Taxonomic Review of Zabrotica Hull 1958 (Diptera: Asilidae: Stenopogoninae), a Senior Synonym of Aymarasilus Artigas 1974, with Descriptions of Six New Species.

Zabrotica Hull, 1958 is revised and six new species are described from Peru: Zabrotica artigasi sp. nov. from Junín, Zabrotica floresi sp. nov. from Huánuco, Zabrotica hockingi sp. nov. from Huánuco and Pasco, Zabrotica hulli sp. nov. from Pasco, Zabrotica maidecita sp. nov. from Cajamarca, and Zabrotica mariae sp. nov. from Apurímac, Cuzco and Puno. Additionally, Aymarasilus Artigas, 1974 syn. nov., is herein proposed as a junior synonym of Zabrotica. A diagnosis for the genus is provided, as well as an identification key to the known species and distribution maps.

Qualitative study on violence against women analyzed under the thought of Edmund Husserl in the context of the Society of Apurimac.

The purpose of the investigation was to analyze the experiences and perspectives on violence against women in the Apurímac region, Peru. The analysis was carried out through interviews with women in each of the provinces of Apurimac. The aim was to learn about the status of women's rights and the effectiveness of provisions and regulations for their protection. The article will also explore the vast cultural and social diversity present in the interviews themselves, in contrast to the current normative system. As a general conclusion, it became evident that women in Apurimac-Peru suffered different types of abuse and mistreatment just because they were women and that they did not feel any kind of support from the authorities, showing a lack of interest from the state in improving the current situation of women in Peruvian society.

Economic valuation of the ecosystem of the high Andean hydrographic basin tributary of the Chumbao River, through multicriteria analysis.

Environmental wealth is the main basis of the social, cultural and economic development of a country, but if there is an absence of the valuation of these natural resources, it can lead to a disproportionate usufruct that causes the deterioration of the ecosystem and even collateral effects of human health. This research aimed to know the total economic value of the ecosystem of the high Andean water basin tributary of the Chumbao River, located between 2000 to 4800 meters above sea level belonging to the province of Andahuaylas, Apurimac region in Perú. The valuation procedure consisted of using the analytical method of multicriteria valuation applying the concept of Total Economic Value, which involved direct and indirect uses related to environmental assets, in which a collective panel of people from different training disciplines (experts) participated, which were made up of researchers, engineers, public officials, farmers and ecologists who had extensive knowledge about the environmental asset. of the geographical area in reference; and once the paired comparison survey was done, the total economic value was quantified up to three amounts, so the respondents were formed into three statistically significant segments (SIG<0.05). The cluster (1): assigned a weighting that quantifies to an economic value of USS 4,359,179,489.46; followed by cluster (2): an intermediate value of USS 4,029,902,444.41 and cluster (3): assigned a lower value to USS 774,163,167.16. Thus, it follows that, on average, 51.78% equals value in use and 48.21% equals value in non-use, respectively. This value expressed as an interval reflects the environmental ethical positions of the groups and makes available as an indicator to government authorities and society in order to exercise actions of environmental sustainability high andean.

Genetic diversity in creole pigs in south central Peru.

The creole pigs represent 67% of the national population in Peru. They are a source of economic income in rural communities, and due to their rusticity, they are not much labor demanding. However, knowledge about its genetic diversity remains scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the population structure and genetic diversity of creole pigs from rural communities in south central Peru. Thirteen microsatellites were used to characterize 120 creole pigs from the departments of Ayacucho (57) and Apurimac (63). The samples were taken from hair follicles and ear tissue. Nine microsatellites were highly polymorphic and informative (PIC > 0.5) for both departments. The Ayacucho population had a mean number of alleles (MNA) and expected heterozygosity (HE) of 8.8 and 0.68, respectively, while in the Apurimac population, these were 8.9 and 0.71, respectively. Both populations showed in less than 50% of their loci a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There was a moderate genetic structure according to the analysis of molecular variance and the FST statistics (0.06), which was corroborated by Bayesian methods. In conclusion, the genetic diversity was mostly due to the intrapopulation variance (91%). Some individuals from Ayacucho shared similar alleles with those from Apurimac. This latter result may be due to their geographic proximity and the introduction of the same new exotic breeds. This is the first research on the genetic diversity of creole pigs in south central Peru. In fact, this study could serve as a basis for conservation strategies and actions in this region.

A new species of Andean frog of the genus Phrynopus (Anura: Strabomantidae) from southeastern Peru.

The Cordillera de los Andes is one of the most important regions for biodiversity. Among amphibians, many endemic species of terrestrial-breeding frogs have recently been discovered. Herein we describe Phrynopus sancristobali from the Andes of southeastern Peru based on molecular and morphological data. The new species is known from the ecotone between humid puna and montane forest at 3910 m a.s.l. on the left side of the Apurímac Valley in the Department of Ayacucho. The new species differs from congeners by having dorsum bearing pustules and light brown with dark brown reticulations surrounding the areolas, and coloration consisting of flanks golden brown with gray or dark brown marks, palms pale orange, soles deep orange, toes IV and V dark brown in dorsal and ventral view, belly cream to yellow with gray to light brown marks, and groin and throat deep orange. The snout-vent length (SVL) is 20.7 and 22.2 in two females, and 19.5 mm in one male. According to our phylogeny inferred using Maximum Likelihood with a concatenated dataset of three mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, P. sancristobali is sister taxon of P. apumantarum, recently described from Department Huancavelica. Our description extends the known geographic range of Phrynopus 73 km to the south, and P. sancristobali is the only species in the genus known to occur south of the Mantaro River, whose deep valley is hypothesized to be a biogeographic barrier for high-Andean organisms. The discovery of P. sancristobali confirms the high levels of endemism and beta diversity of Phrynopus in the moist puna grasslands and montane forests of the high Andes of Peru, and suggests that further work will reveal the presence of additional species in southern Peru.

Consanguinidad no declarada en pacientes peruanos con trastorno del neurodesarrollo detectada a través de micromatrices

Introducción. La consanguinidad es la unión entre personas que comparten un ancestro en común, y cuya descendencia presenta un mayor riesgo de aparición de enfermedades autosómicas recesivas, manifestándose en algunos pacientes como trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Objetivos. Describir la consanguinidad parental no declarada en pacientes menores de 18 años con trastornos del neurodesarrollo, descubierta mediante el análisis cromosómico por micromatrices. Métodos. Se realizó el análisis cromosómico por micromatrices a 967 pacientes con trastorno del neurodesarrollo entre 2016 y 2021. Fueron seleccionados los pacientes con regiones de homocigosidad (ROH) con un valor superior a 0,5%. Resultados. Se evaluó a 288 pacientes, el 58,3% fueron varones y el 29,8% presentó una ROH mayor o igual a 0,5%. Se encontró que el 25,9% y el 0,83% de los pacientes tenían padres con un quinto y primer grado de consanguinidad no declarada, respectivamente. Los departamentos con mayor frecuencia relativa de consanguinidad no declarada por cada 10 000 habitantes fueron Huancavelica, Cajamarca y Apurímac. Conclusión. En Perú, existen regiones donde se evidencia uniones parentales consanguíneas, el cual es un factor de riesgo alto para la aparición de enfermedades recesivas autosómicas en su descendencia, como los trastornos del neurodesarrollo.

Introduction. Consanguinity is the union between people who share a common ancestor, and whose offspring have a higher risk of autosomal recessive diseases, manifesting in some patients as neurodevelopmental disorders. Objectives. To describe non-declared parental consanguinity of patients under 18 years of age with neurodevelopmental disorders, discovered by chromosomal microarray analysis. Methods. Chromosomal microarray analysis was performed on 967 patients with neurodevelopmental disorders between the years 2016-2021 and were selected to patients with regions of homozygosity (ROH) with a value greater than 0.5%. Results. 288 patients were evaluated, 58.3% of the patients were male and 29,8% presented an ROH greater than or equal to 0.5%. We found 25.9% and 0.83% of the patients had their parents of a fifth and first degree of consanguinity not previously declared, respectively. The most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder was delayed psychomotor development with 38.2%. The departments with the highest frequency relative of non declared consanguinity were Huancavelica, Cajamarca y Apurimac. Conclusions. In Peru, non-declared parental consanguinity is frequent, which is a high-risk factor for the appearance of autosomal recessive diseases in their offspring, how neurodevelopment disorders.

Two new species of Ribes (Grossulariaceae) from Peru

The genus Ribes (Grossulariaceae) has a center of diversity in the tropical Andes, especially in Peru. Several new species have been discovered in recent years and additional collections keep turning up material of undescribed species. In the present study we describe two additional new species, both from the wide-ranging species complex around Ribes andicola. Ribes lambayequensis comes from a known centre of diversity of the Andean plants, the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone, but represents the first species of the genus from Lambayeque. It differs most obviously from its geographical neighbor Ribes colandina by its two-coloured flowers in erect inflorescences (versus uniformly dark red flowers in pendulous racemes in R. colandina). The other new species is described from Apurímac and represents the first microendemic species of Ribes from this generally poorly explored region. It is a far southern outlier of the Ribes andicola group, which otherwise finds its southern range limit in the Department of La Libertad. Ribes apurimacensis differs from its closest allies in the Ribes andicola group by an exclusively glandular indument (no simple hairs) in combination with smaller leaves, a serrate leaf margin and dark red flowers.

El género Ribes (Grossulariaceae) tiene un centro de diversidad en los Andes tropicales, especialmente en el Perú. Un número de especies nuevas se describieron en los últimos años y nuevo material sigue agregando novedades taxonómicas. En el presente estudio se describen dos especies nuevas adicionales, ambas de un complejo con amplia distribución afín a Ribes andicola. Ribes lambayequensis proviene de un centro de diversidad botánica bien documentado, la denominada zona Amotape-Huancabamba, pero representa la primera especie del género en Lambayeque. Difiere claramente de su vecino geográfico Ribes colandina en sus flores bicoloras en inflorescencias erguidas (versus flores rojo marrón en inflorescencias péndulas en R. colandina). La otra especie nueva se describe de Apurímac y representa la primera especie microendémica de Ribes de esta región poco investigada. Es muy distante del resto de la distribución principal del grupo Ribes andicola, normalmente restringido a la zona al norte de La Libertad. Ribes apurimacensis difiere de sus aliados en el grupo Ribes andicola en hojas solamente glandulosas (no pubescentes) en combinación con hojas más pequeñas, márgenes de las hojas serradas (no crenadas) y flores marrón oscuro.

Taxonomic discoveries enabled by genomic analysis of butterflies.

The comparative genomics of butterflies yields additional insights into their phylogeny and classification that are compiled here. As a result, 3 genera, 5 subgenera, 5 species, and 3 subspecies are proposed as new, i.e., in Hesperiidae: Antina Grishin, gen. n. (type species Antigonus minor O. Mielke, 1980), Pompe Grishin and Lamas, gen. n. (type species Lerema postpuncta Draudt, 1923), and Curva Grishin, gen. n. (type species Moeris hyagnis Godman, 1900); in Lycaenidae: Fussia Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Polyommatus standfussi Grum-Grshimailo, 1891) and Pava Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Thecla panava Westwood, 1852); in Hesperiidae: Monoca Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Tagiades monophthalma Plötz, 1884), Putuma Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Tisias putumayo Constantino and Salazar, 2013), and Rayia Grishin, subgen. n. (type species Mastor perigenes Godman, 1900); Cissia wahala Grishin, sp. n. (Nymphalidae; type locality in Mexico: Oaxaca); in Hesperiidae: Hedone mira Grishin and Lamas, sp. n. (type locality in Peru: Apurímac), Vidius pompeoides Grishin, sp. n. (type locality in Brazil: Amazonas), Parphorus hermieri Grishin, sp. n. (Hesperiidae; type locality in Brazil: Rondônia), and Zenis par Grishin, sp. n. (Hesperiidae; type locality in Peru: Cuzco); in Pieridae: Glutophrissa drusilla noroesta Grishin, ssp. n. (type locality in USA: Texas, Cameron Co.) and Pieris marginalis siblanca Grishin, ssp. n. (type locality in USA: New Mexico, Lincoln Co.), and Argynnis cybele neomexicana Grishin, ssp. n. (Nymphalidae; type locality in USA: New Mexico, Sandoval Co.). Acidalia leto valesinoides-alba Reuss, [1926] and Acidalia nokomis valesinoides-alba Reuss, [1926] are unavailable names. Neotypes are designated for Mylothris margarita Hübner, [1825] (type locality in Brazil) and Papilio coras Cramer, 1775 (type locality becomes USA: Pennsylvania, Montgomery Co., Flourtown). Mylothris margarita Hübner, [1825] becomes a junior objective synonym of Pieris ilaire Godart, 1819, currently a junior subjective synonym of Glutophrissa drusilla (Cramer, 1777). Lectotypes are designated for Hesperia ceramica Plötz, 1886 (type locality in Indonesia: Seram Island), Pamphila trebius Mabille, 1891 (type locality Colombia: Bogota), Methionopsis modestus Godman, 1901 and Papias microsema Godman, 1900 (type locality in Mexico: Tabasco), Hesperia fusca Grote & Robinson, 1867 (type locality in USA: Georgia), Goniloba corusca Herrich-Schäffer, 1869, and Goniloba devanes Herrich-Schäffer, 1869; the type localities of the last two species, together with Pamphila stigma Skinner, 1896 and Carystus (Argon) lota (Hewitson, 1877), are deduced to be in South America. Type locality of Junonia pacoma Grishin, 2020 is in Sinaloa, not Sonora (Mexico). Abdomen is excluded from the holotype of Staphylus ascalon (Staudinger, 1876). Furthermore, a number of taxonomic changes are proposed. Alciphronia Koçak, 1992 is treated as a subgenus, not a synonym of Heodes Dalman, 1816. The following genera are treated as subgenera: Lafron Grishin, 2020 of Lycaena [Fabricius], 1807, Aremfoxia Real, 1971 of Epityches D'Almeida, 1938, Placidina D'Almeida, 1928 of Pagyris Boisduval, 1870, and Methionopsis Godman, 1901 of Mnasinous Godman, 1900. Polites (Polites) coras (Cramer, 1775) is not a nomen dubium but a valid species. The following are species-level taxa (not subspecies or synonyms of taxa given in parenthesis): Lycaena pseudophlaeas (Lucas, 1866) and Lycaena hypophlaeas (Boisduval, 1852) (not Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761), Satyrium dryope (W. H. Edwards, 1870) (not Satyrium sylvinus (Boisduval, 1852)), Apodemia cleis (W. H. Edwards, 1882) (not Apodemia zela (Butler, 1870)), Epityches thyridiana (Haensch, 1909), comb. nov. (not Epityches ferra Haensch, 1909, comb. nov.), Argynnis bischoffii W. H. Edwards, 1870 (not Argynnis mormonia Boisduval, 1869), Argynnis leto Behr, 1862 (not Argynnis cybele (Fabricius, 1775)), Boloria myrina (Cramer, 1777) (not Boloria selene ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)), Phyciodes jalapeno J. Scott, 1998 (not Phyciodes phaon (W. H. Edwards, 1864)), Phyciodes incognitus Gatrelle, 2004 and Phyciodes diminutor J. Scott, 1998 (not Phyciodes cocyta (Cramer, 1777)), Phyciodes orantain J. Scott, 1998 (not Phyciodes tharos (Drury, 1773)), Phyciodes anasazi J. Scott, 1994 (not Phyciodes batesii (Reakirt, [1866])), Cercyonis silvestris (W. H. Edwards, 1861) (not Cercyonis sthenele (Boisduval, 1852)), Paramacera allyni L. Miller, 1972 and Paramacera rubrosuffusa L. Miller, 1972 (not Paramacera xicaque (Reakirt, [1867])), Cissia cheneyorum (R. Chermock, 1949), Cissia pseudocleophes (L. Miller, 1976), and Cissia anabelae (L. Miller, 1976) (not Cissia rubricata (W. H. Edwards, 1871)), Tarsoctenus gaudialis (Hewitson, 1876) (not Tarsoctenus corytus (Cramer, 1777)), Nisoniades inca (Lindsey, 1925) (not Nisoniades mimas (Cramer, 1775), Xenophanes ruatanensis Godman & Salvin, 1895 (not Xenophanes tryxus (Stoll, 1780)), Lotongus shigeoi Treadaway & Nuyda, 1994, Lotongus balta Evans, 1949, Lotongus zalates (Mabille, 1893), and Lotongus taprobanus (Plötz, 1885) (not Lotongus calathus (Hewitson, 1876)), Oxynthes martius (Mabille, 1889) (not Oxynthes corusca (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)), Notamblyscirtes durango J. Scott, 2017 (not Notamblyscirtes simius W. H. Edwards, 1881), Hedone praeceps Scudder, 1872, Hedone catilina (Plötz, 1886), and Hedone calla (Evans, 1955) (not Hedone vibex (Geyer, 1832)), Atalopedes huron (W. H. Edwards, 1863) (not Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval, 1852)), Papias microsema Godman, 1900 (not Mnasinous phaeomelas (Hübner, [1829]), comb. nov.), Papias unicolor (Hayward, 1938) and Papias monus Bell, 1942 (not Papias phainis Godman, 1900), Nastra leuconoides (Lindsey, 1925) (not Nastra leucone (Godman, 1900)), Nastra fusca (Grote & Robinson, 1867) (not Nastra lherminier (Latreille, [1824])), Zenis hemizona (Dyar, 1918) and Zenis janka Evans, 1955 (not Zenis jebus (Plötz, 1882)), Carystus (Argon) argus Möschler, 1879 (not Carystus (Argon) lota Hewitson, 1877), and Lycas devanes (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (not Lycas argentea (Hewitson, 1866)). Borbo impar ceramica (Plötz, 1886), comb. nov. is not a synonym of Pelopidas agna larika (Pagenstecher, 1884) but a valid subspecies. Parnassius smintheus behrii W. H. Edwards, 1870 and Cercyonis silvestris incognita J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 2012 are subspecies, not species. The following are junior subjective synonyms: Shijimiaeoides Beuret, 1958 of Glaucopsyche Scudder, 1872, Micropsyche Mattoni, 1981 of Turanana Bethune-Baker, 1916, Cyclyrius Butler, 1897 of Leptotes Scudder, 1876, Mesenopsis Godman & Salvin, 1886 of Xynias Hewitson, 1874, Carystus tetragraphus Mabille, 1891 of Lotongus calathus parthenope (Plötz, 1886), Parnara bipunctata Elwes & J. Edwards, 1897 of Borbo impar ceramica (Plötz, 1886), Hesperia peckius W. Kirby, 1837 of Polites (Polites) coras (Cramer, 1775), and Lerodea neamathla Skinner & R. Williams, 1923 of Nastra fusca (Grote & Robinson, 1867). The following transfers are proposed: of species between genera (i.e., revised genus-species combinations): Nervia niveostriga (Trimen, 1864) (not Kedestes Watson, 1893), Leona lota Evans, 1937 (not Lennia Grishin, 2022), Leona pruna (Evans, 1937) and Leona reali (Berger, 1962) (not Pteroteinon Watson, 1893), Mnasinous phaeomelas (Hübner, [1829]) (not Papias Godman, 1900), Saturnus jaguar (Steinhauser, 2008) (not Parphorus Godman, 1900), Parphorus harpe (Steinhauser, 2008) (not Saturnus Evans, 1955), Parphorus kadeni (Evans, 1955) (not Lento Evans, 1955), and Calpodes chocoensis (Salazar & Constantino, 2013) (not Megaleas Godman, 1901); of subspecies between species (i.e., revised species-subspecies combinations): Melitaea sterope W. H. Edwards, 1870 of Chlosyne palla (Boisduval, 1852) (not Chlosyne acastus (W. H. Edwards, 1874)) and Panoquina ocola distipuncta Johnson & Matusik, 1988 of Panoquina lucas (Fabricius, 1793); and junior subjective synonym transferred between species: Rhinthon zaba Strand, 1921 of Conga chydaea (A. Butler, 1877), not Cynea cynea (Hewitson, 1876), Pamphila stigma Skinner, 1896 of Hedone catilina (Plötz, 1886), not Hedone praeceps Scudder, 1872, and Pamphila ortygia Möschler, 1883 of Panoquina hecebolus (Scudder, 1872), not Panoquina ocola (W. H. Edwards, 1863). Proposed taxonomic changes result in additional revised species-subspecies combinations: Lycaena pseudophlaeas abbottii (Holland, 1892), Satyrium dryope putnami (Hy. Edwards, 1877), Satyrium dryope megapallidum Austin, 1998, Satyrium dryope itys (W. H. Edwards, 1882), Satyrium dryope desertorum (F. Grinnell, 1917), Argynnis bischoffi opis W. H. Edwards, 1874, Argynnis bischoffi washingtonia W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913, Argynnis bischoffi erinna W. H. Edwards, 1883, Argynnis bischoffi kimimela Marrone, Spomer & J. Scott, 2008, Argynnis bischoffi eurynome W. H. Edwards, 1872, Argynnis bischoffi artonis W. H. Edwards, 1881, Argynnis bischoffi luski W. Barnes & McDunnough, 1913, Argynnis leto letona (dos Passos & Grey, 1945), Argynnis leto pugetensis (F. Chermock & Frechin, 1947), Argynnis leto eileenae (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon, 1998), Boloria myrina nebraskensis (W. Holland, 1928), Boloria myrina sabulocollis Kohler, 1977, Boloria myrina tollandensis (W. Barnes & Benjamin, 1925), Boloria myrina albequina (W. Holland, 1928), Boloria myrina atrocostalis (Huard, 1927), Boloria myrina terraenovae (W. Holland, 1928), Phyciodes anasazi apsaalooke J. Scott, 1994, Polites coras surllano J. Scott, 2006, and Curva darienensis (Gaviria, Siewert, Mielke & Casagrande, 2018). Specimen curated as the holotype of Acidalia leto valesinoides-alba Reuss, [1926] is Argynnis leto letona (dos Passos & Grey, 1945) (not A. leto leto Behr, 1862) from USA: Utah, Provo. A synonymic list of available genus-group names for Lycaeninae [Leach],[1815] is given. Unless stated otherwise, all subgenera, species, subspecies and synonyms of mentioned genera and species are transferred with their parent taxa, and others remain as previously classified.

Changes in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Peruvian Children under Five Years before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study.

This study aimed to identify changes in the prevalence of childhood (children under five years of age) overweight and obesity in Peru as a whole and at the departmental level, before and during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. We performed a secondary data analysis of two Demographic and Family Health Surveys (2019 and 2021) in Peru. The outcome was childhood overweight and obesity, defined as a weight-for-height score greater than 2 standard deviations. Poisson log generalized linear regression models adjusted for sex and/or age in months of the child were fitted to obtain the prevalence ratios of the changes in childhood overweight and obesity from 2019 to 2021. The analysis included 41,533 (2019: 20,414; 2021: 21,119) participants. The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity was 6.4% in 2019 and 7.8% in 2021. Female children, aged 2, 3 and 4 years, and mothers who self-identified as non-native, had secondary and higher education, belonged to the middle and richer wealth quintile and resided in an urban area, in a village, in a small city and in the coastal region showed the largest increases in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in 2021 compared to 2019. The departments of Pasco, Apurímac, Junín, Cusco, Lambayeque and La Libertad presented the largest increases in the prevalence of these nutritional disorders. During the pandemic, an increase in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity was observed, with demographic and socioeconomic factors accounting for the largest increases in the prevalence rates. A restructuring of overweight and obesity control strategies is required to curb this steady increase.

Los bosques estacionalmente secos del Perú: un re-análisis de sus patrones de diversidad y relaciones florísticas

Los bosques estacionalmente secos en el Perú constituyen un conjunto de ecosistemas que incluye tres grandes grupos florísticos: bosques costeros, interandinos y orientales. Con la excepción de los bosques estacionalmente secos de las llanuras costeras del norte del país, hasta hace poco la ausencia de datos hacía difícil describir adecuadamente estos grupos en base a su florística. En los últimos 20 años, en estos bosques se han generado diversos estudios florísticos e inventarios botánicos enfocados en plantas leñosas, que han llenado vacíos de conocimiento en áreas críticas. Con estos estudios hemos generado la base de datos DRYFLOR Perú que a la fecha incluye 526 inventarios cuantitativos (listas de especies en áreas discretas incluyendo registros de sus abundancias) y que nos permiten confirmar la distinción florística de los tres grandes grupos. Adicionalmente logramos reconocer claramente dos subgrupos de bosques estacionalmente secos costeros (de llanura y de montaña), dos subgrupos interandinos (valles del Marañón-Mantaro y del Pampas) y tres subgrupos orientales (valles del Huallaga, Tambo y Urubamba). Todos los subgrupos tienen un ensamblaje de especies de plantas leñosas que los distingue y caracteriza en términos de abundancia, frecuencia, riqueza de especies y niveles de endemismo. Si bien ahora podemos describir mejor la heterogeneidad florística de los bosques estacionalmente secos en el Perú, hemos identificado vacíos de conocimiento importantes que requieren de atención prioritaria: i) requerimos de esfuerzos de inventario adicionales en los bosques orientales, ii) necesitamos resolver las afinidades florísticas de los bosques del valle del Apurímac, iii) nuestros datos coinciden en poco más del 75% con las definiciones y distribución de bosques secos del reciente Mapa Nacional de Ecosistemas del Perú, y será necesario revisar el concepto de bosque estacionalmente seco para lograr capturar adecuadamente su distribución en este instrumento de gestión.

Seasonally dry forests in Peru are a combination of ecosystems that include three large floristic groups: coastal, inter-Andean and eastern forests. Except for the seasonally dry forests of the northern coastal plains of the country, until recently it was difficult to explore what occurred floristically within each group due to lack of data. However, in the last 20 years various floristic studies and botanical inventories focused on woody plants have managed to fill knowledge gaps in critical areas. With these studies we have generated the DRYFLOR Peru database that to date includes 526 quantitative inventories (lists of species in discrete areas, including records of their abundances) and that allows us to confirm the floristic distinction of the three large groups. Additionally, we were able to clearly recognize two subgroups of seasonally dry coastal forests (on coastal plains and along the Andean piedmont), two inter-Andean subgroups (within the Marañón-Mantaro and Pampas valleys) and three eastern subgroups (within the Huallaga, Tambo and Urubamba valleys). All subgroups have an assemblage of woody plant species that distinguishes and characterizes them in terms of abundance, frequency, species richness, and levels of endemism. Although we can now better describe the floristic heterogeneity of seasonally dry forests in Peru, we have identified important knowledge gaps that require urgent attention: i) we require additional inventory efforts in the eastern forests, ii) we need to resolve the floristic affinities of the forests of the Apurímac valley, iii) our data agree in little more than 75% with the definitions and distribution of dry forests of the recent National Ecosystem Map of Peru, and it will be necessary to review the concept of seasonally dry forests to adequately capture its distribution in this management tool.

Effect of the Application of a Coating Native Potato Starch/Nopal Mucilage/Pectin on Physicochemical and Physiological Properties during Storage of Fuerte and Hass Avocado (Persea americana).

The avocado fruit is an agro-industrial product with high export demand in Peru due to its sensory and nutritional qualities, which can be affected during storage. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of a coating formulated with potato starch (Solanum tuberosum ssp andigena), nopal mucilage (Opuntia ficus indica), and pectin on the physicochemical and physiological properties during the storage of Fuerte and Hass avocados. Samples were taken in their harvest state from the plantation in "Occobamba", which is cultivated by the Avocado Producers Association in Chincheros, Apurímac, Peru. Physicochemical properties (titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids) and physiological properties (weight loss, firmness, and color L* a* b*) were determined during 20 days of storage at 20 °C. The elaborated films present high transparency and low aw values. In the coated avocado of the Hass and Fuerte varieties, acidity and total soluble solids decreased significantly (p-value < 0.05) during the storage time. Weight loss and firmness of coated fruits decrease to a lesser extent. Luminosity L*, color index, and color variation showed better attributes for the coated samples. The use of coatings made with potato starch, nopal mucilage, and pectin allows the physicochemical and physiological properties of avocado fruits to be maintained for a longer time during storage.

Ser joven andino quechua cerca y lejos de sus comunidades de origen / Being young, Andean and Quechua and both near and far from communities of origin / Ser jovem andino quechua perto e longe de suas comunidades de origen

Resumen (analítico) La investigación se pregunta cómo las y los «jóvenes¼ procedentes de comunidades quechuas surandinas del Perú construyen su «ser joven¼ en contextos de imposición neocolonial/neoliberal y, a la vez, de resistencias cerca y lejos de sus lugares de origen. Se realizó desde la postura decolonial con la metodología investigación-acción participativa adaptada al mundo de jóvenes de comunidades de Apurímac, Huancavelica y Ayacucho. Se constata que son afectados por imposiciones de la sociedad nacional, que a través de servicios y políticas públicas les proyectan una manera homogénea y hegemónica de ser joven que tiende a distanciarlos de sus familias y comunidades. La crianza en su cosmovisión será fuente de sus resistencias y les permitirá recuperar sus raíces por la vía de la lengua originaria y de la espiritualidad andina.

Abstract (analytical) This study asks how "young people" from the Quechua communities in Southern Peru construct "being young" in contexts involving neocolonial / neoliberal imposition and, at the same time, of acts of resistance both near and far from their places of origin. It was carried out using a decolonial position through the Participatory Action Research methodology adapted to the worlds of "young people" in the communities of Apurímac, Huancavelica and Ayacucho. The research identified that these young people are affected by impositions from Peruvian society, as government services and public policies project a homogeneous and hegemonic way of being young that tends to distance them from their families and communities. An upbringing based on their worldview will be the source of their resistance and will allow them to recover their roots through native language and Andean spirituality.

Resumo (analítico) A pesquisa questiona como os "jovens" das comunidades quíchuas do sul do Peru constroem seu "ser jovem" em contextos de imposição neocolonial / neoliberal e, ao mesmo tempo, de resistência perto e longe de seus lugares de origem. Foi realizado a partir da posição descolonial com a metodologia da Pesquisa-Ação Participativa adaptada ao mundo dos jovens das comunidades de Apurímac, Huancavelica e Ayacucho. Constata-se que são afetados por imposições da sociedade nacional, que por meio de serviços e políticas públicas os projetam de uma forma homogênea e hegemônica de ser jovem que tende a distanciarse de suas famílias e comunidades. A formação em sua visão de mundo será a fonte de sua resistência e permitirá que recuperem suas raízes por meio da língua nativa e da espiritualidade andina.

Depresión en adultos mayores en el Perú: distribución geoespacial y factores asociados según ENDES 2018 - 2020 / Depression in elderly in Peru: geospatial distribution and associated factors according to ENDES 2018 - 2020

RESUMEN Introducción. La depresión en la población adulta mayor es un asunto de salud pública y escasos estudios analizan su distribución según áreas geográficas. Objetivos. Describir la distribución geoespacial y factores asociados del síndrome depresivo (SD) en adultos mayores peruanos según la ENDES 2018 al 2020. Métodos. Estudio transversal y de tipo analítico a partir de los datos de las encuestas nacionales, las cuales emplearon la escala PHQ-9 para medir el SD. Se utilizó la prueba Chi cuadrado de Pearson, regresión logística multivariada y OR con un p valor <0,05. Resultados. La prevalencia del SD en el año 2018 fue de 12,9%; 13,3% en 2019 y 10,8% en 2020. Los factores asociados al SD fueron: ser mujer, vivir en la pobreza. Bajo nivel de instrucción, residir en el área rural, proceder de la sierra y selva, vivir solo y tener 75 o más años de edad. El análisis geoespacial evidenció que el SD se concentra en departamentos de la sierra como Huancavelica, Puno, Ayacucho, Apurímac y por el norte, Ancash y Cajamarca. Conclusiones. Las políticas públicas dirigidas a la reducción del SD deben focalizarse en las mujeres, mayores de 75 años, quienes viven en área rural y fundamentalmente a los que viven en los departamentos identificados con la mayor prevalencia.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Depression in the elderly population is a public health issue and few studies analyze its distribution according to geographic areas. Objectives. To describe the geospatial distribution and associated factors of depressive syndrome (DS) in Peruvian older adults according to ENDES 2018 to 2020. Methods. Crosssectional and analytical study based on data from national surveys, which used the PHQ-9 scale to measure DS. The analysis used Pearson's Chi square test and multivariate logistic regression and OR with p < 0,05. Results. The prevalence of DS in 2018 was 12.9%; 13.3% in 2019 and 10.8% in 2020. The factors associated with DS were: being a woman, living in poverty, having secondary education, residing in rural areas, coming from the mountains and jungle, living alone and being 75 years of age or older. The geospatial analysis shows that the SD is concentrated in five departments: the coast (Lima, La Libertad, Piura) and the southern highlands (Puno, Arequipa). Conclusions. Public policies aimed at reducing DS should focus on women, older than 75 years and those who live in rural areas and fundamentally those who live in the departments identified as having the highest prevalence.

Altura uterina versus ecografía obstétrica para detectar macrosomía fetal. Hospital San Juan de Kimbiri, Perú

RESUMEN Fundamento Aunque la ecografía obstétrica es ampliamente utilizada en los niveles primario y secundario de salud para la detección de macrosomía fetal, la altura uterina también puede resultar útil, sobre todo, en contextos sanitarios desprovistos de equipamiento tecnológico. Objetivo determinar la correlación entre altura uterina versus ecografía obstétrica y el diagnóstico de macrosomía fetal. Métodos estudio descriptivo, correlacional, en madres no diabéticas de partos a término con neonatos macrosómicos, realizado en un hospital público del Valle de los ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro, Perú. Las variables del estudio: edad materna, índice de masa corporal pregestacional, número de embarazos, edad gestacional al parto, y vía del parto. Se emplearon los coeficientes de correlación Rho de Spearman, y Pearson, ambos con intervalos de confianza al 95 % y error del 5 %. Resultados la estimación del peso fetal y la macrosomía se correlacionaron con la altura uterina (R Pearson 0,05). Entre las características maternas asociadas a neonatos macrosómicos, se hallaron la obesidad pregestacional (Rho = 0,009) y la condición de multigesta (Rho = 0,04). La estimación del peso fetal mayor a 4000 g tuvo mayor porcentaje de acierto (26,3 %) por ecografía obstétrica. Conclusión la ecografía obstétrica mostró mayor correlación que la altura uterina con el diagnóstico de macrosomía fetal.

ABSTRACT Background Although obstetric ultrasound is widely used at primary and secondary health levels for the detection of fetal macrosomia, uterine height can also be useful, especially in health contexts lacking technological equipment. Objective to determine the correlation between uterine height versus obstetric ultrasound and the diagnosis of fetal macrosomia. Methods descriptive, correlational study in non-diabetic mothers of full-term deliveries with macrosomic neonates, carried out in a public hospital in the Valley of the Apurímac, Ene and Mantaro rivers, Peru. The study variables: maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, number of pregnancies, gestational age at delivery, and route of delivery. Spearman's Rho and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used, both with 95% confidence intervals and 5% error. Results Fetal weight estimation and macrosomia correlated with uterine height (Pearson's R 0.05). Among the maternal characteristics associated with macrosomic neonates, pregestational obesity (Rho = 0.009) and multigestational condition (Rho = 0.04) were found. The estimation of fetal weight greater than 4000 g had a higher percentage of success (26.3%) by obstetric ultrasound. Conclusion obstetric ultrasound showed a higher correlation than uterine height with the diagnosis of fetal macrosomia.

Violencia física durante el embarazo en el Perú: Proporción, distribución geográfica y factores asociados, 2016-2018 / Physical violence during pregnancy in Peru: Proportion, geographical distribution and associated factors, 2016-2018

Introducción: La violencia física durante el embarazo es una problemática de salud pública sensible poco evaluada que, adicionalmente, se relaciona con diversas complicaciones perinatales. El objetivo es estimar la proporción, distribución geográfica y factores sociodemográficos asociados a la violencia física durante el embarazo entre el 2016 y 2018. Material y métodos: Análisis de base secundaria de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES), donde se incluyeron a quienes respondieron si presentaron o no violencia física durante el embarazo en los último 12 meses. Resultados: La proporción de violencia física fue de 9,9% [IC95%:9,6-10,4%] durante el 2016, 9,2% [IC95%:8,8-9,6%] durante el 2017 y 8,6% [IC95%:8,3-8,9%] durante el 2018. Las regiones con mayor proporción fueron Puno, Apurímac y Cusco durante los 3 años. Entre los factores asociados, fueron protectores el residir en área rural (RP:0,49; p=0,011) y ser "muy rico" (RP:0,63; p=0,029); mientras que fueron de riesgo el no presentar estudios (RP:1,87; p=0,014), el estado civil conviviente (RP:1,51; p=0,001), separada (RP:3,56; p<0,001), mostrar una edad entre 40 a 49 años (RP:1,79; p=0,012) y que pareja consuma alcohol (RP:1,61; p<0,001). Conclusiones: La proporción de violencia en el Perú se ha ido reduciendo en los últimos años, presentando mayores indicadores en el sur del país. Los factores que predisponen este fenómeno son el índice de riqueza, grado de instrucción, estado civil y la edad de la gestante.

Background: Physical violence during pregnancy is a poorly evaluated sensitive publichealthproblemthat,additionally,isrelatedtovariousperinatal complications. The objective is to estimate the proportion, geographic distribution and sociodemographic factors associated with physical violence during pregnancy between 2016 and 2018. Material and methods: Secondary baseline analysis of the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES), which included respondents who answered whether or not they had experienced physical violence during pregnancy in the last 12 months. Results: The proportion of physical violence was 9,9% [95%CI:9,6-10,4%] during 2016, 9,2% [95%CI:8,8-9,6%] during 2017 and 8,6% [95%CI:8,3-8,9%] during 2018, The regions with the highest proportion were Puno, Arequipa, and Apurímac during the 3 years. Among the associated factors, the residue in rural areas (PR:0,49; p=0,011) and be "very rich" (PR:0,63; p=0,029) was protective; while they were at risk of not presenting studies (PR:1,87; p=0,014), the cohabiting marital status (PR:1,51; p=0,001), separated (PR:3,56; p<0,001), showing an age between 40 a 49 years (PR:1,79; p=0,012) and that partner drinks alcohol (RP:1,61; p<0,001). Conclusions: The proportion of violence in Peru has been decreasing in recent years, presenting higher indicators in the south of the country. The factors that predispose this phenomenon are the wealth index, educational level, marital status, and the age of the pregnant woman.

Mortality Trends for Lung Cancer and Smoking Prevalence In Peru.

OBJECTIVES: Lung cancer continues to be  the leading cause of cancer-related deathworldwide. Have been reported high mortality rates from lung cancer in Latin America, but the disparities within the regions of Peru and under-reporting death certification reported prevent the inclusion of Peru in analysis of the mortality trends for lung cancer. We evaluated lung cancer mortality trends and smoking prevalence in Peru and its geographical areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained the data from the registry of the Peruvian Ministry of Health between 2008 and 2017. Mortality rates per 100,000 person-years were computed using the world's SEGI population and trends were analyzed using the Joinpoint regression Program Version 4.7.0. Smoking prevalence was estimated from the Demographic and Family Health Survey. RESULTS: In Peru, mortality rates were roughly 1.3 times higher in males than in females. The coast region had significant downward trends among males, whereas the highlands region had significant upward trends among females. According to provinces, Apurimac showed an annually significant rise in both sexes (+10.6% in males, and +11.6% in females). In general, smoking prevalence was higher in males compared to females, principally among young adults.   Conclusions: Peru showed downward mortality trends in the last decade with variability across regions. Males had a higher smoking prevalence, principally among young adults. Public health interventions for smoking reduction should be implemented to reduce lung cancer mortality.

Obtaining and Characterizing Andean Multi-Floral Propolis Nanoencapsulates in Polymeric Matrices.

Propolis is a substance with significant anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activity, which could be used more efficiently at the nano level as an additive in the food industry. The aim was to obtain and characterize nanoencapsulated multi-floral propolis from the agro-ecological region of Apurimac, Peru. For nanoencapsulation, 5% ethanolic extracts propolis with 0.3% gum arabic and 30% maltodextrin were prepared. Then, the mixtures were dried by nano spraying at 120 °C using the smallest nebulizer. The flavonoid content was between 1.81 and 6.66 mg quercetin/g, the phenolic compounds were between 1.76 and 6.13 mg GAE/g, and a high antioxidant capacity was observed. The results of moisture, water activity, bulk density, color, hygroscopicity, solubility, yield, and encapsulation efficiency were typical of the nano spray drying process. The total organic carbon content was around 24%, heterogeneous spherical particles were observed at nanometer level (between 11.1 and 562.6 nm), with different behaviors in colloidal solution, the thermal gravimetric properties were similar in all the encapsulates, the FTIR and EDS analysis confirmed the encapsulation and the X-ray diffraction showed amorphous characteristics in the obtained material; stability and phenolic compound release studies indicated high values of 8.25-12.50 mg GAE/g between 8 and 12 h, the principal component analysis confirmed that the flora, altitude, and climate of the propolis location influenced the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, and other properties studied. The nanoencapsulate from the district of Huancaray was the one with the best results, allowing its future use as a natural ingredient in functional foods. Nevertheless, technological, sensory, and economic studies should still be carried out.

Advances in cocaine signature methodology: Alkaloid and isotope profiles of coca grown in Puno, Peru.

Drug Enforcement Administration's (DEA) Cocaine Signature Program previously identified 19 coca-growing regions within South America and developed methodology to geo-source cocaine using a combination of trace cocaine alkaloids, stable isotopes, and multivariate statistics. Twenty-nine coca leaf samples collected in 2016 and 2019 from a previously unanalyzed coca-growing region located in Puno, Peru, were analyzed with this methodology. Trace cocaine alkaloids and stable isotopes were compared with other Peruvian regions. Minor differences were observed in the extracted cocaine alkaloid profiles when compared with samples collected from the Ucayali-Huallaga Valley and Cusco-Apurimac regions while the stable isotopes of δ2 H (-177.1‰) and δ18 O (23.8‰) were enriched. Puno's alkaloid and stable isotope results are presented in this publication to assist forensic laboratories and enhance their cocaine geo-sourcing capabilities.

Fasciola hepatica prevalence in cattle from the Abancay, Curahuasi and Tamburco districts, Abancay province-Apurímac, Peru during the 2018 rainy season

This study aims to determine the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in cattle from the Abancay, Curahuasi, and Tamburco districts in the Abancay province, Apurímac, Peru, during the 2018 rainy season, and the association between prevalence and age, breed, and district of origin. In total, 295 stool samples were collected, namely 34 from Tamburco, 193 from Curahuasi and 68 from Abancay. For coproparasitological evaluation, the four-sieve sedimentation technique described by Girão and Ueno was used. The total prevalence of F. hepatica in the cattle sampled in this study was 50.8% (150/295), and the prevalence by district was 42.6% (29/68) in Abancay, 53.8% (104/193) in Curahuasi, and 50% (17/34) in Tamburco. No significant association was found with the variable district of origin (p<0.05). However, using a bivariate logistic regression analysis, a significant association was found between F. hepatica prevalence and the breed variable (p=0.008). A similar significant association with the breed variable (p=0.007) was also found using a multiple logistic regression analysis. The high prevalence of F. hepatica identified in this study is consistent with previous reports made in the Apurímac Region, an area considered hyperendemic for the parasite, thus highlighting the need for effective health programs to control disease distribution, which may have an economic and, because of its zoonotic character, public health impact.

Factores de riesgo en población rural andina con COVID-19: un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo / Risk factors in rural Andean population with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo en adultos con COVID-19 en población rural andina durante 2020. Métodos: En este estudio de cohorte retrospectivo multicéntrico, incluimos a 184 pacientes adultos (≥18 años) con pruebas serológicas y moleculares para CO VID-19 de tres hospitales de la sierra peruana (Ancash y Apurímac) incluidos con sospecha clínica entre abril y junio. Se utilizó análisis descriptivos y regresión logística univariable para explorar los factores de riesgo asociados a los pacientes con COVID-19. Resultados: Del total de pacientes, 14 (7.6%) tuvieron SARS-CoV-2. En los pacientes infectados 12 (85.7%) fueron varones con promedio de edad de 47.3±21 años. Las comorbilidades estuvieron presentes en cerca de la tercera parte de pacientes, siendo la hipertensión y diabetes las más frecuentes (ambas 14.3%), y la sinto matología más frecuentes fueron fiebre y cefalea (57.2%). La regresión univariable mostró mayores probabilidades de infección con SARS-CoV-2 en la población rural andina asociada con la edad avanzada (OR: 1.1 IC95% 0.7-1.8; p=0,019), comorbilidades previas (OR: 1.7, IC95% 0.32-9.39; p=0,006), y sintomatología previa (OR: 49.8, IC95% 5.6-436.9; p=0,0011). Conclusiones: Los posibles factores de riesgo como la edad avanzada, las comorbilidades y sintomatología previas están relacionados con el desarrollo de CO VID-19 en población rural andina de Perú.

Abstract Objective: To determine the risk factors in adults with COVID-19 in the rural Andean population during 2020. Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included 184 adult patients (≥18 years) with COVID-19's serological and molecular tests from three Hospitals in the Peruvian mountains (Ancash and Apurímac) included with clinical suspicion between April and June. Descriptive analysis and univariate logistic regression were used to explore the risk factors associated with patients with COVID-19. Results: Of total of patients, 14 (7.6%) had a SARS-CoV-2. In infected patients 12 (85.7%) were men with an average age of 47.3±21 years. Comorbidities were present in about a third of patients, with hypertension and diabetes being the most frequent (both 14.3%), and the most frequent symptoms were fever and hea dache (57.2%). Univariate regression showed higher probabilities of infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the rural Andean population associated with advanced age (OR: 1.1 95% CI 0.7 - 1.8; p = 0.019), previous comorbidities (OR: 1.7, 95%CI 0.32 - 9.39; p = 0.006), and previous symptoms (OR: 49.8, 95%CI 5.6 - 436.9; p = 0.0011). Conclusions: Possible risk factors such as advanced age, comorbidities and previous symptoms are related to the development of COVID-19 in the rural Andean population of Peru.