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1.
An. psicol ; 40(1): 54-68, Ene-Abri, 2024. ilus, tab
Artículo en Inglés, Español | IBECS | ID: ibc-229027

RESUMEN

En la actualidad ha aumentado el desarrollo de programas de entrenamiento en habilidades socioemocionales en la infancia, debido a que se los considera como una herramienta válida para la adaptación y afrontamiento de una gran variedad de situaciones, tanto académicas como personales. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que aporten una visión integral de las evidencias disponibles en el contexto de educación primaria. Se presenta una revisión sistemática de tipo paraguas basada en el método PRISMA, que incluye revisiones sobre programas de desarrollo socioemocional aplicados en educación primaria, con el objetivo de sintetizar sus características y recopilar los principales resultados reportados. Se utilizaron las bases de datos: ERIC, WOS, PSYCINFO, SCOPUS y COCHRANE. Tras un proceso por pares ciegos se seleccionaron y analizaron 15 revisiones. Utilizando las herramientas AMSTAR-2 y SANRA se encontró que el 60% de los estudios secundarios presenta una calidad críticamente baja o baja. Se identificaron 39 programas reportados en revisiones de buena calidad, un 51.2% presentaron evidencias moderadas o fuertes e informaron efectos significativos principalmente en ajuste del comportamiento, competencia social y emocional y habilidades académicas. Se discute el impacto de la calidad metodológica encontrada y las evidencias reportados en la interpretación y generalización de los hallazgos.(AU)


Currently, the development of training programs in socioemo-tional skills in childhood has increased because they are considered as a valid tool for adaptation and coping with a variety of situations, both aca-demic and personal. However, there are few studies that show a compre-hensive view of available evidences. This research presents an umbrella re-view based on PRISMA method guidelines. It includes reviews on socio-emotional development programs applied in Primary Education with the aim of synthesizing their characteristics and compiling the main results on their effectiveness. The following databases were used: ERIC, WOS, PSYCINFO, SCOPUS and COCHRANE. After a blind peer process, 15 reviews that met the inclusion criteria were selected and analysed. Using the AMSTAR-2 and SANRA tools, it was found that 60% of secondary studies have critically low or low quality. Thirty nine programs reported in good quality reviews were identified, 51.2% presented moderate or strong evidence and reported significant effectsmainly on behavioral adjustment, social and emotional competencies and academic skills. The impact of the methodological quality found and the evidences on the interpretation and generalization of the findings is discussed.(AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Educación Primaria y Secundaria , Estudiantes/psicología , Habilidades Sociales , Enseñanza , Aprendizaje , Psicología Educacional
2.
Pap. psicol ; 45(1): 34-38, Ene-Abr, 2024. graf
Artículo en Inglés | IBECS | ID: ibc-229714

RESUMEN

Se discute la validez de la memoria disociativa en contextos forenses y las causas de las llamadas “guerras de la memoria”. Conceptos erróneos entre la psicología clínica y la psicología forense, una definición deficiente de la amnesia y las dificultades inherentes en el estudio de recuerdos traumáticos contribuyen a la persistencia de esta controversia. Particularmente en el campo de la psicología forense, el debate podría atribuirse a la falta de consenso sobre la evidencia científica. Los psicólogos necesitan establecer una base empírica para comprender mejor los mecanismos de la memoria involucrados en recordar y olvidar recuerdos traumáticos. Se esboza el Modelo de Accesibilidad Continua de la Memoria para explicar la recuperación de los diferentes grados de accesibilidad a los recuerdos autobiográficos basados en diferentes factores.(AU)


The validity of dissociative memory in forensic contexts and the causes of the so-called “memory wars” arediscussed. Misconceptions between clinical and forensic psychology, a deficient definition of amnesia, and the difficulties inherent in studying traumatic memories contribute to the persistence of this controversy. Particularly in the field of forensic psychology, the debate could be attributed to the lack of consensus on scientific evidence. Psychologists need to establish an empirical foundation to understand better the mechanisms of memory involved in remembering and forgetting traumatic memories. The Continuous Accessibility Model of Memory is outlined to explain the retrieval of the different degrees of accessibility to autobiographical memories based on different factors.(AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Amnesia , Salud Mental , Psicología Forense , Recuerdo Mental , Psicología , Víctimas de Crimen
3.
Neurología (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 39(3): 235-243, Abr. 2024. tab
Artículo en Español | IBECS | ID: ibc-VR-226

RESUMEN

Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo proporcionar normas y ajustes para edad, educación y género para el Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), la Figura Compleja Modificada de Taylor (FCMT) y el Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) como parte del proyecto NEURONORMA-Plus. Método: La muestra consiste en 308 individuos cognitivamente sanos de entre 18 y 92 años. Se proporcionan tablas para convertir las puntuaciones brutas en puntuaciones escalares ajustadas por edad y ajustes por educación y género tras aplicar modelos de regresión independientes en 2 grupos de edad (< 50 y ≥ 50 años). Resultados: La edad tuvo un efecto negativo en el rendimiento en ambos grupos etarios. Observamos un efecto positivo de la educación en el rendimiento del WCST en el grupo más joven (< 50 años), y en todas las medidas del FCMT (con la excepción de la tarea de reconocimiento) en el grupo de mayor edad (≥ 50 años). La educación no influyó en el rendimiento en el RULIT, pero sí el género, que tuvo un efecto leve, aunque significativo, mostrando los hombres jóvenes un mayor rendimiento en una variable. Conclusión: Los datos normativos aportados pueden contribuir en la interpretación clínica del rendimiento en estas pruebas en población española.(AU)


Objective: The present study aims to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Modified Taylor Complex Figure (MTCF), and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project. Methods: We recruited 308 cognitively healthy individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores, as well as adjustments for education and sex after applying independent regression models in 2 age groups (< 50 and ≥ 50 years). Results: Older age had a negative effect on performance in both age groups. We observed a positive effect of education on WCST performance in the younger group (< 50 years), and on all MTCF measures (with the exception of the recognition task) in the older group (≥ 50 years). Education had no impact on performance in the RULIT, although sex did, with a small but significant effect whereby young men showed higher performance for one variable. Conclusion: The normative data provided can contribute to the clinical interpretation of performance in these tests in the Spanish population.(AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Cognición , Función Ejecutiva , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Factores Culturales , Neurología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso , España
4.
Neurología (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 39(3): 244-253, Abr. 2024. ilus, tab, graf
Artículo en Español | IBECS | ID: ibc-VR-227

RESUMEN

Introducción: La relación entre la corteza entorrinal y el hipocampo ha sido estudiada por diferentes autores, que han destacado la importancia de las células de cuadrícula, las células de posicionamiento y la conexión trisináptica en los procesos que regulan: la persistencia de la memoria espacial, explícita y reciente, y su posible afección con el envejecimiento. Objetivo: Observar si existen diferencias en el tamaño y número de células de cuadrícula contenidas en la lámina iii de la corteza entorrinal y en la capa granular del giro dentado del hipocampo de pacientes mayores. Métodos: Realizamos estudios posmortem del cerebro de 6 sujetos de edades comprendidas entre los 56 y 87 años. Los cortes de cerebros que contenían el giro dentado del hipocampo y la corteza entorrinal adyacente se tiñeron con el método de Klüver-Barrera, después se midió, mediante el programa Image J, el área neuronal individual, el área neuronal total, así como el número de neuronas, contenidas en cuadrículas rectangulares a nivel de la lámina iii de la corteza entorrinal y la lámina ii del giro dentado y se llevó a cabo un análisis estadístico. Resultados: Se ha observado una reducción de la población celular de la capa piramidal externa de la corteza entorrinal, así como de las neuronas de la capa granular del giro dentado relacionada con el envejecimiento. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados indican que el envejecimiento produce una disminución en el tamaño y la densidad neuronal en las células de cuadrícula de la corteza entorrinal y de posicionamiento del giro dentado.(AU)


Introduction: The relationship between the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus has been studied by different authors, who have highlighted the importance of grid cells, place cells, and the trisynaptic circuit in the processes that they regulate: the persistence of spatial, explicit, and recent memory and their possible impairment with ageing. Objective: We aimed to determine whether older age causes changes in the size and number of grid cells contained in layer III of the entorhinal cortex and in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Methods: We conducted post-mortem studies of the brains of 6 individuals aged 56-87 years. The brain sections containing the dentate gyrus and the adjacent entorhinal cortex were stained according to the Klüver-Barrera method, then the Image J software was used to measure the individual neuronal area, the total neuronal area, and the number of neurons contained in rectangular areas in layer III of the entorhinal cortex and layer II of the dentate gyrus. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed. Results: We observed an age-related reduction in the cell population of the external pyramidal layer of the entorhinal cortex, and in the number of neurons in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus. Conclusion: Our results indicate that ageing causes a decrease in the size and density of grid cells of the entorhinal cortex and place cells of the dentate gyrus.(AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Corteza Entorrinal , Hipocampo , Memoria Espacial , Neurología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso
5.
Psychodyn Psychiatry ; 52(1): 8-12, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38426756

RESUMEN

The gold standard of scientific medicine is using knowledge of underlying processes to shape treatment. This has previously not been possible for psychotherapy, but with the science of memory reconsolidation, requirements for change can be more precisely defined and can improve psychotherapeutic technique by focusing on three areas: the activation of maladaptive implicit learning, the provision of disconfirming information, and attention to transmission between consciousness and limbic memory. Overall, better understanding of processes helps liberate psychotherapy from rigidities dictated by set methods.


Asunto(s)
Memoria , Psicoterapia , Humanos
6.
Wiad Lek ; 77(1): 85-93, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38431812

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Aim is to analyze the possibilities of using the electronic system Moodle for the formation of professional and terminological competence of medical students during the study of terminological competence for improving the quality of medical education. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The research used a number of scientific methods: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization), specific research and others which ensured the selection and analysis of the source base, made it possible to determine the general trends in the study of the problem of using the electronic system Moodle for the formation of professional and terminological competence of medical students during the study of terminological competence for improving the quality of medical education. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: At I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University we actively use the e-learning system Moodle (Modular Object Oriented Distance Learning Environment), to which there is free and unrestricted access. Using this program, the student takes on the role of an active subject who independently acquires knowledge, forms his/her own system of skills, of course with the help of certain sources, and the role of the teacher in this scheme is to motivate and suport learners, prepare information sources used in self-study, etc. This is due to a significant increase in the requirements for quality training of future specialists n the medical field and market conditions in Ukraine, which set before the higher school the task of training specialists of the new generation who would be highly qualified, competitive, literate, and have perfect command of their professional terminology. The Moodle system is able to optimize the learning process, promote the formation of terminological competence and master professional vocabulary. When creating educational and methodological complexes for the formation of terminological competence, the means of teaching, as well as the ways of presenting educational material and the principles of organizing the educational activities of students become important. The electronic platform Moodle, which has a wide range of resources for teaching and testing, is able to expand the communicative competencies and skills of students needed to effectively master professional Latin terminology. The Moodle system has the optimal set of resource opportunities for the implementation of blended learning - classroom and extracurricular, which is its main advantage.


Asunto(s)
Educación Médica , Estudiantes de Medicina , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Aprendizaje , Curriculum , Ucrania
7.
Int J Med Educ ; 15: 15-33, 2024 Feb 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38431868

RESUMEN

Objectives: The aim was to comprehensively identify published research evaluating continuing medical education conferences, to search for validated tools and perform a content analysis to identify the relevant domains for conference evaluation. Methods: We used scoping review methodology and searched MEDLINE® for relevant English or French literature published between 2008 and 2022 (last search June 3, 2022). Original research (including randomized controlled trials, non-randomized studies, cohort, mixed-methods, qualitative studies, and editorial pieces) where investigators described impact, experience, or motivations related to conference attendance were eligible. Citations were assessed in triplicate, and data extracted in duplicate. Results: Eighty-three studies were included, 69 (83%) of which were surveys or interview based, with the majority conducted at the end of or following conference conclusion. Of the 74 tools identified, only one was validated and was narrowly focused on a specific conference component. A total of 620 items were extracted and categorized into 4 a priori suggested domains (engagement-networking, education-learning, impact, scholarship), and an additional 4 identified through content analysis (value-satisfaction, logistics, equity-diversity-inclusivity, career influences). Time trends were evident, including the absence of items related to equity-diversity-inclusivity prior to 2019, and a focus on logistics, particularly technology and virtual conferences, since 2020. Conclusions: This study identified 8 major domains relevant for continuing medical education conference evaluation. This work is of immediate value to individuals and organizations seeking to either design or evaluate a conference and represents a critical step in the development of a standardized tool for conference evaluation.


Asunto(s)
Educación Médica Continua , Aprendizaje , Humanos , Escolaridad , Motivación , Investigación Cualitativa
8.
J Bodyw Mov Ther ; 37: 25-37, 2024 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38432814

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pilates is a commonly recommended exercise modality for the management of persistent low back pain. Whilst guidelines recommend the use of exercise for low back pain, research suggests that no one exercise is superior, creating a question over the mechanism of effect. The patient-practitioner relationship may be important in managing low back pain; however, the relationship between Pilates teachers and clients is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to identify the components of the relationship between Pilates teachers and clients with persistent low back pain, explore key influences on the relationship, and ascertain the nature of the relationship. METHOD: We conducted a qualitative, ethnographically-informed study at eight sites in the South of England, observing 24 Pilates sessions and interviewing 9 Pilates teachers and 10 clients with persistent low back pain. Fieldnotes and interview transcripts were analysed thematically. RESULTS: The findings demonstrate a complex, multi-faceted interaction that occurs during Pilates sessions, grounded within certain health perceptions, and predicated on expectations of individuality, choice and expertise. A key finding reveals the perceived importance of mastery of prescribed movements with control and precision, in which clients particularly value the authority of the teacher in a directive learning environment. CONCLUSION: We contend that the role of the Pilates teacher in this study facilitated the alleviation of clients' distress through the application of ritual-like Pilates activity. We conclude that the relationship between Pilates teachers and clients with persistent low back pain may be considered a therapeutic relationship.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Ceremonial , Dolor de la Región Lumbar , Humanos , Dolor de la Región Lumbar/terapia , Ejercicio Físico , Aprendizaje , Movimiento
9.
J Bodyw Mov Ther ; 37: 63-69, 2024 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38432843

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: There are numerous types of cognitive tasks classified as mental tracking (MT), working memory (WM), reaction time (RT), discrimination and decision-making and verbal fluency (VF). However, limited studies have investigated the effects of cognitive task type on postural control in older adults. PURPOSE: s: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aging and several types of cognitive tasks on postural control in terms of nonlinear analysis. METHOD: Postural control was investigated under 6 conditions (single task and dual-task with RT; easy and difficult VF; easy and difficult WM; easy and difficult MT. Outcome measurements were the max Lyapunov, entropy, and correlation dimension at anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions. RESULTS: The results revealed that within the older group, the AP & ML max Lyapunov at dual-task with difficult WM and MT was significantly higher than all other conditions. In addition, the older group had lower AP entropy at dual-task with easy VF, difficult WM, and easy as well as difficult MT. CONCLUSION: The results can be useful to understand the postural control mechanisms and to detect the alterations following aging and applying different types of cognitive tasks. In addition, the investigated parameters can be a basis for identifying postural control deficiencies.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento , Memoria a Corto Plazo , Humanos , Anciano , Equilibrio Postural , Tiempo de Reacción , Cognición
10.
J Vis Exp ; (204)2024 Feb 16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38436357

RESUMEN

Non-aversive handling and training techniques for laboratory animals are required to facilitate experimental and routine husbandry procedures, improving both animal welfare and scientific quality. Clicker training was utilized to develop training protocols for rabbits to refine stressful routine husbandry procedures usually associated with lifting (i.e., being picked up from the floor)/restraining (i.e., being held in the arms of a human) them. Thirteen female New Zealand White rabbits were trained over three weeks. All rabbits learned the predefined goal behaviors: they followed the target stick, jumped onto the weighing scale, entered a transport box, and reared while placing their front paws onto the trainer's hand. In addition, ten animals jumped from the floor onto the sitting trainer's lap and allowed the trainer to lift their paws off the surface while sitting on the trainer's lap. For some individuals, the protocols had to be adapted by additional interim steps. At the end of the training, the rabbits reliably showed the expected goal behaviors, even after short and long training breaks. With few exceptions, a familiar person other than the trainer could elicit the goal behaviors from the rabbits (generalization), though further sessions were required for generalization. In the voluntary approach test, the rabbits preferred interacting with the trainer in the 1st trial but spent as much time with an unfamiliar person as with the trainer in the 2nd trial. The behavioral observations suggested that picking the rabbits up with the transport box, as described in the protocol, instead of restraining them with the scruff of their neck and lifting them on the arm, was less aversive. All in all, the training protocols were feasible and can serve as a refinement strategy in laboratory animal facilities. In the interest of animal welfare, the training protocols should be applied wherever possible.


Asunto(s)
Animales de Laboratorio , Aprendizaje , Conejos , Femenino , Humanos , Animales , Bienestar del Animal , Técnicas de Observación Conductual , Espinas Dendríticas
11.
Cogn Sci ; 48(3): e13419, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38436536

RESUMEN

In language learning, learners engage with their environment, incorporating cues from different sources. However, in lab-based experiments, using artificial languages, many of the cues and features that are part of real-world language learning are stripped away. In three experiments, we investigated the role of positive, negative, and mixed feedback on the gradual learning of language-like statistical regularities within an active guessing game paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants received deterministic feedback (100%), whereas probabilistic feedback (i.e., 75% or 50%) was introduced in Experiment 2. Finally, Experiment 3 explored the impact of mixed probabilistic feedback (33% positive, 33% negative, 33% no feedback). The results showed that cross-situational learning of words was observed without feedback, but participants were able to learn structural regularities of the miniature language only when feedback was provided. Interestingly, the presence of positive feedback was particularly helpful for the learner, promoting more in-depth learning of the artificial language.


Asunto(s)
Lenguaje , Aprendizaje , Humanos , Retroalimentación , Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Señales (Psicología)
12.
Psychol Bull ; 150(2): 132-153, 2024 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38436649

RESUMEN

A robust finding from research in high-income countries is that children living in resource-poor homes are vulnerable to difficulties with language and literacy but less is known about this association in low- and middle-income (LMI) countries. We present a meta-analysis of 6,678 correlations from studies in 43 LMI countries. Overall, the results indicate a small but significant association (r = .08) between home language and literacy environment and children's language and literacy skills. After examining a range of moderators, adult literacy practices and books-at-home had a significantly larger association with children's language and literacy skills than did home tutoring. Studies using customized measures demonstrated a more marked association between home attributes and children's outcomes (r = .14) than studies using a common measure across multiple sites (r = .06). Published studies showed significantly larger associations than unpublished studies, and countries with greater income inequality showed a larger association than relatively egalitarian societies. We conclude that the small overall association should not be taken as support for the absence of, or a vanishingly small relationship between the home learning environment and children's language and literacy skills in LMI countries. Rather, an important factor in detecting this relationship is that assessments must better reflect the nature of homes in different cultures to capture true variation in the population. Such contextually situated measurement would lead to an inclusive conceptualization of home learning environments and can better inform intervention programs to enhance children's educational success, a critical target for many LMI countries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).


Asunto(s)
Países en Desarrollo , Alfabetización , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Lenguaje
14.
Stud Health Technol Inform ; 310: 1579-1583, 2024 Mar 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38426880

RESUMEN

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world which ranks fourth in cancer deaths. Primary pathological necrosis is an effective prognostic indicator for hepatocellular carcinoma. We propose a GCN-based approach that mimics the pathologist's perspective for global assessment of necrosis tissue distribution to analyze patient survival. Specifically, we introduced a graph convolutional neural network to construct a spatial map with necrotic tissue and tumor tissue as graph nodes, aiming to mine the contextual information between necrotic tissue in pathological sections. We used 1381 slides from 303 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School to train the model and used TCGA-LIHC for external validation. The C-index of our method outperforms the baseline by about 4.45%, which proves that the information about the spatial distribution of necrosis learned by GCN is meaningful for guiding patient prognosis.


Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Hospitales , Aprendizaje , Necrosis
15.
Sci Immunol ; 9(93): eado6824, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38427720

RESUMEN

Type 2-polarized memory B cells sustain food allergy and allergic rhinitis by rapidly differentiating into pathogenic IgE-producing plasma cells.


Asunto(s)
Inmunoglobulina E , Rinitis Alérgica , Humanos , Linfocitos B , Células Plasmáticas , Células B de Memoria
16.
Anim Cogn ; 27(1): 19, 2024 Mar 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429547

RESUMEN

Prey species commonly assess predation risk based on acoustic signals, such as predator vocalizations or heterospecific alarm calls. The resulting risk-sensitive decision-making affects not only the behavior and life-history of individual prey, but also has far-reaching ecological consequences for population, community, and ecosystem dynamics. Although auditory risk recognition is ubiquitous in animals, it remains unclear how individuals gain the ability to recognize specific sounds as cues of a threat. Here, it has been shown that free-living birds (Wood Warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix) can learn to recognize unfamiliar, complex sounds (samples of punk rock songs) as cues of a threat from conspecifics holding adjacent territories during the spring breeding season. In a playback experiment, Wood Warblers initially ignored the unfamiliar sounds, but after repeatedly hearing that these sounds trigger alarm calling reaction of neighbors, most individuals showed an anti-predator response to them. Moreover, once learned soon after nestlings hatching, the anti-predator response of parents toward previously unfamiliar sounds was then retained over the entire nestlings rearing period. These results demonstrate that social learning via the association of unfamiliar sounds with known alarm signals enables the spread of anti-predator behavior across territory borders and provides a mechanism explaining the widespread abilities of animals to assess predation risk based on acoustic cues.


Asunto(s)
Passeriformes , Aprendizaje Social , Humanos , Animales , Ecosistema , Vocalización Animal/fisiología , Aprendizaje , Passeriformes/fisiología , Conducta Predatoria
17.
Anim Cogn ; 27(1): 13, 2024 Mar 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429533

RESUMEN

Chronic pain in humans is associated with impaired working memory but it is not known whether this is the case in long-lived companion animals, such as dogs, who are especially vulnerable to developing age-related chronic pain conditions. Pain-related impairment of cognitive function could have detrimental effects on an animal's ability to engage with its owners and environment or to respond to training or novel situations, which may in turn affect its quality of life. This study compared the performance of 20 dogs with chronic pain from osteoarthritis and 21 healthy control dogs in a disappearing object task of spatial working memory. Female neutered osteoarthritic dogs, but not male neutered osteoarthritic dogs, were found to have lower predicted probabilities of successfully performing the task compared to control dogs of the same sex. In addition, as memory retention interval in the task increased, osteoarthritic dogs showed a steeper decline in working memory performance than control dogs. This suggests that the effects of osteoarthritis, and potentially other pain-related conditions, on cognitive function are more clearly revealed in tasks that present a greater cognitive load. Our finding that chronic pain from osteoarthritis may be associated with impaired working memory in dogs parallels results from studies of human chronic pain disorders. That female dogs may be particularly prone to these effects warrants further investigation.


Asunto(s)
Dolor Crónico , Enfermedades de los Perros , Osteoartritis , Humanos , Perros , Femenino , Animales , Memoria a Corto Plazo , Dolor Crónico/veterinaria , Calidad de Vida , Memoria Espacial , Osteoartritis/complicaciones , Osteoartritis/veterinaria
18.
BMC Med Educ ; 24(1): 216, 2024 Mar 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429667

RESUMEN

This preliminary national study is the first of its kind to investigate how service learning placements are implemented in real world settings in rural Australia and what factors enable or hinder their implementation. An anonymous survey was distributed to 17 University Departments of Rural Health (UDRH) in Australia. Numerical data were analysed descriptively. Textual data were analysed using a hybrid content analysis approach. Thirty seven respondents provided data representing 12 UDRHs. Responding UDRHs reported facilitating service learning programs, with experience in this context ranging from 3 months to 21 years. Service learning placements predominantly occurred in schools and aged care facilities. Occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and speech pathology were the most frequently involved professions in service learning. Enablers and barriers identified were categorised into: People, Partnerships, and Place and Space. This national-scale study provides a springboard for more in-depth investigation and implementation research focused on development of a conceptual model to support service learning across rural and remote Australia.


Asunto(s)
Servicios de Salud Rural , Humanos , Anciano , Australia , Estudiantes , Salud Rural , Aprendizaje
19.
BMC Med Educ ; 24(1): 222, 2024 Mar 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429724

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Reflective capacity is a prerequisite for transformative learning. It is regarded as an essential skill in professional competence in the field of medicine. Our aim was to investigate the reflective capacity and the objects of action (themes) which revealed reflective writing of medical students during a general practice/family medicine course. METHODS: Second-year medical students were requested to write learning diaries during a compulsory course in general practice/family medicine consisting of the principles of the physician-patient relationship. The course included a group session supervised by a clinical lecturer and a 3-day training period in a local health centre. We conducted data-driven content analysis of the learning diaries. In the learning diaries, student observations were most commonly directed to events during the training period and to group sessions. Occasionally, observation was directed at inner experience. RESULTS: The following themes were related to reflective writing: feelings towards the end of life, demanding situations in practice, physician's attitude to patient, student's inner experiences, and physician's well-being. The entries indicated different types of reflective capacity. Three subgroups were identified: 'simple reporting,' 'reflective writing,' and 'advanced reflective writing.' CONCLUSION: Professional growth requires the development of reflective capacity, as it is essential for successful patient care and better clinical outcomes. To develop and enhance the reflective capacity of medical students during their education, the curriculum should provide frequent opportunities for students to assess and reflect upon their various learning experiences.


Asunto(s)
Educación de Pregrado en Medicina , Educación Médica , Estudiantes de Medicina , Humanos , Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria/educación , Aprendizaje
20.
BMC Med Educ ; 24(1): 218, 2024 Mar 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429735

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: To provide access to primary care and universal health coverage, Pakistan requires 60,000 trained family physicians by 2030. At present, most primary care is provided by general practitioners (GPs) who do not have any post-graduate training. Empowering GPs through competency-based programs, that strengthen their knowledge and skills, may be a cost-effective strategy for improving healthcare quality. We describe the development and evaluation of FamMed Essentials, a modular, blended-learning program to improve clinical knowledge and skills of GPs. METHODS: This is a mixed method study. We used the CIPP (content, input, process and product) framework for course development and evaluation. We describe the steps used in content development, strategies for teaching and assessments, and evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of the program. In depth focus group discussions were conducted to gather insight on participants' and faculty's perceptions regarding the program's effectiveness. RESULTS: Of the 137 participants who have completed the program, 72% were women and 49% had been practicing for more than five years. We saw a significant improvement in knowledge across all modules (p = < 0.001) and perceived confidence in clinical skills (p = < 0.001). An objective assessment showed participants' competence in patient management. Participants reported a high level of satisfaction (4.4 ± 0.83 on a 5-point Likert Scale). Focus group discussions revealed a positive impact on clinical practice. Flexibility and use of different teaching and learning strategies were additional strengths. In addition, participants reported an interest in further training. Power outages were highlighted as a major challenge. CONCLUSION: In resource-constrained health systems, a modular, blended-learning, competency-based program is helpful to upgrade GPs knowledge without impacting their busy schedules. Accreditation of such programs and provision of a career trajectory for the trained GPs are pivotal to expansion of such initiatives.


Asunto(s)
Médicos Generales , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Médicos Generales/educación , Pakistán , Creación de Capacidad , Médicos de Familia , Aprendizaje
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