[Financial impact of smoking on health systems in Latin America: A study of seven countries and extrapolation to the regional level]. / Impacto económico del tabaquismo en los sistemas de salud de América Latina: un estudio en siete países y su extrapolación a nivel regional.

OBJECTIVE: Estimate smoking-attributable direct medical costs in Latin American health systems. METHODS: A microsimulation model was used to quantify financial impact of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, lung cancer, and nine other neoplasms. A systematic search for epidemiological data and event costs was carried out. The model was calibrated and validated for Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, countries that account for 78% of Latin America's population; the results were then extrapolated to the regional level. RESULTS: Every year, smoking is responsible for 33 576 billion dollars in direct costs to health systems. This amounts to 0.7% of the region's gross domestic product (GDP) and 8.3% of its health budget. Cardiovascular disease, COPD, and cancer were responsible for 30.3%, 26.9%, and 23.7% of these expenditures, respectively. Smoking-attributable costs ranged from 0.4% (Mexico and Peru) to 0.9% (Chile) of GDP and from 5.2% (Brazil) to 12.7% (Bolivia) of health expenditures. In the region, tax revenues from cigarette sales barely cover 37% of smoking-attributable health expenditures (8.1% in Bolivia and 67.3% in Argentina). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is responsible for a significant proportion of health spending in Latin America, and tax revenues from cigarette sales are far from covering it. The region's countries should seriously consider stronger measures, such as an increase in tobacco taxes.

Impacto económico del tabaquismo en los sistemas de salud de América Latina: un estudio en siete países y su extrapolación a nivel regional / Financial impact of smoking on health systems in Latin America: A study of seven countries and extrapolation to the regional level

RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar los costos médicos directos atribuibles al tabaquismo en los sistemas de salud de América Latina. Métodos Se utilizó un modelo de microsimulación para cuantificar el impacto económico en enfermedad cardiovascular y cerebrovascular, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), neumonía, cáncer de pulmón y otras nueve neoplasias. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de datos epidemiológicos y de costos de los eventos. El modelo se calibró y validó para Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Perú, países que representan el 78% de la población de América Latina; luego se extrapolaron los resultados a nivel regional. Resultados Cada año el tabaquismo es responsable de 33 576 millones de dólares en costos directos para el sistema de salud. Esto equivale a 0,7% del producto interno bruto (PIB) de la región y a 8,3% del presupuesto sanitario. La enfermedad cardiovascular, la EPOC y el cáncer fueron responsables de 30,3%, 26,9% y 23,7% de este gasto, respectivamente. El costo atribuible al tabaquismo varió entre 0,4% (México y Perú) y 0,9% (Chile) del PIB y entre 5,2% (Brasil) y 12,7% (Bolivia) del gasto en salud. En la región, la recaudación impositiva por la venta de cigarrillos apenas cubre 37% del gasto sanitario atribuible al tabaquismo (8,1% en Bolivia y 67,3% en Argentina). Conclusiones El tabaquismo es responsable de una importante proporción del gasto sanitario en América Latina, y la recaudación impositiva por la venta de cigarrillos está lejos de llegar a cubrirlo. La profundización de medidas como el aumento de impuestos al tabaco debería ser seriamente considerada por los países de la región.

ABSTRACT Objective Estimate smoking-attributable direct medical costs in Latin American health systems. Methods A microsimulation model was used to quantify financial impact of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, lung cancer, and nine other neoplasms. A systematic search for epidemiological data and event costs was carried out. The model was calibrated and validated for Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, countries that account for 78% of Latin America’s population; the results were then extrapolated to the regional level. Results Every year, smoking is responsible for 33 576 billion dollars in direct costs to health systems. This amounts to 0.7% of the region’s gross domestic product (GDP) and 8.3% of its health budget. Cardiovascular disease, COPD, and cancer were responsible for 30.3%, 26.9%, and 23.7% of these expenditures, respectively. Smoking-attributable costs ranged from 0.4% (Mexico and Peru) to 0.9% (Chile) of GDP and from 5.2% (Brazil) to 12.7% (Bolivia) of health expenditures. In the region, tax revenues from cigarette sales barely cover 37% of smoking-attributable health expenditures (8.1% in Bolivia and 67.3% in Argentina). Conclusions Smoking is responsible for a significant proportion of health spending in Latin America, and tax revenues from cigarette sales are far from covering it. The region’s countries should seriously consider stronger measures, such as an increase in tobacco taxes.

Impacto económico del tabaquismo en los sistemas de salud de América Latina: un estudio en siete países y su extrapolación a nivel regional / Financial impact of smoking on health systems in Latin America: A study of seven countries and extrapolation to the regional level

Objetivo. Estimar los costos médicos directos atribuibles al tabaquismo en los sistemas de salud de América Latina. Métodos. Se utilizó un modelo de microsimulación para cuantificar el impacto económico en enfermedad cardiovascular y cerebrovascular, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), neumonía, cáncer de pulmón y otras nueve neoplasias. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de datos epidemiológicos y de costos de los eventos. El modelo se calibró y validó para Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Perú, países que representan el 78% de la población de América Latina; luego se extrapolaron los resultados a nivel regional. Resultados. Cada año el tabaquismo es responsable de 33 576 millones de dólares en costos directos para el sistema de salud. Esto equivale a 0,7% del producto interno bruto (PIB) de la región y a 8,3% del presupuesto sanitario. La enfermedad cardiovascular, la EPOC y el cáncer fueron responsables de 30,3%, 26,9% y 23,7% de este gasto, respectivamente. El costo atribuible al tabaquismo varió entre 0,4% (México y Perú) y 0,9% (Chile) del PIB y entre 5,2% (Brasil) y 12,7% (Bolivia) del gasto en salud. En la región, la recaudación impositiva por la venta de cigarrillos apenas cubre 37% del gasto sanitario atribuible al tabaquismo (8,1% en Bolivia y 67,3% en Argentina). Conclusiones. El tabaquismo es responsable de una importante proporción del gasto sanitario en América Latina, y la recaudación impositiva por la venta de cigarrillos está lejos de llegar a cubrirlo. La profundización de medidas como el aumento de impuestos al tabaco debería ser seriamente considerada por los países de la Región.

Objective. Estimate smoking-attributable direct medical costs in Latin American health systems. Methods. A microsimulation model was used to quantify financial impact of cardio-vascular and cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, lung cancer, and nine other neoplasms. A systematic search for epidemio-logical data and event costs was carried out. The model was calibrated and validated for Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, countries that account for 78% of Latin America’s population; the results were then extrapolated to the regional level. Results. Every year, smoking is responsible for 33 576 billion dollars in direct costs to health systems. This amounts to 0.7% of the region’s gross domestic product (GDP) and 8.3% of its health budget. Cardiovascular disease, COPD, and cancer were respon-sible for 30.3%, 26.9%, and 23.7% of these expenditures, respectively. Smoking-attributable costs ranged from 0.4% (Mexico and Peru) to 0.9% (Chile) of GDP and from 5.2% (Brazil) to 12.7% (Bolivia) of health expenditures. In the region, tax reve-nues from cigarette sales barely cover 37% of smoking-attributable health expenditu-res (8.1% in Bolivia and 67.3% in Argentina). Conclusions. Smoking is responsible for a significant proportion of health spending in Latin America, and tax revenues from cigarette sales are far from covering it. The region’s countries should seriously consider stronger measures, such as an increase in tobacco taxes.

The burden of smoking-related diseases in Brazil: mortality, morbidity and costs.

Advances in tobacco control in Brazil can be reflected in the decrease in prevalence over the past two decades. Death statistics and the occurrence of events and direct costs attributable to tobacco-related diseases have not been frequently estimated in the country. The goal of this article is to estimate the burden of smoking in 2011 regarding mortality, morbidity and medical care costs of the main tobacco-related diseases. A probabilistic microsimulation health economic model was built. The model incorporates the natural history, costs and quality of life of all the tobacco-related adult-specific diseases. Smoking was accountable for 147,072 deaths, 2.69 million years of life lost, 157,126 acute myocardial infarctions, 75,663 strokes, and 63,753 cancer diagnoses. The direct cost for the health system was of BRL 23.37 billion. The monitoring of tobacco-related burden is an important strategy to guide decision-makers and to strenghten health public policies.

Estimativa da carga do tabagismo no Brasil: mortalidade, morbidade e custos / Estimación de la carga de enfermedad atribuible al tabaquismo en Brasil: mortalidad, morbilidad y costos / The burden of smoking-related diseases in Brazil: mortality, morbidity and costs

Os avanços no controle do tabagismo no Brasil podem ser verificados na redução da prevalência nas últimas duas décadas. As estatísticas de óbitos, ocorrência de eventos e custos diretos atribuíveis às doenças tabaco-relacionadas não são estimadas com frequência no país. O objetivo deste artigo foi estimar a carga do tabagismo em 2011, em termos de mortalidade, morbidade e custos da assistência médica das principais doenças tabaco-relacionadas. Desenvolveu-se um modelo econômico baseado em uma microssimulação probabilística de milhares de indivíduos através de coortes hipotéticas que considerou a história natural, os custos diretos em saúde e a qualidade de vida desses indivíduos. O tabagismo foi responsável por 147.072 óbitos, 2,69 milhões anos de vida perdidos, 157.126 infartos agudos do miocárdio, 75.663 acidentes vasculares cerebrais e 63.753 diagnósticos de câncer. O custo para o sistema de saúde foi de R$ 23,37 bilhões. O monitoramento da carga do tabagismo é uma importante estratégica para informar aos tomadores de decisão e fortalecer a política pública de saúde.

Los avances en el control del tabaquismo en Brasil pueden reflejarse en la reducción de la prevalencia observada en las últimas dos décadas. Las estadísticas de muertes, incidencia de eventos y costos directos atribuibles a las enfermedades, relacionadas con el tabaquismo, no han sido estimadas frecuentemente en el país. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la carga del tabaquismo en el año 2011, en términos de mortalidad, morbilidad y costos de asistencia médica para las patologías relacionadas con el tabaquismo. Se construyó un modelo de microsimulación probabilístico que incorpora la historia natural, los costos y la calidad de vida de los individuos. En 2011, el tabaquismo fue responsable de 147.072 muertes prematuras, 2,69 millones de años de vida perdidos, 157.126 infartos de miocardio, 75.663 accidentes cerebro-vasculares y 63.753 diagnósticos de cáncer. El costo directo fue de R$ 23,37 mil millones. El monitoreo de la carga de enfermedad atribuible al tabaquismo es una importante estrategia para informar a los responsables de las políticas públicas de salud.

Advances in tobacco control in Brazil can be reflected in the decrease in prevalence over the past two decades. Death statistics and the occurrence of events and direct costs attributable to tobacco-related diseases have not been frequently estimated in the country. The goal of this article is to estimate the burden of smoking in 2011 regarding mortality, morbidity and medical care costs of the main tobacco-related diseases. A probabilistic microsimulation health economic model was built. The model incorporates the natural history, costs and quality of life of all the tobacco-related adult-specific diseases. Smoking was accountable for 147,072 deaths, 2.69 million years of life lost, 157,126 acute myocardial infarctions, 75,663 strokes, and 63,753 cancer diagnoses. The direct cost for the health system was of BRL 23.37 billion. The monitoring of tobacco-related burden is an important strategy to guide decision-makers and to strenghten health public policies.

Impacto orcamentario da utilizacao do Metodo Canguru no cuidado neonatal / Impacto presupuestario de la utilizacion del metodo Canguro en el cuidado neonatal / Budget impact of using the Kangaroo Method in neonatal care

OBJETIVO Estimar o impacto orçamentário da utilização do Método Canguru na rede municipal de saúde. MÉTODOS Um modelo de decisão analítico foi desenvolvido para simular os custos do Método Canguru e Unidade Intermediária Neonatal no Rio de Janeiro, RJ, em 2011. A população de referência foi constituída pelos recém-nascidos estáveis clinicamente, que podem receber assistência nas duas modalidades de cuidado. O impacto orçamentário foi estimado para uma coorte hipotética de 1.000 recém-nascidos elegíveis em um ano. A proporção de recém-nascidos elegíveis que recebem assistência nas duas modalidades foi obtida por coleta de dados nas maternidades incluídas no estudo. As probabilidades dos eventos e o consumo de recursos de saúde, no período da assistência, foram incorporados ao modelo. Cenários foram desenvolvidos para refletir a adoção do método Canguru em maior ou menor escala. RESULTADOS A utilização do Método Canguru significou redução de gastos equivalente a 16% em um ano, se todos os recém-nascidos elegíveis fossem assistidos por esse método. CONCLUSÕES A opção Método Canguru é de menor custo comparado com a da Unidade Intermediária Neonatal. A análise de impacto orçamentário da utilização desse método no Sistema Único de Saúde indicou economia importante para o período de um ano. .

OBJETIVO Estimar el impacto presupuestario de la utilización del método canguro en la red municipal de salud. MÉTODOS Un modelo de decisión analítico fue desarrollado para simular los costos del método Canguro y Unidad Intermediaria Neonatal en Rio de Janeiro, RJ, en 2011. La población de referencia estuvo constituida por los recién nacidos estables clínicamente, que pueden recibir asistencia en las dos modalidades de cuidado. El impacto presupuestario fue estimado para una cohorte hipotética de 1.000 recién nacidos elegibles en un año. La proporción de recién nacidos elegibles que reciben asistencia en las dos modalidades fue obtenida por colecta de datos en las maternidades incluidas en el estudio. Las probabilidades de los eventos y el consumo de recursos de salud, en el período de asistencia, fueron incorporados al modelo. Escenarios fueron desarrollados para reflejar la adopción del método Canguro en mayor o menor escala. RESULTADOS La utilización del método Canguro significó reducción de gastos equivalente a un 16% en un año, si todos los recién nacidos elegibles fueran asistidos por ese método. CONCLUSIONES La opción método Canguro es de menor costo en comparación con el de la Unidad Intermediaria Neonatal. El análisis de impacto presupuestario de la utilización de ese método en el Sistema Único de Salud indicó economía importante para el período de un año. .

OBJECTIVE To estimate the budget impact of using the Kangaroo Method in a municipal health care network. METHODS An analytical decision model was developed to simulate the costs of the Kangaroo Method and Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, in 2011. The reference population was clinically stable newborns, who may receive either of the two types of care. The budget impact for a hypothetical cohort of 1,000 eligible newborns was estimated for one year. The proportion of eligible infants receiving the two type of care was obtained through data collection in hospitals included in the study. The probabilities of events and resource consumption of health care in the period were incorporated into the model. A scenario analysis was developed to reflect the adoption of the Kangaroo Method on a greater or smaller scale. RESULTS The use of the second and third stage of Kangaroo Method means a cost reduction of R$ 1,085,379.64 (16.0%) in a year if all eligible infants were assisted in Kangaroo Method. CONCLUSIONS The Kangaroo Method options costs less than the Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit. The analysis of the budget impact of this method on the public health care system showed significant savings in the year long period analyzed. .

[Budget impact of using the Kangaroo Method in neonatal care]. / Impacto orçamentário da utilização do Método Canguru no cuidado neonatal.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the budget impact of using the Kangaroo Method in a municipal health care network. METHODS: An analytical decision model was developed to simulate the costs of the Kangaroo Method and Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, in 2011. The reference population was clinically stable newborns, who may receive either of the two types of care. The budget impact for a hypothetical cohort of 1,000 eligible newborns was estimated for one year. The proportion of eligible infants receiving the two type of care was obtained through data collection in hospitals included in the study. The probabilities of events and resource consumption of health care in the period were incorporated into the model. A scenario analysis was developed to reflect the adoption of the Kangaroo Method on a greater or smaller scale. RESULTS: The use of the second and third stage of Kangaroo Method means a cost reduction of R$ 1,085,379.64 (16.0%) in a year if all eligible infants were assisted in Kangaroo Method. CONCLUSIONS: The Kangaroo Method options costs less than the Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit. The analysis of the budget impact of this method on the public health care system showed significant savings in the year long period analyzed.

Perfil dos pacientes internados em serviços de pediatria no município do Rio de Janeiro: mudamos? / Profile of pediatric services inpatients in the city of Rio de Janeiro: have we changed?

Apesar das alterações observadas nos últimos anos no adoecimento e na mortalidade na infância com marcada redução das internações por doenças infectocontagiosas, existem poucos estudos que apresentem o perfil clínico e demográfico das internações pediátricas em nosso meio. o estudo teve como objetivo identificar as características e os procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos das internações pediátricas em hospitais do sistema público de saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro. Quanto ao método, foi realizado estudo retrospectivo desenvolvido em quatro hospitais públicos no Rio de Janeiro, em amostra constituída de 170 internações ocorridas nas enfermarias de pediatria no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2008. As informações obtidas evidenciaram elevada frequência de crianças portadoras de doenças crônicas (47.6%) no conjunto das internações estudadas. os serviços também apresentaram elevado percentual de pacientes com histórico de reinternação (35.3%). a análise por unidade mostrou que, entre os quatro serviços estudados, apenas um apresentou menor proporção de crianças portadoras de doenças crônicas e menor frequência de reinternações. nas outras três unidades hospitalares, em mais da metade do grupo estudado, as causas de internações encontradas estavam ligadas às doenças crônicas. os resultados confirmam a necessidade de organização dos serviços pediátricos no sentido de estarem preparados, com estrutura e processos de cuidado adequados, para o manejo, tratamento e acompanhamento do paciente portador de doença crônica.

Effect of ingestion of rice bran drink in rats subjected to forced swimming and elevated plus maze tests.

Bran cereals are known to contain substantial concentrations of important nutrients, bioactive compounds, fiber, minerals, proteins, lipids, and vitamins. The vitamins present in rice bran include those of the B complex (B(1) and B(3)), which affect the central nervous system (natural antidepressant and tranquilizer effects) acting in schizophrenia, neuralgia, and fatigue. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test is a model widely used for the study of anxiety in animals. The forced swimming (FS) test is the model used most often for evaluating the antidepressant activity in animal models in pharmacology. This study examined the behavior of 32 male Wistar rats, 21 days old, in the FS and EPM tests after treatment with strawberry- or chocolate-flavored rice bran drink for 28 days. The concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the plasma of the animals was determined at the beginning and end of treatment. The values found (<1.0 mg/dL) showed no significant difference between the test and control groups in the periods analyzed. In the EPM, ingesting the chocolate-flavored drink showed an anxiogenic trend in the rats, and the strawberry-flavored rice bran drink led to an anxiolytic profile, although the difference was not statistically significant (P > .05). In the FS test, the duration of immobility of rats in groups consuming rice bran drinks was higher than in the control group, but without a statistically significant difference (P > .05). However, this result may indicate a tendency toward an effect on the central nervous system of the animals after the ingestion of the rice bran beverage.