Distinct biogeographic processes and areas of endemism contributed differentially to Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus community assembly on Marajó Island.

Amazonia is the primary source of haemosporidian diversity for South American biomes. Yet, our understanding of the contribution of each area of endemism and the biogeographical processes that generated such diversity in this group of vector transmitted parasites remains incomplete. For example, a recently formed fluvial island in the Amazon delta - Marajó Island, is composed of avian lineages from adjacent Amazonian areas of endemism, but also from open habitats, such as Cerrado. This raises the question: Is the parasite assemblage found in avian hosts on this island formed by parasite lineages from adjacent Amazonian areas of endemism or Cerrado? Here, we assessed the spatiotemporal evolution of Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus parasites. Our biogeographic analysis showed that dispersal dominated Plasmodium diversification, whereas duplication was more frequent for the genus Parahaemoproteus. We show that the Inambari area of endemism was the primary source for Plasmodium diversity on Marajó Island, but that this island received more Parahaemoproteus lineages from Cerrado than any Amazonian area of endemism. The unique patterns of dispersal for each parasite genus coupled with their propensity to shift hosts locally may have facilitated their diversification across Amazonia, suggesting that differences in deep evolutionary history may have constrained their colonization of Marajó Island.

Pristimantis achupalla sp. n., a new minute species of direct-developing frog (Amphibia, Anura, Strabomantidae) inhabiting bromeliads of the montane forest of the Amazonian Andes of Puno, Peru.

We describe a new species of bromeliad-dwelling Pristimantis from primary montane forest (2,225 m a.s.l.) in southern Peru. The type locality is near Thiuni, in the Department of Puno (province of Carabaya) in the upper watershed of a tributary of the Inambari River. Pristimantis achupalla sp. n. is characterized by a snout-vent length of 10.0-12.8 mm in adult males (n = 4), unknown in adult females, and is compared morphologically and genetically with species in the Pristimantis lacrimosus group, and with other similar species of Pristimantis. The new species is characterized by having skin on dorsum and flanks rugose, green brownish color, distinctive scapular folds, subacuminate or acuminate snout profile, upper eyelid bearing two or three subconical tubercles and some rounded tubercles, rostral papilla, flanks light brown to brown, with irregular dark brown marks.

Redescription of emRaggophyllum/em Nickle, 1967 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) with description of a new species from Brazilian Amazon Rainforest and placement in Microcentrini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878.

Raggophyllum Nickle, 1967 is a monotypic genus, including Raggophylluym spinosum, and recorded in Peru and Bolivia. In this work, Raggophyllum is redescribed and assigned to the Microcentrini, based on the type species Raggophylluym spinosum. Raggophyllum rubrofemoratum sp. nov. in described from Brazil, Acre and Amazonas, and it is the first record for the genus in Brazil. The male genitalia and the stridulatory file morphology are described for the first time. A distribution map, notes on the habitat, and commentaries on their distribution among Amazonian endemism areas are included.

Redescription of Ancistrus greeni (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), and description of a new species from the río Madre de Dios basin, Peru

A new species of Ancistrus is described from minor tributaries of the río Madre de Dios basin (Cusco - Madre de Dios - Puno), in Peru. The new species shares with A. greeni an uncommon unicusp dentition; but it is distinguished from A. greeni by a larger orbital diameter, deeper caudal peduncle, and larger adipose-fin spine. The redescription of A. greeni is provided, and its recognition along with the discovery of this new species increases to five the officially number of Ancistrus species from the río Madre de Dios basin. The lectotype and paralectotype of A. greeni are provided.(AU)

Uma nova espécie de Ancistrus é descrita de pequenos tributários da bacia do rio Madre de Dios (Cusco - Madre de Dios - Puno), no Peru. A nova espécie compartilha com A. greeni uma dentição unicuspidada pouco comum e é diagnosticada de A. greeni pelo maior diâmetro orbital, maior altura do pedúnculo caudal e maior espinho da nadadeira adiposa. A redescrição de A. greeni é fornecida, e seu reconhecimento juntamente com a descoberta dessa nova espécie incrementam para cinco o número oficial de Ancistrus registradas para a bacia do rio Madre de Dios. O lectótipo e paralectótipo de A. greeni são fornecidos.(AU)

Systematics and biogeography of the genus Scaria Bolívar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Batrachideinae).

The Amazon rainforest is the world's most extensive tropical rainforest, holding a considerable ecological and taxonomic diversity. Speciation in this region arises from multiple factors, such as topography, climate fluctuations, oceanic transgression, vegetation and the delimitation of zones circumscribed by sub-basins within the greater Amazon basin. Different scenarios have been proposed to better understand the diversification of Amazonian taxa, whether by Pleistocene refugia or by areas of endemism.                The genus Scaria is distributed mostly in Amazonia, with a single species that ranges from the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena ecoregion well into Central America all the way to southern Nicaragua. Eight species are currently recognized, with three additional described here as new: Scaria rafaeli sp. nov., S. jonasi sp. nov. and S. granti sp. nov., and the status of S. laeta stat. resurr. is revalidated. Two new combinations are established: S. verutum comb. nov. (formerly placed in Rehnidium Grant, 1956) and Batrachidea brevis comb. nov. (formerly placed in Scaria). New synonym is proposed: Batrachidea brevis (Hancock, 1909) = Batrachidea inermis Hebard, 1923 syn. nov. Lectotypes and paralectotypes were selected for S. laeta, S. maculata and S. lineata, as well as the neotypes for S. hamata and S. boliviana. An updated key to species of Scaria is also provided.                A cladistic analysis for 15 species was performed (12 in the inner group and 3 in the outer group) with 40 morphological characters, confirming the monophyly of Scaria. A biogeographical analysis of dispersion-vicariance indicates that the origin of the genus was probably in the Inambari endemism center as the only reconstruction of the resulting ancestral distribution, five dispersions and three vicariance events being postulated. These suggest that both types of events are equally important in the current configuration of the distribution in Scaria. Vicariance events arise mostly by isolation of the species because of the uplift of the Andes and the dispersion events comprise four waves originating from the ancestral range into central and east Amazonia.

Noblella thiuni sp. n., a new (singleton) species of minute terrestrial-breeding frog (Amphibia, Anura, Strabomantidae) from the montane forest of the Amazonian Andes of Puno, Peru.

We describe a new species of minute, terrestrial-breeding frog in the genus Noblella. We collected a single specimen in the leaf litter of primary montane forest (2,225 m a.s.l.) near Thiuni, in the Provice of Carabaya, Department of Puno, in the upper watershed of a tributary of the Inambari River of southern Peru, the same locality where we found the types of Psychrophrynella glauca Catenazzi & Ttito 2018. We placed the new species within Noblella on the basis of molecular data, minute size, and overall morphological resemblance with the type species N. peruviana and other species of Noblella, including having three phalanges on finger IV (as in N. coloma, N. heyeri, N. lynchi, N. madreselva, N. peruviana, and N. pygmaea), and terminal phalanges T-shaped and pointed. Noblella thiuni sp. n. is distinguished from all other species of Noblella by having ventral surfaces of legs bright red, and chest and belly copper reddish with a profusion of silvery spots. The new species further differs from known Peruvian species of Noblella by the combination of the following characters: tympanic membrane absent, eyelids lacking tubercles, dorsal skin finely shagreen, tarsal tubercles or folds absent, three phalanges on Finger IV, tips of digits not expanded, no circumferential grooves on digits, inguinal spots present. The new species has a snout-vent length of 11.0 mm in one adult or subadult male. Our new finding confirms the high levels of endemism and beta diversity of small, terrestrial-breeding frogs inhabiting the moss layers and leaf litter in the montane forests of the Amazonian slopes of the Andes and adjacent moist puna grasslands, and suggests much work remains to be done to properly document this diversity.

Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. III. Anguidae, Scincidae, Teiidae.

We present distribution data of all Anguidae, Scincidae, and Teiidae lizards known from the Brazilian Amazonia, totaling 29 species-level taxa, belonging to 14 genera. This represents 11 more species-level taxa than previously reported for these families in this area. Data were based on literature and 46,806 specimens deposited in three North American and eight Brazilian museums, including the main collections harboring Amazonian material. Most species (~55%) are endemic to Amazonia. Except for Ameiva ameiva, that is present in several environments and domains, non-endemic species are either associated with open dry (semideciduous) forest or open vegetation (savanna) enclaves in Amazonia, occupying similar environments outside Amazonia, gallery forests within the Cerrado, or present disjunct populations in the Atlantic Forest. As a whole, six taxa are widespread in Amazonia, four are restricted to eastern Amazonia, four to western Amazonia, three to southwestern Amazonia, one to northern Amazonia, and seven to the southern peripheral portion of Amazonia. Besides, two species present apparently more restricted, unique distributions. Only three species have a distribution that is congruent with one of the areas of endemism (AE) recognized for other organisms (birds and primates), of which two occur in AE Guiana and one in AE Inambari.

A new species of Corydoras Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the río Madre de Dios basin, Peru

A new species of Corydoras is described from the río Madre de Dios basin, Peru. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by presenting the following features: a longitudinal black stripe along midline of flank; mesethmoid short, with anterior portion poorly developed; serrations on posterior margin of pectoral spine directed towards the tip of the spine; dorsal fin with the region of the first branched ray, including membrane, with concentration of black pigmentation, the remaining areas with irregular black blotches; absence of a vertically elongated black blotch across the eyes; conspicuously rounded moderately-developed black spots on the snout; and ventral expansion of infraorbital 1 moderately developed.

Uma espécie nova de Corydoras é descrita da bacia do rio Madre de Dios, Peru. A espécie nova pode ser distinguida de suas congêneres por apresentar as seguintes características: uma faixa preta longitudinal ao longo da linha mediana do flanco; mesetmóide curto, com porção anterior pouco desenvolvida; serrilhas na margem posterior do espinho peitoral voltadas em direção à ponta do espinho; região do primeiro raio ramificado da nadadeira dorsal, incluindo membranas, com concentração de pigmentação preta, as demais áreas com manchas pretas irregulares; ausência de uma mancha preta verticalmente alongada através dos olhos; manchas pretas moderadamente desenvolvidas, conspicuamente arredondadas, no focinho; e expansão ventral do infraorbital 1 moderadamente desenvolvida.

Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. II. Gekkonidae, Phyllodactylidae, Sphaerodactylidae.

I present distribution data of all geckos (Gekkonidae, Phyllodactylidae and Sphaerodactylidae) known from the Brazilian Amazonia, totaling 19 species, belonging to nine genera. This represents six more taxa than previously reported for these families. Data were based on the direct examination of 23,094 specimens deposited in three North American and eight Brazilian museums. Most species (68.4%) are endemic to the Amazonia; non-endemic species are mainly associated with open dry (semideciduous) forest or open vegetation (savanna) enclaves in Amazonia. As a whole, three taxa are widespread in Amazonia, two are restricted to eastern Amazonia, two to western Amazonia, three to northern Amazonia (either widespread or restriced to parts of the Guiana region), one to southern Amazonia, one to southwestern Amazonia, and three to the southern peripheral portion of Amazonia. Additionally, four species have unique distributions and four species have a distribution that is congruent with one of the areas of endemism recognized for other organisms (birds and primates), of which two occur in the area of endemism of Guiana, one in Inambari, and one in Tapajós.

Biogeography of squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri): South-central Amazon origin and rapid pan-Amazonian diversification of a lowland primate.

The squirrel monkey, Saimiri, is a pan-Amazonian Pleistocene radiation. We use statistical phylogeographic methods to create a mitochondrial DNA-based timetree for 118 squirrel monkey samples across 68 localities spanning all Amazonian centers of endemism, with the aim of better understanding (1) the effects of rivers as barriers to dispersal and distribution; (2) the area of origin for modern Saimiri; (3) whether ancestral Saimiri was a lowland lake-affiliated or an upland forest taxa; and (4) the effects of Pleistocene climate fluctuation on speciation. We also use our topology to help resolve current controversies in Saimiri taxonomy and species relationships. The Rondônia and Inambari centers in the southern Amazon were recovered as the most likely areas of origin for Saimiri. The Amazon River proved a strong barrier to dispersal, and squirrel monkey expansion and diversification was rapid, with all speciation events estimated to occur between 1.4 and 0.6Ma, predating the last three glacial maxima and eliminating climate extremes as the main driver of squirrel monkey speciation. Saimiri expansion was concentrated first in central and western Amazonia, which according to the "Young Amazon" hypothesis was just becoming available as floodplain habitat with the draining of the Amazon Lake. Squirrel monkeys also expanded and diversified east, both north and south of the Amazon, coincident with the formation of new rivers. This evolutionary history is most consistent with a Young Amazon Flooded Forest Taxa model, suggesting Saimiri has always maintained a lowland wetlands niche and was able to greatly expand its range with the transition from a lacustrine to a riverine system in Amazonia. Saimiri vanzolinii was recovered as the sister group to one clade of Saimiri ustus, discordant with the traditional Gothic vs. Roman morphological division of squirrel monkeys. We also found paraphyly within each of the currently recognized species: S. sciureus, S. ustus, and S. macrodon. We discuss evidence for taxonomic revision within the genus Saimiri, and the need for future work using nuclear markers.

Multilocus phylogeography of the Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Glyphorynchus spirurus (Aves, Furnariidae) in lowland Amazonia: widespread cryptic diversity and paraphyly reveal a complex diversification pattern.

Amazonian rivers function as important barriers to dispersal of Amazonian birds. Studying population genetics of lineages separated by rivers may help us to uncover the dynamics of biological diversification in the Amazon. We reconstructed the phylogeography of the Wedge-billed Woodcreeper, Glyphorynchus spirurus (Furnariidae) in the Amazon basin. Sampling included 134 individuals from 63 sites distributed in eight Amazonian areas of endemism separated by major Amazonian rivers. Nucleotide sequences were generated for five genes: two mtDNA genes (1047 bp for cyt b and 1002 bp for ND2) and three nuclear genes (647 bp from the sex-linked gene ACO, 319 bp from the intron of G3PDH, and 619 bp from intron 2 of MYO). In addition, 37 individuals were randomly selected from the Rondônia and Inambari areas of endemism for genomic fingerprinting, using five ISSR primers. Our results reveal allopatric and well-supported lineages within G. spirurus with high levels of genetic differentiation (p-distances 0.9-6.3%) across opposite banks of major Amazonian rivers. The multilocus phylogenetic reconstructions obtained reveal several incongruences with current subspecies taxonomy. Within currently recognized subspecies, we found high levels of both paraphyly and genetic differentiation, indicating deep divergences and strong isolation consistent with species-level differences. ISSR fingerprinting supports the existence of genetically differentiated populations on opposite sides of the Madeira River. Molecular dating suggests an initial vicariation event isolating populations from the Guiana center of endemism during the Late Miocene/Early Pliocene, while more recent events subdivided Brazilian Shield populations during the Lower Pleistocene.

Biodiversidad y endemismo de los caracoles terrestres Megalobulimusy Systrophia en la Amazonia occidental / Biodiversity and endemism of the western Amazonia land snails Megalobulimus and Systrophia

En este trabajo realizamos un estudio biogeográfico de dos géneros de caracoles terrestres amazónicos, Megalobulimus (Strophocheilidae) y Systrophia (Scolodontidae). Se utilizaron individuos colectados en diversas localidades de la Amazonia peruana así como información bibliográfica. Se utilizaron los marcadores moleculares 5.8S-ITS2-28S rRNA y 16S rRNA para reconstruir filogenias y obtener hipótesis sobre las relaciones evolutivas entre los géneros amazónicos y otras especies de distribución global. La filogenia nuclear permitió determinar la posición evolutiva de ambos géneros y la filogenia mitocondrial permitió la diferenciación de las especies a nivel intragenérico. Megalobulimus formó parte del clado no-achatinoideo en la filogenia de los gastrópodos Stylommatophora, como lo esperado, pero no pudo ser demostrada su cercanía a la familia Acavidae, mientras que Systrophia quedó fuera de los dos clados establecidos, formando uno basal dentro de los Stylommatophora. El gen mitocondrial 16S rRNA permitió diferenciar a las especies de Megalobulimus, actuando como código de barras de ADN de estos caracoles comestibles. El análisis de distribución geográfica reveló varios endemismos para la Amazonia peruana para especies de ambos géneros, resaltando las unidades biogeográficas de Chanchamayo e Inambari.

In this work we performed a biogeographic study of two genera of Amazonian land snails, Megalobulimus (Strophocheilidae) and Systrophia (Scolodontidae). We used samples from different regions of the Peruvian Amazon, as well as bibliographic information. We analyzed both nuclear (5.8S-ITS2-28S rRNA) and mitochondrial (16S rRNA) genes to reconstruct phylogenies and obtain hypotheses concerning the evolutionary relationships among Amazonian genera and other species with global distribution. The nuclear phylogeny allowed us to determine the evolutionary position of both genera, and the mitochondrial phylogeny permitted the differentiation of species at the intrageneric level. We found that Megalobulimus clustered with the non-achatinoid clade within Stylommatophora, as expected, but its relationship to family Acavidae could not be demonstrated. Systrophiadid not cluster with any of the two established clades, but formed a basal one within Stylommatophora. The mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA allowed us to differentiate Megalobulimus species, and performed well for DNA barcoding of these edible snails. Biogeographical analysis revealed several endemic species in the Peruvian Amazon within both genera, highlighting the Chanchamayo and Inambari biogeographic units.

A phylogenetic approach to conserving Amazonian biodiversity.

Amazonia is a highly threatened rainforest that encompasses a major proportion of Earth's biological diversity. Our main goal was to establish conservation priorities for Amazonia's areas of endemism on the basis of measures of evolutionary distinctiveness. We considered two previously identified sets of areas of endemism. The first set consisted of eight large areas used traditionally in biogeographical studies: Belém, Tapajós, Xingu, Guiana, Rondônia, Imeri, Inambari, and Napo. The second set consisted of 16 smaller areas that were subdivisions of the larger areas. We assembled a data set of 50 phylogenies that represented 16 orders and 1715 distributional records. We identified priority conservation areas for the areas of endemism according to node-based metrics of evolutionary distinctiveness. We contrasted these results with priority areas identified on the basis of raw species richness and species endemicity. For the larger areas, we identified Guiana and Inambari as the first- and second-most important areas for conservation. The remaining areas in this first group scored half (e.g., Napo) or less than Guiana and Inambari on all indices. For the smaller areas, a subdivision of Guiana (i.e., Guyana and the Brazilian states of Roraima and Amazonas) was at the top of the ranking and was followed by a subdivision of Inambari (i.e., northwestern portion of Amazonas) and then another subdivision of Guiana (i.e., Suriname, French Guiana, and the Brazilian state of Amapá). The distinctiveness-based rankings of the priority of areas correlated directly with those derived from species richness and species endemicity. Current conservation strategies in Amazonia, although they rely on many other criteria apart from phylogeny, are focusing on the most important areas for conservation we identified here.

A review of the Cis-Andean species of Hemibrycon Günther (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), with description of two new species

The species of Hemibrycon occurring in the east of the Andean Cordilleras are reviewed based on their type series and additional specimens. Nine species are redescribed: H. beni from río Beni basin, Bolivia; H. helleri from the upper rio Ucayali, Peru; H. huambonicus from the ríos Huallaga and Marañon basins, Peru; H. jeslkii from the upper portions of ríos Marañon, Ucayali and Madeira basins, Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru; H. metae from río Orinoco basin, Colombia and Venezuela, and Caribbean coastal basins of Venezuela; H. polyodon (type species) from río Pastaza basin, Ecuador; H. surinamensis from coastal basins of French Guiana and Suriname, and from lower rios Tapajós, Tocantins and Xingu basins, Brazil; H. taeniurus from river basins from Trinidad Island, Trinidad and Tobago, and H. tridens from upper río Ucayali basin, Peru. Two new species are described: H. inambari from the upper río Madre de Dios basin, Peru and H. mikrostiktos from río Ucayali basin, Peru. These species are distinguished among themselves mainly by the color pattern, and meristic characters. The distribution area of the genus is enlarged reaching the lower Tapajós, Tocantins and Xingu river basins, Brazil, with the first record of the occurrence of H. surinamensis in this country. A new description and diagnosis is provided for the type species of the genus, regardless its recent redescription. The type series of H. helleri that was previously considered dubious is found and described. Hemibrycon coxeyi and H. pautensis are considered junior synonyms of H. polyodon. Tetragonopterus (Hemibrycon) trinitatis, previously considered species inquirenda in Characidae, and Hemibrycon guppyi are junior synonyms of H. taeniurus. Hemibrycon orcesi is transferred to Boehlkea. A taxonomic key for the species of the genus to the east of the Andean Cordilleras is presented.

As espécies de Hemibrycon que ocorrem a leste das Cordilheiras dos Andes são revisadas com base na análise do material tipo e exemplares adicionais. Nove espécies são redescritas: H. beni da bacia do río Beni, Bolívia; H. helleri do alto río Ucayali, Peru; H. huambonicus para as bacias dos ríos Huallaga e Marañon, Peru; H. jeslkii para as porções superiores das bacias dos rios Marañon, Ucayali e Madeira, Bolívia, Brasil e Peru; H. metae para a bacia do río Orinoco, Colômbia e Venezuela, e bacias costeiras do Caribe na Venezuela; H. polyodon (espécie-tipo) para a bacia do río Pastaza, Equador; H. surinamensis para as bacia costeiras da Guiana Francesa e Suriname, e porção inferior das bacias dos rios Tapajós, Tocantins e Xingu, Brasil; H. taeniurus para os rios da ilha de Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago; H. tridens para a bacia do alto río Ucayali, Peru. Duas espécies novas são descritas: H. inambari para a bacia do alto río Madre de Dios, Peru e H. mikrostiktos para a bacia do río Ucayali, Peru. Estas espécies distinguem-se principalmente pelo padrão de colorido e caracteres merísticos. A área de distribuição do gênero é ampliada para as porções inferiores das bacias do Tapajós, Tocantins e Xingu, Brasil, com o primeiro registro de H. surinamensis para este país. Uma nova diagnose e descrição são fornecidas para a espécie-tipo do gênero, apesar de ter sido recentemente redescrita. A série-tipo de H. helleri previamente considerada questionável é encontrada e descrita. Hemibrycon coxeyi e H. pautensis são considerados sinônimos juniores de H. polyodon. Tetragonopterus (Hemibrycon) trinitatis, anteriormente considerada como species inquirenda em Characidae, e Hemibrycon guppyi são sinônimos juniores de H. taeniurus. Hemibrycon orcesi é transferida para Boehlkea. É apresentada uma chave taxonômica para as espécies do gênero a leste das Cordilheiras dos Andes.

Diversidad ictiológica del Río Inambari, Madre de Dios, Perú

Con el objetivo de conocer la ictiofauna de la cuenca del Río Inambari (Madre de Dios) y su estado de conservación se colectaron muestras en 22 estaciones empleando redes de arrastre (malla 5 mm). Se determinó la composición taxonómica de la ictiofauna, la diversidad, riqueza y abundancia, además las características ecológicas (rango altitudinal, tipo de hábitat y agua y la estimación del estado de conservación de cada ambiente mediante el índice ecológico (IBI). Se colectaron 1411 individuos agrupados en 52 especies, 35 géneros, 13 familias y cuatro órdenes. Los Characiformes (65%) y Siluriformes (25%) fueron los más diversos, destacándose tres nuevos registros para Perú: Serrapinnus notomelas, Pseudopimelodus bufonius y Pseudocetopsis gobiodes y una especie endémica: Chaetostoma marcapatae. El patrón altitudinal influye en la formación de micro hábitats y por consecuencia en la abundancia y riqueza de especies; encontrándose mayor riqueza y abundancia en la zona baja (52 especies y 1309 individuos), la mayor riqueza en quebradas (44 especies) y la mayor abundancia en ríos (712 individuos). Por tipo de agua, las claras presentaron mayor riqueza (37 especies) y las blancas mayor abundancia (789 individuos). Los mayores índices de diversidad (H') fueron encontrados en los ríos, aguas blancas y en menores altitudes. Al emplearse el Índice de Integridad Biológica (IBI) para determinar el estado de conservación se obtuvieron mayores valores para el cauce principal del Río Inambari, aguas arriba de Mazuko y valores mínimos en la Quebrada Mirador, aguas abajo de Mazuko donde se observo actividad de minería aurífera artesanal.

The main purposes of this study were to know the diversity of fishes in the Inambari river basin, at Mazuco district, (Madre de Dios) and the state of conservation of the aquatic habitats. Samples were collected from 22 stations using seines of small mesh (5mm) and recording data from each habitat. Taxonomic composition of fishes, diversity and abundance, ecological characterization by altitudinal range, habitat and water type; and the conservation state of each water bodies have been studied. A total of 1411 individuals were collected and four orders, 13 families, 35 genera and 52 species were identified. The groups with more diversity were Characiformes (65%) and Siluriformes (25%). Three new records for Peru: Serrapinnus notomelas, Pseudopimelodus bufonius y Pseudocetopsis gobiodes and one endemic species: Chaetostoma marcapatae have been register. The altitudinal pattern influence in micro habitats presence and as consequence in abundance and species richness; so higher richness and abundance were found in the lower zone (52 species and 1309 individuals), in streams (44 species) and rivers (712 individuals). According type of water, the clearwaters showed higher values of richness (37 species) and the whitewater higher abundance (789 individuals). The higher diversity indexes (H') were found in the rivers, white waters and altitudes lower. The higher values of Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) were obtained in the main channel of the Río Inambari, up river of Mazuko and lower values in the Mirador stream, down river of Mazuko, where it was observed gold mining activity artisanal.

Síndrome Febril-Ictero-Hemorrágico en la provincia de Sandia Departamento de Puno entre marzo - setiembre 2006 / Febrile-Icteric-Hemorrhagic Syndrome in the province of Sandia department of Puno between march - september 2006

El brote de síndrome Febril Ictero Hemorrágico se inició en el distrito de Alto Inambari y Putina Punco, de la provincia de Sandia, departamento de Puno, zonas enzooticas de Fiebre Amarilla Silvestre, entre el mes de marzo y setiembre se han reportado 25 casos de síndrome febril icterohemorrágico, principalmente en el mes de mayo, de los cuales, 11 casos corresponden a fiebre amarilla, 7 casos a leptospirosis, 3 casos a síndrome febril, 2 casos a síndrome febril ictérico, 1 caso a hepatitis viral, y 1 caso a rickettsiosis. Las muestras de suero y de biopsia hepática fueron analizadas y confirmadas en el laboratorio de arbovirus y patología del INS Lima, en coordinación con el Laboratorio Referencial de la DIRESA Puno. Los casos fallecidos son 13 lo que significa un 52 por ciento de letalidad, entre los pacientes fallecidos el mayor porcentaje (60 por ciento)corresponde al sexo masculino, el grupo etáreo mayoritariamente afectado es el comprendido entre los 21 a los 40 años con un 68 por ciento, entre los fallecidos se observa que éstos no han recibido inmunización o ignoran el hecho.

The phylogeography of Amazonia revisited: new evidence from riodinid butterflies.

A fully resolved cladogram for 19 species in the Charis cleonus group of riodinid butterflies, which have closely parapatric ranges throughout the Amazon basin, is used to derive an area cladogram for the region. This represents the first comprehensive species-level analysis using insects and results in a hypothesis of Amazonian area relationships that is the most detailed to date. The Charis area cladogram is interpreted as supporting an historical vicariant split between the Guianas and the remainder of the Amazon and then between the upper and lower Amazon. The latter two clades can be further divided into the six most widely recognized areas of endemism and even smaller endemic centers within these, some of which, especially along the Madeira and lower Amazon Rivers, have never been previously hypothesized for butterflies. The overall pattern of historical interrelationships indicated is Guiana + ((Rondjnia + (Pará + Belém)) + (Imeri + (Napo + Inambari))). The area relationships for riodinid butterflies show substantial congruence with those presented from the literature for amphibians, reptiles, birds, primates, rodents, and marsupials, suggesting a common vicariant history for these organisms. A summary area cladogram generated by combining area cladograms for all the aforementioned groups of organisms indicated the pattern of historical interrelationships to be (Guiana + (Rondjnia + (Pará + Belém))) + (Imeri + (Napo + Inambari)). Charis cleonus group species distributions are noticeably larger around the upland periphery of Amazonia and smaller in the central and lower regions. A significant positive correlation between the proportion of range area above 100 m and total range size for each species is used to suggest that past sea-level rises may explain smaller range sizes in low-lying regions and that riverine barriers have been important in shaping the current distribution of C. cleonus group species.

Historical relationships among Neotropical lowland forest areas of endemism as determined by mitochondrial DNA sequence variation within the Wedge-billed Woodcreeper (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae: Glyphorynchus spirurus).

Studies of the distribution of South American taxa have identified several areas of endemism that may have contributed to the historical diversification of the region. We constructed a phylogeny of Glyphorynchus spirurus (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) populations using mtDNA sequence data from portions of cytochrome b, NADH dehydrogenase subunit II (ND2), and complete NADH dehydrogenase subunit III (ND3). Using this phylogeny we evaluate five previous hypotheses of area-relationships, two based on phylogenetic studies of morphological characters in birds and three based on parsimony analysis of endemism in birds and primates. Maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses recovered two phylogenetic hypotheses that differed in the placement of one of the areas. Within each of the areas of endemism, the two analyses support the same clades. Neither of the phylogenetic hypotheses for Glyphorynchus exactly matches any of the five previous hypotheses of area-relationships, although ambiguous support exists for one of them. Five areas-Central America, Inambari, Napo, Pará, and Rondônia-are supported as composites with component taxa having phylogenetic affinities with more than one area. Data reported here also indicate high levels of sequence divergence within Glyphorynchus. Genetic breaks within Glyphorynchus are only partially congruent with subspecific taxonomy. The regional sampling design used makes this study the largest scale genetic assay of a widespread Neotropical avian taxon published to date.