Paraguay's approach to biotechnology governance: a comprehensive guide.

This study analyzes Paraguay's biotechnology regulatory framework and its alignment with international standards amid biotechnological advancements. It also identifies areas of improvement for enhancing framework effectiveness. Through this work, we aim to provide a resource for policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers navigating Paraguay's biotechnology regulation.

Irrigation dams threaten Brazilian biodiversity.

Brazil is among the main contributors to global biodiversity, which, in turn, provides extensive ecosystem services. Agriculture is an activity that benefits greatly from these ecosystem services, but at the same time is degrading aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and eroding Brazilian biodiversity. This conflict is growing, as emerging unsustainable legislative proposals that will benefit the agricultural sector are likely to accelerate the decline of biodiversity. One such initiative (Bill 1282/2019) would change Brazil's "Forest Code" (Law 12,651/2012) to facilitate construction of irrigation dams in Permanent Preservation Areas, a category that includes strips (with or without vegetation) along the edges of watercourses. Two other similar bills are advancing through committees in the Chamber of Deputies. Here we provide details of these three bills and discuss their consequences for Brazil's biodiversity if they are approved. Expected negative impacts with changes in the legislation include: increased deforestation; siltation; habitat fragmentation; introduction of non-native species; reduction in the availability of aquatic habitats; and changes in biogeochemical process. These proposals jeopardize biodiversity and may compromise the negotiations for an agreement between Mercosur and the European Union.

Estimating disparities of prostate cancer burden and its attributable risk factors for males across the BRICS-plus, 1990-2019: A comparable study of key nations with emerging economies.

BACKGROUNDS: The study aimed to analyze epidemiology burden of male prostate cancer across the BRICS-plus, and identify potential risk factors by assessing the associations with age, period, birth cohorts and sociodemographic index (SDI). METHODS: Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was calculated to assess long-term trends, and age-period-cohort analysis was used to analyze these three effects on prostate cancer burden. Quantile regression was used to investigate the association between SDI and health outcomes. RESULTS: The higher incidence and mortality were observed in Mercosur and SACU regions, increasing trends were observed in prostate cancer incidence in almost all BRICS-plus countries (AAPC > 0), and EEU's grew by 24.31% (%AAPC range: -0.13-3.03). Mortality had increased in more than half of countries (AAPC > 0), and SACU grew by 1.82% (%AAPC range: 0.62-1.75). Incidence and mortality risk sharply increased with age across all BRICS-plus countries and globally, and the peak was reached in the age group 80-84 years. Rate ratio (RR) of incidence increased with birth cohorts in all BRICS-plus countries except for Kazakhstan where slightly decrease, while mortality RR decreased with birth cohort in most of BRICS-plus countries. SDI presented significantly positive associations with incidence in 50 percentiles. The deaths attributable to smoking declined in most of BRICS-plus nations, and many countries in China-ASEAN-FTA and EEU had higher values. CONCLUSION: Prostate cancer posed a serious public health challenge with an increasing burden among most of BRICS-plus countries. Age had significant effects on prostate cancer burden, and recent birth cohorts suffered from higher incidence risk. SDI presented a positive relationship with incidence, and the smoking-attributable burden was tremendous in China-ASEAN-FTA and EEU region. Secondary prevention should be prioritized in BRICS-plus nations, and health policies targeting important populations should be strengthened based on their characteristics and adaptability.

The Regulatory Status of Functional Foods in the Economic Integration Organizations of Latin America and the Caribbean / El Estatus Regulatorio de los Alimentos Funcionales en las Organizaciones de Integración Económica de Latinoamérica y el Caribe

Introduction. The legal declarations on functional foods of the four main economic integration organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) ­ Pacific Alliance (PA), Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and Central American Integration System (SICA) - are based on the Codex Alimentarius system and do not regulate functional foods. The use of Codex in food marketing is an insufficient condition for its application in functional foods. Regulation based on scientific and technology results are required to be used in the economic integration organizations of LAC. Objective. The objective is to analyze the theoretical framework of the legal foundations that could govern the commercialization processes of functional foods, whose research advances have currently only been manifested in nutritional health. This article also seeks to address this gap through a systematic analysis of international regulations. Materials and methods. For this, a review of the literature emanating from two databases from 2018-2023 is carried by applying the legal-economic research method of documentary content analysis, applied to three general food marketing regulations: food safety declarations, regulations for inspections, food manufacturing and food labeling. Results. The results reveal the absence of specific legislation for functional foods in LAC economic integration organizations. Conclusions. The legal principle of marketing based on peremptory norm (also called jus cogens) can be facilitated through side letters, included in the contents of international contracts. along with the registration requirements of industrial property rights of the member countries associations(AU)

Introducción. Las declaraciones legales sobre alimentos funcionales de las cuatro principales organizaciones de integración económica de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) ­ Alianza del Pacífico (AP), Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM), Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR) y Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA) - se basan en el sistema del Codex Alimentarius y no regulan los alimentos funcionales. El uso del Codex en la comercialización de alimentos es condición insuficiente para su aplicación en alimentos funcionales. Se requiere que las regulaciones basadas en resultados científicos y tecnológicos sean utilizadas en los organismos de integración económica de ALC. Objetivo. Analizar el marco teórico de los fundamentos legales que podrían regir los procesos de comercialización de alimentos funcionales, cuyos avances en investigación actualmente solo se han manifestado en salud nutricional. Este artículo también busca abordar esta brecha a través de un análisis sistemático de las regulaciones internacionales. Materiales y métodos. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura emanada de dos bases de datos del período 2018-2023 aplicando el método de investigación jurídico- económica de análisis de contenido documental, aplicado a tres normas generales de comercialización de alimentos: declaraciones de seguridad alimentaria, normas para inspecciones, fabricación de alimentos y etiquetado de alimentos. Resultados. Los resultados revelan la ausencia de legislación específica para alimentos funcionales en las asociaciones comerciales de ALC. Conclusiones. El principio jurídico de comercialización basado en norma imperativa (también llamado jus cogens) puede facilitarse a través de cartas complementarias, incluidas en el contenido de los contratos internacionales. junto con los requisitos de registro de los derechos de propiedad industrial de las asociaciones de los países miembros(AU)

Review: Impact of bilateral trade on the promotion of animal welfare rules. The case of trade relations between the European Union and Mercosur.

The paper analyzes the impact of trade relations between the European Union (EU) and Mercosur with its member states (Argentina, and Brazil, in particular), on the adoption of legislation on animal welfare inspired by the EU model. In the first part, the paper focuses on the historical roots of the European framework, which led "animal welfare" to become an EU value. Then, it briefly explores the EU legal instrument dedicated to breeding, transport and commercialization of animals, identified as core issues when dealing with international trade. Finally, it examines how Argentina and Brazil have adapted their national rules to the European model, thanks to a "mirroring" legislation strategy. In conclusion, the analysis shows how trade relations with the EU have an impact on the worldwide diffusion of European standards.

Epidemiological Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Attributable to Modifiable Risk Factors and Its Association with Sociodemographic Transitions across BRICS-Plus Countries.

BRICS-Plus countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and 30 other countries) is a group of 35 countries with emerging economies making up more than half of the world's population. We explored epidemiological trends of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality attributable to modifiable risk factors and its association with period and birth cohort effects and sociodemographic index (SDI) across BRICS-Plus countries by using joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort modeling from 1990 to 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, the all-ages CVD deaths increased by 85.2% (6.1 million to 11.3 million) across BRICS-Plus countries. The CVD age-standardized mortality rate attributable to dietary risks and smoking significantly decreased across BRICS-Plus countries, with some exceptions. However, four-fifths of BRICS-Plus countries observed a remarkable increasing trend of high body mass-index (BMI)-related CVD deaths, in particular, among younger adults (25-49 years). Early birth cohorts and individuals aged greater than 50 years showed a higher risk of CVD mortality. Both the China-ASEAN FTA and Mercosur regions stand out for their successful sociodemographic transition, with a significant reduction in CVD mortality over the study period. Singapore and Brazil achieved great progress in CVD mortality reduction and the other BRICS-Plus countries should follow their lead in adopting public health policies and initiatives into practice.

Burden of non-communicable diseases and the achievement of the sustainable development goals in 2030 in Mercosur countries.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this article were to analyse the burden of NCDs and their RFs in the Mercosur countries between 1990 and 2019 and to project mortality trends for 2030. STUDY DESIGN: Epidemiological study of time series. METHODS: The present study used data from the Global Burden of Disease study. The absolute number of deaths, mortality rates, disability-adjusted life years, years of life lost, years lived with disability and the burden of premature mortality by NCD attributable to the RFs were evaluated. Projections were made up to 2030. Age-standardised rates were used to draw comparisons by years and by countries. The analysis was conducted using the RStudio software. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2019, a decrease was found in the premature mortality rates caused by NCDs in all the countries, except for Paraguay, which remained stable. When analysing premature mortality rates due to NCDs up to 2030, it was predicted that none of the countries would achieve the sustainable development goal of a one-third reduction in premature mortality by NCDs. Regarding the impacts of the RFs for NCDs, smoking, dietary risks, high blood pressure (BP) and high body mass index (BMI) were the main risks attributable to premature deaths due to NCDs. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that mortality rates are declining in Mercosur countries; however, none of the countries are predicted to achieve the sustainable development goal of a one-third reduction in mortality due to NCDs by 2030. In addition to access to adequate treatment, progress is required in public regulation actions to reduce RFs, such as smoking, dietary risks, high BP and high BMI.

A multi-criteria approach to assess interconnections among the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of circular economy.

The debate about the negative impacts that production and consumption cause on the environment is in vogue. Strategies that point to a sustainable, healthy, and resilient path are being sought. One of these paths is the Circular Economy, which emerges as an alternative to reduce the socio-environmental impacts caused by the linear model of production-use-disposal, presenting opportunities to generate revenue, income, and wealth with circular processes. However, despite the circular economy being considered an essential strategy to improve overall performance toward sustainability in its three dimensions, recent research has shown that the predominant focus of circular approaches is on the economic and environmental dimensions. At the same time, the social aspects still need to be explored. This article addresses this problem, aiming to explore circular economy environmental, economic, and social elements in three economic blocs from 2000 to 2020 using the Five Sector Sustainability Model, establishing a baseline to co-create an equitable and regenerative future. The results showed that ASEAN in 2000 occupied the first position in the general ranking. The European Union had the best classification in the economic sector, and Mercosur was the best regarding social benefits. In 2020, while the European bloc was better positioned in the general ranking, the South American bloc occupied the last post in almost all sectors. Comparatively, the highest-ranked bloc in 2020 in overall sustainability is more in line with the UN SDG due to circular actions oriented towards the three fundamental pillars of sustainability.

Aimé Jacques Alexandre Goujaud (Apodado Bonpland): médico y naturalista: 250 años de su nacimiento 1773-2023: sus vínculos con el Uruguay / Aimé Jacques Alexandre Goujaud (Apodado Bonpland): physician and naturalist: 250 years of his birth 1773-2023: his links with Uruguay / Aimé Jacques Alexandre Goujaud (Apodado Bonpland): médico e naturalista: 250 anos de seu nascimento 1773-2023: seus vínculos com o Uruguai

Se conmemoran en 2023 los 250 años del nacimiento de Bonpland, francés, médico y naturalista, botánico y viajero, hacendado y político que transitó en el siglo XIX por los cuatro países que hoy integran el Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR). En Argentina por Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Corrientes y Misiones; en Uruguay reiteradamente en Montevideo; en Paraguay por Santa María de Fe, Itapúa y Asunción; en Brasil por San Borja en Rio Grande del Sur. Vino al Río de la Plata atraído por promesas que no se cumplieron luego de explorar parte de América con el barón Alexander von Humboldt y encargarse como intendente botánico de los jardines de Malmaison, la residencia de la emperatriz Josefina, primera esposa de Napoleón Bonaparte. No pudo retornar a su patria, Francia y terminó sus días -ya octogenario- en un apartado pueblo correntino, donde hubo que sepultarlo de apuro por carecer de medios de embalsamamiento que permitieran trasladar su cuerpo a la capital provincial.

The year 2023 marks the 250th anniversary of the birth of Bonpland, Frenchman, physician and naturalist, botanist and traveler, landowner and politician who traveled in the 19th century through the four countries that today make up the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR). In Argentina, he visited Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Corrientes and Misiones; in Uruguay, Montevideo; in Paraguay, Santa María de Fe, Itapúa and Asunción; in Brazil, San Borja in Rio Grande do Sul. He came to the Rio de la Plata attracted by promises that were not fulfilled after exploring part of America with Baron Alexander von Humboldt and taking charge as botanical intendant of the gardens of Malmaison, the residence of the Empress Josephine, first wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. He could not return to his homeland, France, and ended his days -already an octogenarian- in a remote town of Corrientes, where he had to be buried in a hurry due to the lack of embalming means to transfer his body to the provincial capital.

O ano de 2023 marca o 250º aniversário do nascimento de Bonpland, o francês, médico e naturalista, botânico e viajante, proprietário de terras e político que viajou no século XIX pelos quatro países que hoje formam o Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL). Na Argentina, ele viajou por Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Corrientes e Misiones; no Uruguai, viajou várias vezes para Montevidéu; no Paraguai, para Santa María de Fe, Itapúa e Assunção; no Brasil, para São Borja, no Rio Grande do Sul. Ele veio para o Rio de la Plata atraído por promessas que não foram cumpridas depois de explorar parte da América com o Barão Alexander von Humboldt e assumir o cargo de intendente botânico dos jardins de Malmaison, a residência da Imperatriz Josefina, a primeira esposa de Napoleão Bonaparte. Ele não pôde retornar à sua terra natal, a França, e terminou seus dias - já octogenário - em um vilarejo remoto na província de Corrientes, onde teve que ser enterrado às pressas devido à falta de equipamentos de embalsamamento que permitissem que seu corpo fosse transferido para a capital da província.

[Regulation of pesticide residues in food in the MERCOSUR: a much needed discussion for health surveillanceRegulación de los residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos en el MERCOSUR: una discusión necesaria para la vigilancia de la salud]. / Regulação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos no MERCOSUL: discussão necessária para vigilância sanitária.

The objective of this descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative basis was to identify MERCOSUR resolutions on pesticide residues in food issued between 1991 and 2022, analyzing the regional harmonization processes of these milestones and their incorporation into the regulatory framework of MERCOSUR founding Member States (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay). The analysis identified important points for the regulation and monitoring of pesticide residues in food in MERCOSUR, such as the synonyms used in the definition of pesticides and the scope of the regulatory system in each country, the marked differences in the scope of the main national regulatory frameworks, the unequal incorporation of international and regional regulations by the Member States and the challenges for harmonizing legislation on pesticide residues in food within MERCOSUR. In addition to the limited advances observed in the attempt to harmonize the relevant legislation within the bloc, there is a need to advance, nationally and regionally, in the processes to regulate pesticide residues in food, so as to ensure the quality of the products and services provided to the population and also to strengthen safer agro/food trade that relies on processes that are less harmful to the environment.

El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, de base cualitativa, fue identificar las resoluciones del MERCOSUR sobre la gestión de residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos publicadas entre los años 1991 y 2022 y analizar los procesos de armonización regional de esos marcos y su incorporación al marco regulatorio de los Estados Partes fundadores del bloque (Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay). En el análisis se identificaron puntos importantes para la regulación y el seguimiento de la gestión de residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos en el MERCOSUR, tales como los sinónimos utilizados en la definición de productos agrotóxicos y la amplitud del sistema regulatorio de cada país, las diferencias más destacadas en el alcance de los principales marcos regulatorios nacionales, la desigualdad de la incorporación de los reglamentos regionales e internacionales por parte de los Estados Partes y los desafíos para la armonización de la legislación sobre residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos en el ámbito del MERCOSUR. Además de los limitados avances observados en el intento de armonizar la legislación pertinente dentro del bloque, existe la necesidad de avanzar, a nivel nacional y regional, en los procesos regulatorios sobre la gestión de residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos, asegurando la calidad de los productos y servicios ofrecidos a la población y fortaleciendo así el comercio de alimentos más inocuos producidos a partir de procesos menos nocivos para el medioambiente en el MERCOSUR.

Regulação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos no MERCOSUL: discussão necessária para vigilância sanitária

[RESUMO]. O objetivo deste estudo descritivo e exploratório, de base qualitativa, foi identificar as resoluções do MERCOSUL sobre resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos publicadas entre 1991 e 2022, analisando os processos de harmo- nização regional desses marcos e sua incorporação ao arcabouço regulatório dos Estados Partes fundadores do bloco (Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai). A análise identificou pontos importantes para a regulação e o monitoramento de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos no MERCOSUL, como as sinonímias utilizadas na definição de agrotóxicos e a abrangência do sistema regulatório de cada país, as marcadas diferenças no alcance dos principais marcos regulatórios nacionais, a incorporação desigual de regulamentos internacionais e regionais pelos Estados Partes e os desafios para a harmonização da legislação sobre resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos no âmbito do MERCOSUL. Para além dos limitados avanços observados na tentativa de harmo- nizar a legislação pertinente dentro do bloco, observa-se a necessidade de avançar, nacional e regionalmente, nos processos regulatórios sobre resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos, garantindo a qualidade dos produtos e serviços ofertados à população e fortalecendo, assim, um comércio de alimentos mais seguros e produzidos a partir de processos menos prejudiciais ao ambiente no MERCOSUL.

[ABSTRACT]. The objective of this descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative basis was to identify MERCOSUR resolutions on pesticide residues in food issued between 1991 and 2022, analyzing the regional harmoni- zation processes of these milestones and their incorporation into the regulatory framework of MERCOSUR founding Member States (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay). The analysis identified important points for the regulation and monitoring of pesticide residues in food in MERCOSUR, such as the synonyms used in the definition of pesticides and the scope of the regulatory system in each country, the marked differences in the scope of the main national regulatory frameworks, the unequal incorporation of international and regional regulations by the Member States and the challenges for harmonizing legislation on pesticide residues in food within MERCOSUR. In addition to the limited advances observed in the attempt to harmonize the relevant legislation within the bloc, there is a need to advance, nationally and regionally, in the processes to regulate pesticide residues in food, so as to ensure the quality of the products and services provided to the population and also to strengthen safer agro/food trade that relies on processes that are less harmful to the environment.

[RESUMEN]. El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, de base cualitativa, fue identificar las resoluciones del MERCOSUR sobre la gestión de residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos publicadas entre los años 1991 y 2022 y analizar los procesos de armonización regional de esos marcos y su incorporación al marco regulatorio de los Estados Partes fundadores del bloque (Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay). En el análisis se identificaron puntos importantes para la regulación y el seguimiento de la gestión de residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos en el MERCOSUR, tales como los sinónimos utilizados en la definición de productos agrotóxicos y la amplitud del sistema regulatorio de cada país, las diferencias más destacadas en el alcance de los principales marcos regulatorios nacionales, la desigualdad de la incorporación de los reglamentos regionales e internacionales por parte de los Estados Partes y los desafíos para la armonización de la legislación sobre residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos en el ámbito del MERCOSUR. Además de los limitados avances observados en el intento de armonizar la legislación pertinente dentro del bloque, existe la necesidad de avanzar, a nivel nacional y regional, en los procesos regulatorios sobre la gestión de residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos, asegurando la calidad de los productos y ser- vicios ofrecidos a la población y fortaleciendo así el comercio de alimentos más inocuos producidos a partir de procesos menos nocivos para el medioambiente en el MERCOSUR.

Mercosur

The Southern Common Market (Mercosur) is a large integration project designed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Involves the economic, political and social, which can be inferred from the diversity of bodies that compose, which take care of issues as varied as family agriculture to cinema, for example. In economics, the Mercosul assume, today, a customs union, but their ultimate goal is to become a common market, following the objectives set by the Treaty of Asuncion, through which the block was founded in 1991.

Mercosur es un gran proyecto de integración diseñado por Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay. Consiste en la. Económico, político y social, que se puede inferir de la diversidad de los organismos que lo componen, que se encargan de temas tan variados como la agricultura familiar al cine, por ejemplo En economía, el Mercosur asume, hoy, una unión aduanera, pero su objetivo final es llegar a ser un mercado común, siguiendo los objetivos fijados por el Tratado de Asunción, a través del cual el bloque se fundó en 1991.

O Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul) é um amplo projeto de integração concebido por Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai. Envolve dimensões econômicas, políticas e sociais, o que se pode inferir da diversidade de órgãos que ora o compõem, os quais cuidam de temas tão variados quanto agricultura familiar ou cinema, por exemplo. No aspecto econômico, o Mercosul assume, hoje, o caráter de União Aduaneira, mas seu fim último é constituir-se em verdadeiro Mercado Comum, seguindo os objetivos estabelecidos no Tratado de Assunção, por meio do qual o bloco foi fundado, em 1991 (http://www.mercosul.gov.br/perguntas-mais-frequentes-sobre-integracao-regional-e-mercosul-1/sobre-integracao-regional-e-mercosul/).

Protocolo de Ouro Preto

International instrument signed by the Member States of MERCOSUR, which regulates the terms of the Treaty of Asunción, legally giving embasement to its operating structure.

Instrumento internacional suscrito por los Estados miembros de MERCOSUR, que regula a los términos del Tratado de Asunción: da personalidad jurídica internacional al bloque y se define su estructura operativa.

Instrumento internacional assinado entre os Estados Partes do MERCOSUL, que tem por objetivo regulamentar os termos do Tratado de Assunção: dá personalidade jurídica internacional ao bloco e define sua estrutura de funcionamento.

Tratado de Asunción

International treaty including Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay that establishes the Southern Common Market - MERCOSUR.

Tratado internacional firmado entre Brasil, Argentina, Paraguay y Uruguay en que se establece el Mercado Común del Sur - MERCOSUR.

Instrumento internacional assinado entre Brasil, Argentina, Paraguai e Uruguai que cria o Mercado Comum do Sul - MERCOSUL - área de integração regional entre estes países.

Estudo bibliométrico sobre a prática pedagógica na formação do enfermeiro no contexto do MERCOSUL* / Estudio bibliométrico sobre la práctica pedagógica em la formación de enfermeras em el contexto del MERCOSUR / Bibliometric study on pedagogical practice in nurse training in the context of MERCOSUR

Objetivo: analisar a produção científica sobre a prática pedagógica na formação do Enfermeiro no contexto do MERCOSUL indexada na Web of Science. Método: estudo descritivo, abordagem quantitativa, com análise bibliométrica dos indicadores: número de publicações por ano, idioma, periódicos, autores mais produtivos, coautoria e palavras-chave. A coleta de dados ocorreu em 29 de junho de 2022, análise mediante o Software Microsoft Excel®. Resultados: foram identificados 389 documentos, distribuídos entre: 354 artigos (91%), 19 artigos de revisão (4,9%) e 16 conferências (4,1%), publicados em 126 periódicos diferentes, nos idiomas: inglês, português e espanhol, entre os anos de 1958 a 2021. O periódico com maior quantitativo de publicações foi a Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. Os 10 autores mais produtivos são do Brasil. Na análise de termos, destacaram-se as palavras "Nursing", "Nursing Education" e "Education". Conclusão: expressiva produtividade brasileira e escassa produção dos demais países do MERCOSUL indexada na Web of Science.

Objective: to analyze scientific production on pedagogical practice in Nurse training in the context of MERCOSUR indexed in the Web of Science. Method: descriptive study, quantitative approach, with bibliometric analysis of indicators: number of publications per year, language, journals, most productive authors, co-authorship and keywords. Data collection took place on June 29, 2022, analysis using Microsoft Excel® Software. Results: 389 documents were identified, distributed among: 354 articles (91%), 19 review articles (4.9%) and 16 conferences (4.1%), published in 126 different journals, in the languages: English, Portuguese and Spanish, between the years 1958 to 2021. The journal with the largest number of publications was the Latin American Nursing Journal. The 10 most productive authors are from Brazil. In the analysis of terms, the words "Nursing", "Nursing Education" and "Education" stood out. Conclusion: significant Brazilian productivity and little production from other MERCOSUR countries indexed in the Web of Science.

Objetivo: analizar la producción científica sobre la práctica pedagógica en la formación de Enfermeros en el contexto del MERCOSUR indexada en la Web of Science. Método: estudio descriptivo, enfoque cuantitativo, con análisis bibliométrico de indicadores: número de publicaciones por año, idioma, periódicos, autores más productivos, coautorías y palabras clave. La recolección de datos se realizó el 29 de junio de 2022, análisis mediante el software Microsoft Excel®. Resultados: Se identificaron 389 documentos, distribuidos entre: 354 artículos (91%), 19 artículos de revisión (4,9%) y 16 conferencias (4,1%), publicados en 126 revistas diferentes, en los idiomas: inglés, portugués y español, entre los años 1958 al 2021. La revista con mayor número de publicaciones fue la Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermería. Los 10 autores más productivos son de Brasil. En el análisis de términos se destacaron las palabras "Enfermería", "Educación en Enfermería" y "Educación". Conclusión: significativa productividad brasileña y poca producción de otros países del MERCOSUR indexadas en la Web of Science.

Regulação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos no MERCOSUL: discussão necessária para vigilância sanitária / Regulation of pesticide residues in food in the MERCOSUR: a much needed discussion for health surveillance / Regulación de los residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos en el MERCOSUR: una discusión necesaria para la vigilancia de la salud

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo descritivo e exploratório, de base qualitativa, foi identificar as resoluções do MERCOSUL sobre resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos publicadas entre 1991 e 2022, analisando os processos de harmonização regional desses marcos e sua incorporação ao arcabouço regulatório dos Estados Partes fundadores do bloco (Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai). A análise identificou pontos importantes para a regulação e o monitoramento de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos no MERCOSUL, como as sinonímias utilizadas na definição de agrotóxicos e a abrangência do sistema regulatório de cada país, as marcadas diferenças no alcance dos principais marcos regulatórios nacionais, a incorporação desigual de regulamentos internacionais e regionais pelos Estados Partes e os desafios para a harmonização da legislação sobre resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos no âmbito do MERCOSUL. Para além dos limitados avanços observados na tentativa de harmonizar a legislação pertinente dentro do bloco, observa-se a necessidade de avançar, nacional e regionalmente, nos processos regulatórios sobre resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos, garantindo a qualidade dos produtos e serviços ofertados à população e fortalecendo, assim, um comércio de alimentos mais seguros e produzidos a partir de processos menos prejudiciais ao ambiente no MERCOSUL.

ABSTRACT The objective of this descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative basis was to identify MERCOSUR resolutions on pesticide residues in food issued between 1991 and 2022, analyzing the regional harmonization processes of these milestones and their incorporation into the regulatory framework of MERCOSUR founding Member States (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay). The analysis identified important points for the regulation and monitoring of pesticide residues in food in MERCOSUR, such as the synonyms used in the definition of pesticides and the scope of the regulatory system in each country, the marked differences in the scope of the main national regulatory frameworks, the unequal incorporation of international and regional regulations by the Member States and the challenges for harmonizing legislation on pesticide residues in food within MERCOSUR. In addition to the limited advances observed in the attempt to harmonize the relevant legislation within the bloc, there is a need to advance, nationally and regionally, in the processes to regulate pesticide residues in food, so as to ensure the quality of the products and services provided to the population and also to strengthen safer agro/food trade that relies on processes that are less harmful to the environment.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, de base cualitativa, fue identificar las resoluciones del MERCOSUR sobre la gestión de residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos publicadas entre los años 1991 y 2022 y analizar los procesos de armonización regional de esos marcos y su incorporación al marco regulatorio de los Estados Partes fundadores del bloque (Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay). En el análisis se identificaron puntos importantes para la regulación y el seguimiento de la gestión de residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos en el MERCOSUR, tales como los sinónimos utilizados en la definición de productos agrotóxicos y la amplitud del sistema regulatorio de cada país, las diferencias más destacadas en el alcance de los principales marcos regulatorios nacionales, la desigualdad de la incorporación de los reglamentos regionales e internacionales por parte de los Estados Partes y los desafíos para la armonización de la legislación sobre residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos en el ámbito del MERCOSUR. Además de los limitados avances observados en el intento de armonizar la legislación pertinente dentro del bloque, existe la necesidad de avanzar, a nivel nacional y regional, en los procesos regulatorios sobre la gestión de residuos de productos agrotóxicos en los alimentos, asegurando la calidad de los productos y servicios ofrecidos a la población y fortaleciendo así el comercio de alimentos más inocuos producidos a partir de procesos menos nocivos para el medioambiente en el MERCOSUR.

Pandemia e dinâmicas de comércio internacional: uma análise da relação Bahia-Mercosul sob à ótica das exportações e importações / Pandemia y dinámica del comercio internacional: un análisis de la relación Bahía-Mercosur desde el punto de vista de las exportaciones e importaciones / Pandemics and international trade dynamics: an analysis of the Bahia-Mercosur relationship from the perspective of exports and imports

RESUMO Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial e com os processos de globalização no final do século passado, as relações de comércio internacional vêm gradualmente ganhando maior importância, tendo como resultado tanto o aumento da produção mundial, quanto o surgimento de blocos econômicos que buscavam fortalecer e dinamizar estas relações. Um desses blocos econômicos criados foi o Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul) em 1991, tendo como membros: Brasil, Argentina, Paraguai e Uruguai que tinham por objetivo facilitar tanto as relações econômicas entre eles, quanto de pessoas. Contudo, o ano de 2020 foi marcado pelo surgimento do novo coronavírus que afetou diretamente todo o fluxo comercial global em virtude das medidas restritivas. Deste modo, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a dinâmica de comércio internacional do estado da Bahia com o Mercosul através das exportações e importações e detectar os efeitos pandêmicos nessas variáveis. Para cumprir os objetivos propostos, além de uma introdução sobre o estudo da economia internacional, do surgimento do Mercosul, e da evolução econômica da Bahia, foram utilizadas as bases de dados de exportações e importações da Superintendência de Estudos Econômicos e Sociais da Bahia (SEI) e do Ministério de Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior (MDIC) para compreender a pauta de importações e exportações da Bahia, e como elas se relacionam dentro do Mercosul. Os resultados obtidos sinalizam que há significativas reduções nos principais setores exportadores para o Mercosul e pequenas quedas nas importações.

RESUMEN Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y con los procesos de globalización de finales del siglo pasado, las relaciones comerciales internacionales han ido adquiriendo una mayor importancia, lo que ha provocado tanto un aumento de la producción mundial como la aparición de bloques econômicos que pretendían reforzar e impulsar estas relaciones. Uno de estos bloques econômicos creados fue el Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur) en 1991, teniendo como miembros Brasil, Argentina, Paraguay y Uruguay, cuyo objetivo era facilitar tanto las relaciones econômicas entre ellos como las personas. Sin embargo, el ano 2020 estuvo marcado por la aparición del nuevo coronavirus que afectó directamente a todo el flujo comercial mundial debido a las medidas restrictivas. De esta manera, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la dinàmica del comercio internacional del estado de Bahia con el Mercosur a través de las exportaciones e importaciones y detectar los efectos de la pandemia en estas variables. Para cumplir con los objetivos propuestos, además de una introducción sobre el estudio de la economia internacional, el surgimiento del Mercosur y la evolución econômica de Bahia, se utilizaron las bases de datos de exportaciones e importaciones de la Superintendencia de Estudios Econômicos y Sociales de Bahia (SEI) y del Ministerio de Desarrollo, Industria y Comercio Exterior (MDIC) para conocer las importaciones y exportaciones de Bahia, y cômo se relacionan dentro del Mercosur Los resultados obtenidos indican que hay reducciones significativas en los principales sectores de exportación a Mercosur y pequenas caídas en las importaciones.

ABSTRACT After the Second World War and with the globalization processes at the end of the last century international trade relations have gradually gained greater importance, resulting in both an increase in world production and the emergence of economic blocs that sought to strengthen and dynamize these relations. One of these economic blocs created was the Common Market of the South (Mercosur) in 1991, having as members: Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay whose objective was to facilitate both economic relations between them and people. However the year 2020 was marked by the emergence of the new coronavirus that directly affected the entire global trade flow due to restrictive measures. Thus, this article aims to analyze the dynamics of international trade between the state of Bahia and Mercosur through exports and imports and detect the pandemic effects on these variables. In order to fulfill the proposed objectives, in addition to an introduction to the study of the international economy, the emergence of Mercosur, and the economic evolution of Bahia, the databases of exports and imports of the Superintendence of Economic and Social Studies of Bahia (SEI) were used. ) and the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC) to understand Bahia's import and export agenda, and how they are related within Mercosur The results obtained indicate that there are significant reductions in the main exporting sectors to Mercosur and small drops in imports.

Food Trade for Specific Health Use FOSHU through Patents in LATAM: Relevant Aspects in International Law / Comercio de Alimentos para Uso Específico de Salud FOSHU a través de Patentes en LATAM: Aspectos Relevantes en el Derecho Internacional

Introduction: This article addresses the legal regulations for Foods for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU) in the main trade associations of Latin America (LATAM), based on the Codex Alimentarius system. Objective: The objective is to determine regulatory progress in the trade of FOSHU products. Material and methods: This study includes a review of the literature emanating from the databases from 2018 to 2022, according to the framework of three general food marketing regulations: food safety claims; inspection regulations, and food manufacturing and labeling. Results: The results reveal the absence of a specific legislation for FOSHU foods, as these are only mentioned in the area of nutrition. Conclusions: The legal framework in the trade of these products is based on jus cogens. Registration of industrial patents in the main member countries of LATAM trade associations can be facilitated through the Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)(AU)

Introducción: El artículo aborda las regulaciones jurídicas en Alimentos para Uso Específico de Salud "FOSHU" en las principales asociaciones comerciales de América Latina (LATAM), basados en el sistema Codex Alimentarius. Objetivo: Determinar el avance regulatorio en la comercialización de productos FOSHU. Materiales y métodos: Se revisa la literatura emanada de las bases de datos desde el año 2018 al 2022, según el marco de tres regulaciones generales de comercialización de alimentos: las declaraciones de seguridad alimentaria; las regulaciones de inspecciones, las de manufacturas de alimentos y etiquetado. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron la ausencia de una legislación específica para alimentos FOSHU, siendo solo mencionados en el área de la nutrición. Conclusiones: El revestimiento jurídico en la comercialización de estos productos; se cimienta en el ius cogens. Las inscripciones de patentes industriales en los principales países miembros de las asociaciones comerciales en LATAM pueden facilitarse por la vía del Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)(AU)

Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in herbal infusion tea bags marketed in Tacna, Peru.

The concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in infusion tea bags of Camellia sinensis (tea), Pimpinella anisum (anise), Matricaria recutita (chamomile), Peumus boldus (boldo), and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) for four commercial brands sold in Tacna, Peru, to compare these concentrations with international standards. The moderate level of arsenic obtained for C. sinensis (0.294 mg kg-1) exceeded the Codex Alimentarius standard for three of the four analyzed brands, while the level of arsenic in P. boldus (0.220 mg kg-1) exceeded the same standard and the Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR) parameters for only one brand. The moderate level of cadmium outlined in the Codex Alimentarius and by the World Health Organization (WHO) was exceeded by two infusion tea bag brands of M. recutita (0.210 mg kg-1) and one brand of C. citratus (0.134 mg kg-1). Finally, based on the MERCOSUR parameters, moderate levels of lead were exceeded by only one brand of C. citratus (0.535 mg kg-1). To evaluate possible health risks, we also calculated the hazard index (HI) of the heavy metals in the target herbal tea bags. The values obtained were less than 1, showing negligible noncarcinogenic health risks for consumers. Despite this information and because of the elevated concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead obtained in some of our results, we suggest more detailed studies to obtain more information about the potential toxicity of these products to humans.

Starch Nanocomposite Films: Migration Studies of Nanoparticles to Food Simulants and Bio-Disintegration in Soil.

In this work, films containing AgNPs were obtained by different green synthesis techniques (AgNP in situ and AgNP L). The inclusion of nanoparticles in the starch matrix improved both mechanical and barrier properties. The migration of AgNPs from the nanocomposite material to three food simulants (water, 3% v/v acetic acid and 15% v/v ethanol) was studied. The experimental data were fitted by using different widely accepted mathematical models (Fickian, Ritger and Peppas, and Weibull), indicating that the AgNP migration followed a complex mechanism. The silver concentration (mg Ag per kg of simulant) that was released from the nanocomposite films was higher for the samples with AgNPs in situ than for those containing AgNP L. Likewise, the maximum release value (0.141 mg/dm2 for AgNPs in situ in acetic acid simulant) was lower than the limits proposed by the legislation (European Commission and MERCOSUR; 10 and 8 mg/dm2, respectively). The replacement of conventional plastic materials by biodegradable ones requires the evaluation of bio-disintegration tests in soil. In this sense, a period of 90 days was necessary to obtain ≥50% weight loss in both nanocomposite films. Additionally, the bio-disintegration of the samples did not contribute with phytotoxic compounds to the soil, allowing the germination of fast-growing seeds.