysterectomies in a tertiary center.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence, indications, complications, and risk factors associated with increased mortality and morbidity of emergency peripartum hysterectomy (EPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed 48 cases of EPH performed within six-year interval at Ondokuz Mayis University Hospital. EPH was defined as the operation performed for life-threatening hemorrhage which could not be controlled with conservative treatment modalities within 24 hours of a delivery. RESULTS: The incidence of EPH was 5.03 per 1,000 deliveries. The most common indication for EPH was abnormal placental adherence (n = 22, 45.8%), followed by uter- ine atony (n = 19, 39.6%). All the patients with placenta accreta had a history of repeat cesarian section (CS) and placenta previa.Total hysterectomy was performed in almost all of the patients (n = 47, 97.9%). All women required blood transfusions. Maternal morbidity was significant, with bladder injury (31.3%) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (18.7%) among the most common complications. There were one maternal (2.1%) and five neonatal deaths (10.4%). CONCLUSION: Since most of the EPH cases are associated with prior cesarean delivery, decision of the first CS should be made for true obstetrical indications.If conservative treatments fail to control massive obstetrical bleeding, blood products and an experienced obstetrician should be ready to perform EPH to decrease the maternal mor- bidity and mortality.

Detecting the translocation of DNA through a nanopore using graphene nanoribbons.

Solid-state nanopores can act as single-molecule sensors and could potentially be used to rapidly sequence DNA molecules. However, nanopores are typically fabricated in insulating membranes that are as thick as 15 bases, which makes it difficult for the devices to read individual bases. Graphene is only 0.335 nm thick (equivalent to the spacing between two bases in a DNA chain) and could therefore provide a suitable membrane for sequencing applications. Here, we show that a solid-state nanopore can be integrated with a graphene nanoribbon transistor to create a sensor for DNA translocation. As DNA molecules move through the pore, the device can simultaneously measure drops in ionic current and changes in local voltage in the transistor, which can both be used to detect the molecules. We examine the correlation between these two signals and use the ionic current measurements as a real-time control of the graphene-based sensing device.

Platelet function in euthyroid patients undergoing thyroidectomy in women.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported several platelet abnormalities in patients with sub-clinical or overt thyroid dysfunctions. The primary mechanism that affects the hemostatic balance is excess or deficiency of thyroid hormones. The different ways of thyroid gland to the platelet function are not yet clearly understood. The relationship between in the thyroid gland and platelet activation without thyroid hormones has not been studied yet. AIM: The aim of our study is to determine the platelet function in euthyroid patients undergoing thyroidectomy in females. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group includes 52 female euthyroid patients undergoing thyroidectomy. The control group consisted with 21 healthy euthyroid female. Platelet count (PC), platelet mass (PM), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet distribution width (PDW) were measured. PM was calculated by multiplying MPV and PLT. RESULTS: MPV (8.4 ± 1.3 versus 7.9 ± 0.8) and PDW (17.8 ± 1 versus 17.6 ± 0.8) values were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid gland does not directly affect platelet activation. Accordingly, platelet abnormalities of thyroid disease can be considered to be independent of the underlying thyroid tissue. This finding suggests that association between thyroid diseases and platelet function is dependent on the status of thyroid hormones.

Protective effect of montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist, against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat.

OBJECTIVE: Ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury of the intestine is a significant problem because the initial damage caused by ischemia is exacerbated by reperfusion. In this study, we examined the protective effect of montelukast against I-R-induced intestinal tissue damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three treatment groups : a sham-operated group, a group receiving I-R, and a group receiving I-R plus montelukast (I-R/M). Tissue samples were evaluated and scored histologically. The blood levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH), and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) were measured. RESULTS: In the I-R group, the histological score and the levels of serum MDA and MPO were increased compared with those in the control group. In the I-R/M group, the histological score and serum MDA and MPO levels were significantly decreased compared with those in the I-R group. Additionally, compared with the IR group, the I-R/M group had increased serum GSH and CT-1 levels and a decreased intestinal injury score. Ileal sections from the I-R/M group showed minimal alterations, characterized by moderate lifting of the epithelial layer from the lamina propria, and few apoptotic enterocytes were observed compare with the number in the I-R group. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study demonstrated that montelukast can protect I-R-induced intestinal damage in rats.