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Health inequalities by gradients of access to water and sanitation between countries in the Americas, 1990 and 2010 / Gradientes de acceso a agua y saneamiento y desigualdades en salud entre los países de la Región de las Américas, 1990 y 2010
Mújica, Oscar J.; Haeberer, Mariana; Teague, Jordan; Santos-Burgoa, Carlos; Galvão, Luiz Augusto Cassanha.
Affiliation
  • Mújica, Oscar J.; World Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization. Special Program on Sustainable Development and Health Equity. Washington, DC. US
  • Haeberer, Mariana; World Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization. Special Program on Sustainable Development and Health Equity. Washington, DC. US
  • Teague, Jordan; World Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization. Special Program on Sustainable Development and Health Equity. Washington, DC. US
  • Santos-Burgoa, Carlos; World Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization. Special Program on Sustainable Development and Health Equity. Washington, DC. US
  • Galvão, Luiz Augusto Cassanha; World Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization. Special Program on Sustainable Development and Health Equity. Washington, DC. US
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 38(5): 347-354, Nov. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-772129
Responsible library: BR1.1
ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:

To explore distributional inequality of key health outcomes as determined by access coverage to water and sanitation (WS) between countries in the Region of the Americas.

METHODS:

An ecological study was designed to explore the magnitude and change-over-time of standard gap and gradient metrics of environmental inequalities in health at the country level in 1990 and 2010 among the 35 countries of the Americas. Access to drinking water and access to improved sanitation facilities were selected as equity stratifiers. Five dependent variables were total and healthy life expectancies at birth, and infant, under-5, and maternal mortality.

RESULTS:

Access to WS correlated with survival and mortality, and strong gradients were seen in both 1990 and 2010. Higher WS access corresponded to higher life expectancy and healthy life expectancy and lower infant, under-5, and maternal mortality risks. Burden of life lost was unequally distributed, steadily concentrated among the most environmentally disadvantaged, who carried up to twice the burden than they would if WS were fairly distributed. Population averages in life expectancy and specific mortality improved, but whereas absolute inequalities decreased, relative inequalities remained mostly invariant.

CONCLUSIONS:

Even with the Region on track to meet MDG 7 on water and sanitation, large environmental gradients and health inequities among countries remain hidden by Regional averages. As the post-2015 development agenda unfolds, policies and actions focused on health equity-mainly on the most socially and environmentally deprived-will be needed in order to secure the right for universal access to water and sanitation.
RESUMEN

OBJETIVO:

Explorar la desigualdad distributiva de resultados clave en salud determinada por la cobertura de acceso a agua y saneamiento (AS) entre países en la Región de las Américas.

MÉTODOS:

Se diseñó un estudio ecológico para explorar la magnitud y el cambio en el tiempo de métricas estándar de brecha y gradiente de desigualdades ambientales en salud a nivel país en 1990 y 2010 entre los 35 países de las Américas. El acceso a agua potable y el acceso a instalaciones sanitarias mejoradas fueron seleccionados como estratificadores de equidad. Las cinco variables dependientes fueron expectativa de vida al nacer total y saludable, mortalidad infantil, en menores de cinco años y materna.

RESULTADOS:

El acceso a AS se correlacionó con la supervivencia y mortalidad y se observaron intensos gradientes tanto en 1990 como en 2010. Un acceso a AS más alto se correspondió con más alta expectativa de vida al nacer total y saludable y con más bajos riesgos de muerte infantil, en menores de 5 años y materna. La carga de vida perdida se distribuyó inequitativamente, concentrándose de manera sostenida entre los más desaventajados ambientalmente, quienes acarrearon hasta dos veces la carga que hubieran acarreado si el acceso a AS hubiese estado equitativamente distribuido. Los promedios poblacionales en la expectativa de vida y la mortalidad específica mejoraron pero, mientras que las desigualdades absolutas se redujeron, las desigualdades relativas se mantuvieron esencialmente invariantes.

CONCLUSIONES:

Aún cuando la Región está en curso para alcanzar el ODM 7 sobre agua y saneamiento, los promedios regionales siguen ocultando grandes gradientes ambientales y desigualdades en salud entre países. A medida que se despliega la agenda de desarrollo post-2015, serán necesarias políticas y acciones orientadas a la equidad en salud -principalmente hacia aquellos con mayor privación social y ambiental- a fin de asegurar el derecho por el acceso universal al agua y saneamiento.
Subject(s)


Full text: Available Collection: International databases Health context: SDG3 - Target 3.9 Reduce the amount of deaths produced by dangerous chemicals and the pollution of the air, water and soil / Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas / SDG3 - Health and Well-Being Health problem: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene / Goal 1 Equitable access to health services / Target 3.8 Achieve universal access to health Database: LILACS Main subject: Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein / Fragile X Syndrome / Homeostasis Aspects: Social determinants of health / Equity and inequality Limits: Animals / Humans Language: English Journal: Rev. panam. salud pública Journal subject: Public Health Year: 2015 Document type: Article Affiliation country: United States Institution/Affiliation country: World Health Organization/US

Full text: Available Collection: International databases Health context: SDG3 - Target 3.9 Reduce the amount of deaths produced by dangerous chemicals and the pollution of the air, water and soil / Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas / SDG3 - Health and Well-Being Health problem: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene / Goal 1 Equitable access to health services / Target 3.8 Achieve universal access to health Database: LILACS Main subject: Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein / Fragile X Syndrome / Homeostasis Aspects: Social determinants of health / Equity and inequality Limits: Animals / Humans Language: English Journal: Rev. panam. salud pública Journal subject: Public Health Year: 2015 Document type: Article Affiliation country: United States Institution/Affiliation country: World Health Organization/US
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