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1.
medRxiv ; 2023 Nov 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38076857

RESUMEN

Objectives: Understanding human mobility's role on malaria transmission is critical to successful control and elimination. However, common approaches to measuring mobility are ill-equipped for remote regions such as the Amazon. This study develops a network survey to quantify the effect of community connectivity and mobility on malaria transmission. Design: A community-level network survey. Setting: We collect data on community connectivity along three river systems in the Amazon basin: the Pastaza river corridor spanning the Ecuador-Peru border; and the Amazon and Javari river corridors spanning the Brazil-Peru border. Participants: We interviewed key informants in Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru, including from indigenous communities: Shuar, Achuar, Shiwiar, Kichwa, Ticuna, and Yagua. Key informants are at least 18 years of age and are considered community leaders. Primary outcome: Weekly, community-level malaria incidence during the study period. Methods: We measure community connectivity across the study area using a respondent driven sampling design. Forty-five communities were initially selected: 10 in Brazil, 10 in Ecuador, and 25 in Peru. Participants were recruited in each initial node and administered a survey to obtain data on each community's mobility patterns. Survey responses were ranked and the 2-3 most connected communities were then selected and surveyed. This process was repeated for a third round of data collection. Community network matrices will be linked with eadch country's malaria surveillance system to test the effects of mobility on disease risk. Findings: To date, 586 key informants were surveyed from 126 communities along the Pastaza river corridor. Data collection along the Amazon and Javari river corridors is ongoing. Initial results indicate that network sampling is a superior method to delineate migration flows between communities. Conclusions: Our study provides measures of mobility and connectivity in rural settings where traditional approaches are insufficient, and will allow us to understand mobility's effect on malaria transmission.

2.
Cognition ; 239: 105552, 2023 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37467625

RESUMEN

Is there variation across cultures in what counts as a lie? Here we present evidence for a potentially unique conceptualization of lying in Shuar-Achuar communities in Ecuador, contrasting this conceptualization with people in twelve other countries and non-Shuar-Achuar Ecuadorians. In Shuar-Achuar communities, but not others, predictions of the future that turn out to be false are considered lies, even when the events that render them false are unforeseen. Failed commitments, on the other hand, are not seen as lies when unforeseen events prevent them from being kept. To explain this phenomenon, we suggest that there is an epistemic norm that regulates predictive speech acts in Shuar-Achuar communities, linked to the view that the future can be known under certain special circumstances. This norm holds that claiming knowledge of the future is a form of lying when events prove the prediction false. Commitments, on the other hand, do not imply certainty about the future and so are not considered lies when circumstances prevent them from being fulfilled. In addition, we found several other factors that influence whether speech acts are categorized as lies, including the speaker's expertise, group membership, and the nature of the outcome.


Asunto(s)
Conocimiento , Humanos , Ecuador
3.
Rev Saude Publica ; 56: 99, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36515311

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence pattern of anemia among Indigenous children in Latin America. METHODS: PRISMA guidelines were followed. Records were identified from the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Lilacs by two independent researchers between May and June 2021. Studies were included if the following criteria were met: a) studied Indigenous people b) was about children (from 0 to 12 years old); c) reported a prevalence estimate of anemia; d) had been conducted in any of the countries of Latin America; e) was published either in English, Portuguese, or Spanish; f) is a peer-reviewed article; and g) was published at any date. RESULTS: Out of 2,401 unique records retrieved, 42 articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 39 different Indigenous communities were analyzed in the articles, and in 21 of them (54.0%) child anemia was a severe public health problem (prevalence ≥ 40%). Those communities were the Aymara (Bolivia); Aruak, Guaraní, Kamaiurá, Karapotó, Karibe, Kaxinanuá, Ma-cro-Jê, Suruí, Terena, Xavante (Brazil); Cabécar (Costa Rica), Achuar, Aguaruna, Awajún, Urarina, Yomybato (Peru); Piaroa and Yucpa (Venezuela); and Quechua (Peru and Bolivia). Children below two years had the highest prevalence of anemia (between 16.2% and 86.1%). Among Indigenous people, risk factors for anemia include nutrition, poor living conditions, access to health services, racism, and discrimination. Bolivia and Guatemala are scarcely studied, despite having the highest proportion of Indigenous communities in Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia constitutes a poorly documented public health problem among Indigenous children in 21 Indigenous communities in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. In all Indigenous communities included in this study child anemia was an issue, especially in younger children.


Asunto(s)
Anemia , Niño , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Preescolar , América Latina/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Prevalencia , México/epidemiología , Anemia/epidemiología
4.
PLoS One ; 17(8): e0270305, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35921270

RESUMEN

Museum personnel and the general public have become quite familiar with the presence of shrunken heads in museum collections, but the procedures to authenticate the history and origin of these unique cultural items are not yet reliable. These shrunken heads, called tsantsas, are meant to be the cultural material remains of ceremonies conducted by the Shuar and Achuar Peoples of South America. This project seeks to integrate the use of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanning with methods used in previous studies (clinical computed tomography (CT) and visual inspections) to examine authentication procedures of shrunken heads (tsantsas) held in contemporary museum collections. We use a correlative tomographic approach using several scans at successively higher resolutions to determine whether a tsantsa was created from human remains, and if so, what key features can best contribute to its authentication. Conclusively, our correlative tomographic approaches provide new insights into the determination process of whether a tsantsa was created from real human remains or not. Also, this study questions whether the previously conceptualized dichotomy of ceremonial or commercial might be better thought of as a continuum of practice. Investigating and redefining the examination and authentication procedures of tsantsas is crucial for future ethical curation, management, and repatriation efforts of this unique cultural material of the Shuar and Achuar Peoples.


Asunto(s)
Restos Mortales , Museos , Cabeza/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Investigación , América del Sur , Microtomografía por Rayos X
5.
Más Vita ; 4(2): 140-159, jun. 2022. ilus, tab
Artículo en Español | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1392169

RESUMEN

El embarazo, parto y postparto en la mujer indígena integra un proceso de gran importancia social y cultural cargado de mitos, ritos y paradigmas. En Ecuador la etnia indígena está representada con el 35 % población general. Objetivo: Analizar la percepción sobre la preferencia del parto respetado en gestantes indígenas Shuar y Achuar que acuden a la consulta externa de la Unidad Anidada del cantón Taisha años 2018-2019. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio con un enfoque cuali-cuantitativo; en la parte cuantitativa se utilizó un diseño bibliográfico documental- analítico y en la parte cualitativa se realizó a través de un enfoque fenomenológico analítico. Para la parte cuantitativa se recolectó la información de una matriz validada, mientras tanto, la parte cualitativa se aplicó un cuestionario semi-estructurado bajo la técnica de la entrevista. Los datos obtenidos de la matriz validada fueron codificados y procesados en el programa SPSS 2.0. Resultados: La percepción de las 119 gestantes que acudieron a la unidad Anidada Taisha en relación al lugar de atención de su parto fue 67 (56,30 %); eligieron el parto en su domicilio 50 (42,02%); en el Hospital San José de Taisha y 2 (1,68%); en la finca. De la misma manera, 72 (65,50%); prefirieron el acompañamiento por su esposo, 38 eligieron la posición en cuclillas (31,93%); finalmente 33 (27,33%); prefirieron la posición acostada. Conclusiones: Se identificó que las mujeres indígenas Shuar y Achuar que realizaron sus controles en la Unidad Anidada del cantón Taisha en el periodo 2018-2019, prefirieron las posiciones verticales cuclillas y arrodillada; además, del acompañamiento de su esposo con base a su cultura(AU)


Pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum in indigenous women integrate a process of great social and cultural importance loaded with myths, rites and paradigms. In Ecuador the indigenous ethnic group is represented with 35% general population. Objective: To analyze the perception of the preference of the respected delivery in Shuar and Achuar indigenous pregnant women who attend the outpatient clinic of the Unit Nested from Taisha canton years 2018-2019. Materials and methods: It is a study with an approach qualitative-quantitative; in the quantitative part, a documentary-analytical bibliographic design was used and in the qualitative part was carried out through an analytical phenomenological approach. for the part quantitative information was collected from a validated matrix, meanwhile, the qualitative part was applied a semi-structured questionnaire under the interview technique. The data obtained from the validated matrix were coded and processed in the SPSS 2.0 program. Results: Perception of the 119 pregnant women who attended the Nested Taisha unit in relation to the place of care of their delivery was 67 (56.30%); 50 (42.02%) chose to deliver at home; at the San Jose Hospital Taisha and 2 (1.68%); on the farm. Similarly, 72 (65.50%); preferred the accompaniment by her husband, 38 chose the squatting position (31.93%); finally 33 (27.33%); they preferred the lying position. Conclusions: It was identified that the Shuar and Achuar indigenous women who carried out their controls in the Nested Unit of the Taisha canton in the period 2018-2019, they preferred the vertical squatting and kneeling positions; In addition, the accompaniment of her husband based on your culture.(AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Percepción , Parto , Pueblos Indígenas , Etnicidad , Parto Humanizado , Mujeres Embarazadas , Cultura Indígena
6.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 56: 99, 2022. tab, graf
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS | ID: biblio-1410051

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence pattern of anemia among Indigenous children in Latin America. METHODS: PRISMA guidelines were followed. Records were identified from the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Lilacs by two independent researchers between May and June 2021. Studies were included if the following criteria were met: a) studied Indigenous people b) was about children (from 0 to 12 years old); c) reported a prevalence estimate of anemia; d) had been conducted in any of the countries of Latin America; e) was published either in English, Portuguese, or Spanish; f) is a peer-reviewed article; and g) was published at any date. RESULTS: Out of 2,401 unique records retrieved, 42 articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 39 different Indigenous communities were analyzed in the articles, and in 21 of them (54.0%) child anemia was a severe public health problem (prevalence ≥ 40%). Those communities were the Aymara (Bolivia); Aruak, Guaraní, Kamaiurá, Karapotó, Karibe, Kaxinanuá, Ma-cro-Jê, Suruí, Terena, Xavante (Brazil); Cabécar (Costa Rica), Achuar, Aguaruna, Awajún, Urarina, Yomybato (Peru); Piaroa and Yucpa (Venezuela); and Quechua (Peru and Bolivia). Children below two years had the highest prevalence of anemia (between 16.2% and 86.1%). Among Indigenous people, risk factors for anemia include nutrition, poor living conditions, access to health services, racism, and discrimination. Bolivia and Guatemala are scarcely studied, despite having the highest proportion of Indigenous communities in Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia constitutes a poorly documented public health problem among Indigenous children in 21 Indigenous communities in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. In all Indigenous communities included in this study child anemia was an issue, especially in younger children.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Pobreza , Indios Sudamericanos , Niño , Factores de Riesgo , Desnutrición , Anemia/epidemiología
7.
Forensic Sci Int ; 325: 110879, 2021 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34174769

RESUMEN

Tsantsas are shrunken human heads originally made for ceremonial purposes by Amazonian indigenous groups of the Shuar and Achuar family, previously called Jivaroan tribes. A significant demand of these objects during the first half of the 20th century led to the manufacture of counterfeit shrunken heads for commercial purposes. For museums where these collections are held, as well as for the indigenous groups who claim their ownership, it is important to identify the origin and authenticity of these tsantsas. We hypothesized that a collection of 14 tsantsas from 3 different museum collections in Ecuador are human and aimed to characterize their sex and potential origin. We amplified the amelogenin gene and performed a high resolution melting analysis to determine their human origin and characterize their sex. We also analyzed a fragment (16209-16402) from the HVR-1 region to identify the mtDNA haplogroups present in the tsantsa collection. Our exploratory results show that all the tsantsas are human and that the collection is comprised of 13 males and 1 female. A total of seven mtDNA haplogroups were found among the tsantsa collection using the mtDNA EMPOP database. These results show a predominance of the Amerindian mtDNA haplogroups B, C and D. Additional principal component analysis, genetic distance tree and haplotype network analyses suggest a relationship between the tsantsa specimens and Native American groups.


Asunto(s)
Amelogenina/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Análisis para Determinación del Sexo , Cráneo , Antropología Cultural/historia , Ecuador , Etnicidad/genética , Femenino , Genética Forense , Haplotipos , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Masculino , Museos
8.
Neotrop Entomol ; 50(3): 444-452, 2021 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33740228

RESUMEN

Liosphex Townes, 1977 is a genus of solitary wasps belonging to the family Rhopalosomatidae, whose larvae develop as ectoparasitoids of crickets. In this paper, both sexes of a new species of the genus are described, Liosphex amazonensis Bulbol & Somavilla sp. n. Three other species, Liosphex achuar Lohrmann, 2010, Liosphex atratus Lohrmann, 2010, and Liosphex bribri Lohrmann, 2010, are recorded for the first time in Brazil. The male of Liosphex guanabara Lohrmann, 2010 is described for the first time, and the species is registered for the state of Bahia. In addition, the first detailed descriptions and illustrations of male genitalia of three species of the genus, i.e., L. amazonensis sp. n., L. atratus, and L. guanabara, are provided.


Asunto(s)
Avispas , Animales , Brasil , Femenino , Bosques , Larva , Masculino , Avispas/anatomía & histología , Avispas/clasificación
9.
Forensic Sci Int ; 286: 31-41, 2018 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29558684

RESUMEN

Shrunken heads are a mummification phenomenon unique to South America. Ceremonial tsantsa are ritually reduced heads from enemy victims of the Shuar, Achuar, Awajún (Aguaruna), Wampís (Huambisa), and Candoshi-Shapra cultures. Commercial shrunken heads are comparatively modern and fraudulently produced for the curio-market, often using stolen bodies from hospital mortuaries and graves. To achieve shrinkage and desiccation, heads undergo skinning, simmering (in water) and drying. Considering the intensive treatments applied, this research aims to identify how the facial structure can alter and impact identification using post-mortem depiction. Sixty-five human shrunken heads were assessed: 6 ceremonial, 36 commercial, and 23 ambiguous. Investigations included manual inspection, multi-detector computerised tomography, infrared reflectography, ultraviolet fluorescence and microscopic hair analysis. The mummification process disfigures the outer face, cheeks, nasal root and bridge form, including brow ridge, eyes, ears, mouth, and nose projection. Melanin depletion, epidermal degeneration, and any applied staining changes the natural skin complexion. Papillary and reticular dermis separation is possible. Normal hair structure (cuticle, cortex, medulla) is retained. Hair appears longer (unless cut) and more profuse following shrinkage. Significant features retained include skin defects, facial creases, hairlines and earlobe form. Hair conditions that only affect living scalps are preserved (e.g. nits, hair casts). Ear and nose cartilage helps to retain some morphological information. Commercial heads appear less distorted than ceremonial tsantsa, often presenting a definable eyebrow shape, vermillion lip shape, lip thickness (if mouth is open), philtrum form, and palpebral slit angle. Facial identification capabilities are considered limited, and only perceived possible for commercial heads.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Ceremonial , Etnicidad , Cara/diagnóstico por imagen , Cara/patología , Momias , Comercio , Fluorescencia , Cabello/patología , Humanos , Rayos Infrarrojos , Microscopía , Tomografía Computarizada Multidetector , América del Sur , Rayos Ultravioleta
10.
Lima; Perú. Ministerio de Salud; 1 ed; 2017. 16 p. ilus.
Monografía en Español | MINSAPERÚ, LILACS, LIPECS | ID: biblio-1343070

RESUMEN

La publicación describe diversos estudios de costo- beneficio y costo-efectividad sobre intervenciones o programas de prevención en VIH , así como las evaluaciones económicas de intervenciones de prevención en VIH en comunidades indígenas y su impacto económico. El horizonte del programa en estudio era de un año y fue desarrollado en las comunidades indígenas de Condorcanqui y Datem del Marañón de los pueblos indígenas, Achuar, Awajún, Chapra, Kandozi, Kichwa, Shawi y Wampis


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Atención Integral de Salud , Brigada de Emergencia , Pueblos Indígenas , Unidades Móviles de Salud
11.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 164: 78-88, 2015 Apr 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25660382

RESUMEN

AIM OF THE STUDY AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: This paper presents the first ethnobotanical survey conducted among the Achuar (Jivaro), indigenous people living in Amazonian Ecuador and Peru. The aims of this study are: (a) to present and discuss Achuar medicinal plant knowledge in the context of the epidemiology of this population (b) to compare the use of Achuar medicinal plants with the uses reported among the Shuar Jivaro and other Amazonian peoples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The author conducted field research in 9 indigenous villages in the region of Morona Santiago and Pastaza in Ecuador. Semi-structured interviews on local illnesses and herbal remedies were carried out with 82 informants and plant specimens were collected and later identified in Quito. A literature research was conducted on the medicinal species reported by Achuar people during this study. RESULTS: The most reported medicinal plants are species used by the Achuar to treat diarrhoea, parasites infection, fractures, wounds, and snakebites. Informants reported the use of 134 medicinal species for a total of 733 recorded use-reports. Of these 134 species, 44 are reported at least 3 times for one or more specific disease condition for a total of 56 uses. These species are considered a core kit of medicinal plants of the Achuar of Ecuador. Most of these medicinal species are widely used in the Amazon rainforest and in many other parts of Latin America. CONCLUSION: The author documented a core kit of 44 medicinal plants used among the Achuar of Ecuador and found that this core set of medicinal plants reflects local epidemiological concerns and the pharmacopoeias of the Shuar and other Amazonian groups. These findings suggest that inter-group diffusion of medicinal plant knowledge had a prominent role in the acquisition of current Achuar knowledge of medicinal plants.


Asunto(s)
Fitoterapia , Plantas Medicinales , Adulto , Ecuador , Etnobotánica , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional , Farmacopeas como Asunto
12.
Zootaxa ; 3895(1): 31-57, 2014 Dec 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25543553

RESUMEN

We consider Pristimantis achuar as junior synonym of P. luscombei, based on morphological and genetic evidence. Paratype specimens of P. luscombei are part of a new species, which lead to taxonomic confusion regarding the identity of P. luscombei. We describe and name this new species as Pristimantis miktos sp. nov. from Juyuintza, Pastaza province, eastern lowlands of Ecuador. Morphological diagnostic characters used to distinguish the new species from other brownish Amazonian Pristimantis are: (1) skin of dorsum shagreen with scattered tubercles or pustules; (2) tympanum prominent; (3) a thick X-shaped scapular dermal ridge in males; and (4) an orange iris in life. Pristimantis miktos is an inhabitant of the lowlands forests of the Pastaza and Napo drainages in eastern Ecuador and northern Loreto in Peru, reaching elevations of up to 350 m; P. luscombei is widely distributed in the upper Amazon Basin of Ecuador, northern Peru and extreme western Brazil, up to 1000 m. Phylogenetic analyses reveals that P. luscombei and the new species are not closest relatives, as also deduced from morphological evidence.


Asunto(s)
Anuros/clasificación , Distribución Animal , Estructuras Animales/anatomía & histología , Estructuras Animales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Anuros/anatomía & histología , Anuros/genética , Anuros/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tamaño Corporal , Brasil , Ecuador , Femenino , Masculino , Tamaño de los Órganos , Perú , Filogenia
13.
Index enferm ; 19(2/3): 208-212, sept. 2010. ilus
Artículo en Español | IBECS | ID: ibc-95600

RESUMEN

Se hace necesario un análisis de los programas de cooperación, en los cuales se reproducen pautas biomédicas foráneas y se descuidan las locales. En este trabajo se presenta el resultado de varios estudios de caso, en los cuales se aprecia cómo la forma de llevar a cabo programas de salud en zonas aisladas no examina con detalle la realidad indígena y su medicina tradicional. Es producto de una inmersión sociocultural y observación participante, realizando trabajo de campo intensivo con técnicas cualitativas (entrevistas en profundidad, análisis institucional, estudios de casos), tanto en la comunidad achuar como en las estructuras occidentales del escenario intervenido. He encontrado que la forma de llevar a cabo programas de salud en estas comunidades indígenas tan inaccesibles, genera como consecuencia desconfianza hacia el nuevo sistema que se impone y que no recoge verdaderos resultados. He constatado que la competencia cultural, es algo muy exigible a las ongs y agencias de salud que trabajan en la zona estudiada (AU)


There becomes necessary to analyze cooperation programs which reproduced our biomedical guidelines but neglect the local ones. In this Work, it show the result of several case studies, which show how the way of carrying out health programs in isolated areas does not examine closely the indigenous reality and its traditional medicine. I have done a sociocultural immersion and an observation participant, I have applied a qualitative methodology and techniques, both in the Achuar community and in the western structures of the scene researched.I have found out that the way of carrying out health programs in such inaccessible indegenous communities, provokes distrust towards the new system imposed. As a consequence, it does not gather real results.I have concluded that a greates knowledge of cultural competence, is something that should be required from ngos and health agencies that are employed in the studied area (AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Salud de Poblaciones Indígenas/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermería Transcultural/tendencias , Competencia Cultural , Evaluación de Eficacia-Efectividad de Intervenciones , Ecuador , Medicina Tradicional
14.
Lima; Ministerio de Salud; 2006. 307 p. ilusmaps^ctab.(Análisis de la Situación de Salud y Tendencias).
Monografía en Español | MINSAPERÚ | ID: pru-2196

RESUMEN

El presente documento consiste en un análisis situacional de salud del pueblo Achuar, siguiendo el proceso metodológico con el que la Dirección General de Epidemiología (OGE) se propone con la implantación de la interculturalidad como política de Estado en el ámbito de la salud pública en las áreas indígenas


Asunto(s)
Indicadores de Salud , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Proceso Salud-Enfermedad
15.
Lima; Ministerio de Salud; 2006. 307 p. ilus, mapas, tab.(Análisis de la Situación de Salud y Tendencias).
Monografía en Español | LILACS | ID: lil-651341

RESUMEN

El presente documento consiste en un análisis situacional de salud del pueblo Achuar, siguiendo el proceso metodológico con el que la Dirección General de Epidemiología (OGE) se propone con la implantación de la interculturalidad como política de Estado en el ámbito de la salud pública en las áreas indígenas.


Asunto(s)
Indicadores de Salud , Proceso Salud-Enfermedad
16.
Quito; Consejo de Desarrollo de las Nacionalidades y Pueblos del Ecuador. CODENPE; abr. 2003. 64 p. ilus.
Monografía en Español | LILACS | ID: lil-344718

RESUMEN

Nacionalidades y pueblos de la costa: Awa, Chachi, Epera, Tsa'chila, Manta Huancavilca.- Nacionalidades y pueblos de la sierra: Karanki, Natabuela, Otavalo, Kayambi, Kitu-Kara, Panzaleo, Chibuleo, Kichwa del Tungurahua, Salasaka, Puruhá, Waranka, Saraguro.- Nacionalidades y pueblos de la amazonía: A'l Cofán, Secoya, Siona, Huaorani, Shiwiar, Zápara, Achuar, Shuar, Kichwa de la Amazonía


Asunto(s)
Etnicidad , Población , Ecuador
17.
Am J Hum Biol ; 13(3): 301-9, 2001.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11460895

RESUMEN

Anthropometric data from a Tukanoan population in the Vaupes region of Colombia and an Achuar population in the Ecuadorian Amazon were compared relative to international references. The Tukanoans exploit an oligotrophic blackwater ecosystem, whereas the Achuar inhabit a resource rich montane ecosystem. Given this ecological distinction, three hypotheses regarding nutritional statuses were proposed: (1) Tukanoans are significantly shorter than the Achuar, indicating a greater degree of stunting; (2) Tukanoans are significantly leaner, indicating a greater degree of wasting; and (3) Tukanaons have significantly lower upper arm muscle area, indicating lower lean body mass. Z-scores for height, weight-for-height, and estimated upper arm muscle area were determined and significant nutritional stress was assumed at z < or = -2.0. Between population differences in z-scores for height-for-age (ZHT), weight-for-height (ZWH), and upper arm muscle area (ZUMA) were examined using analysis of variance with a subsequent Scheffe's test. Between-group differences in the frequencies of individuals with low z-scores (z < or = -2.0) were assessed via chi-squared analysis. Both populations showed stunting in most age groups, but neither showed low ZWH or ZUMA. Significant differences between populations were found only for ZHT in children (females 1.0-4.9 and 5.0-9.9 years, and males 5.0-9.9 years). Tukanoans have significantly higher frequencies of stunting in all age-sex groups except females and males age 30-49.9 years. There were no significant between-population differences in the frequencies of individuals with low ZWH or ZUMA. These differences in nutritional status may reflect differences in resource availability.


Asunto(s)
Antropometría , Brazo/anatomía & histología , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Indios Sudamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Evaluación Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/diagnóstico , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Agricultura , Análisis de Varianza , Antropometría/métodos , Estatura/etnología , Peso Corporal/etnología , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Niño , Preescolar , Colombia/epidemiología , Comparación Transcultural , Ecosistema , Ecuador/epidemiología , Femenino , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas Nutricionales , Prevalencia , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/etiología , Distribución por Sexo , Árboles
18.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 33(1-2): 25-30, 1991.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1682531

RESUMEN

In Amazonian Peru and Ecuador leaf decoctions of the rainforest holly Ilex guayusa with high caffeine concentrations are used as a morning stimulant. After daily ingestion, ritualistic vomiting by male Achuar Indians, better known as Jívaros, reduces excessive caffeine intake, so that blood levels of caffeine and biotransformed dimethylxanthines do not cause undesirable CNS and other effects. Emesis is learned and apparently not due to emetic compounds.


Asunto(s)
Cultura , Indios Sudamericanos , Extractos Vegetales , Cafeína/análisis , Cafeína/farmacología , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/farmacología , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada , Ecuador , Eméticos/farmacología , Humanos , Masculino , Perú , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Xantinas/análisis , Xantinas/sangre , Xantinas/farmacología
19.
Rev. Inst. Invest. Cienc. Salud ; 5(2): 103-14, oct. 1990. ilus, tab
Artículo en Español | LILACS | ID: lil-133270

RESUMEN

Como continuación del artículo anterior (Revista del IDICSA), marzo de 1990) los autores presentan los resultados obtenidos a nivel de las comunidades campesinas de las provincias de Azuay, Cañar y de los miembros de la Federación de Centros Shuar-Achuar en la provincia de Morona Santiago. Frente a la investigación de conceptos, actitudes y prácticas en relación con la tuberculosis. El Conocimiento existente sobre tuberculosis en las comunidades es relativamente amplio, observándose errores y ausencias en algunos aspectos, fundamentalmente en relación con diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención. Las actitudes de la poblacón frente a la enfermedad en general son negativas, notándose resistencia y aún miedo a la patología. Las prácticas poblacionales son variables, con características de poca eficacia en la mayoría de los casos.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Medicina Tradicional , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/terapia
20.
s.l; Mundo Shuar; 1984. 122 p. ilus.
Monografía en Español | LILACS | ID: lil-295

RESUMEN

El documento recolecta los principales datos registrados como consecuencia del proceso de transformación cultural sobre la salud, con el fin de desarrollar um modelo epidemiológico para entender los problemas y apontar posibles soluciones, refiriendose al Alto Amazonas. El estudio se basa en los indios Shuar y Achuar(Jívaros) del Ecuador entre los que Kroeger trabajó como médico y realizó estudios complemetarios entre 1971-1978. Também ilustra las informaciones sobre la selva peruana recogidas por Freedman quién llevó a cabo um trabajo antropológico en el extremo sur del área cultural de los Jívaros entre 1970-1981. Se analiza la adaptación de los indios al medio ambiente gracias a normas sociales fijadas culturalmente, la estructura genética el equilibrio demográfico y se estudia detalladamente las consecuencias para la salud del proceso de transformación de la cultura como destrucción de selva, cruce de vazas, incremento de la densidad de la población etc


Asunto(s)
Características de la Población , Indios Sudamericanos , Ecosistema , Cultura , Medicina Preventiva , Ecuador , Medicina Tradicional
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