RESUMO
This study describes the prevalence and genotype distribution of Pneumocystis jirovecii obtained from nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs from immunocompetent Cuban infants and toddlers with whooping cough (WC). A total of 163 NP swabs from 163 young Cuban children with WC who were admitted to the respiratory care units at two pediatric centers were studied. The prevalence of the organism was determined by a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeting the P. jirovecii mitochondrial large subunit (mtLSU) rRNA gene. Genotypes were identified by direct sequencing of mtLSU ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene amplicons. qPCR detected P. jirovecii DNA in 48/163 (29.4%) samples. mtLSU rDNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of three different genotypes in the population. Genotype 2 was most common (48%), followed in prevalence by genotypes 1 (23%) and 3 (19%); mixed-genotype infections were seen in 10% of the cases. RFLP analysis of DHPS PCR products revealed four genotypes, 18% of which were associated with resistance to sulfa drugs. Only contact with coughers (prevalence ratio [PR], 3.51 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.79 to 6.87]; P = 0.000) and exposure to tobacco smoke (PR, 1.82 [95% CI, 1.14 to 2.92]; P = 0.009) were statistically associated with being colonized by P. jirovecii. The prevalence of P. jirovecii in infants and toddlers with WC and the genotyping results provide evidence that this population represents a potential reservoir and transmission source of P. jirovecii.
Assuntos
Infecções por Pneumocystis/epidemiologia , Infecções por Pneumocystis/microbiologia , Pneumocystis carinii/classificação , Pneumocystis carinii/isolamento & purificação , Coqueluche/complicações , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cuba/epidemiologia , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Fúngico/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Pneumocystis carinii/genética , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Prevalência , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Coqueluche/microbiologiaRESUMO
Pneumocystis jirovecii is a leading cause of opportunistic infections among immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of P. jirovecii from colonized Cuban infants and toddlers by analysis of four genetic loci: mitochondrial large subunit (mtLSU) rRNA, cytochrome b (CYB), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ß-tubulin (ß-tub). We determined the multilocus profiles based on concatenated genotype data (multilocus genotype; MLG) and nucleotide sequences (multilocus sequence analysis; MLSA) respectively, calculated the discriminatory power of each analysis, and investigated possible associations with demographic and clinical data. Sixteen of 51 PCR-positive nasopharyngeal swab specimens (years 2010-2013) with high P. jirovecii load were selected for downstream analysis. In mixed allelic profiles all genotypes/nucleotide sequence patterns were considered separately. All samples could be genotyped based on mtLSU, CYB and ß-tub locus. However, the SOD locus could be successfully amplified in only 7/16 (44%) specimens. Eight different P. jirovecii MLGs were identified among the 16 cases and eight samples presented identical MLG (MLG 1). Seventeen MLSA profiles were distinguished. No statistical association between genotypes or MLGs and demographic or clinical data could be identified. For MLSA the higher discriminatory power (S=0.976) was observed. The combination of mtLSU, CYB and ß-tub loci proved to be useful for molecular epidemiology studies of P. jirovecii. A total of 17 different MLSA profiles observed in 16 specimens indicated high genetic variability of P. jirovecii circulating in colonized Cuban infants and toddlers.
Assuntos
Pneumocystis carinii/genética , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/microbiologia , Cuba/epidemiologia , DNA Fúngico/análise , DNA Fúngico/genética , Feminino , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pneumocystis carinii/classificação , Pneumocystis carinii/isolamento & purificação , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: la tuberculosis pulmonar es un flagelo que continúa afectando a la población en general, y con gran repercusión en la población infantil a nivel mundial y regional. Considerada desde hace varias décadas como una enfermedad en reemergencia, debe ser reconocida -lo más tempranamente posible- por los trabajadores de la salud, y sobre todo, por el personal médico. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: se presenta el caso de un paciente de 14 años de edad, del sexo masculino, que presentaba sintomatología respiratoria de más de dos meses de evolución, e ingresó en un servicio de enfermedades respiratorias con el diagnóstico de neumonía complicada. En el interrogatorio se recogen datos de interés, se supieron las condiciones socioambientales del paciente, y que un familiar conviviente con el niño había evadido el control ambulatorio al haber sido diagnosticado de tuberculosis pulmonar, por lo que no concluyó tratamiento. Se exponen los principales resultados de los complementarios (incluyendo prueba de Mantoux positiva), evolución de las radiografías de tórax y tratamiento antituberculoso aprobado con el servicio de Infectología y el Centro Nacional de Referencia de Tuberculosis Infantil. CONCLUSIONES: es importante una historia clínica epidemiológica detallada en todo paciente con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad.
INTRODUCTION: pulmonary tuberculosis is a scourge that keeps affecting the general population, with a great impact on the infant population in the region and worldwide. Since many years ago, it is considered a re-emergent disease and should be identified -as early as possible- by the health workers, and mainly the medical staff. CASE PRESENTATION: a 14 years-old male patient who presented with respiratory symptoms for more than 2 months and was admitted to a respiratory disease service under diagnosis of complicated pneumonia. During the interview, interesting data were collected about his/her social and environmental conditions and it was found out that a relative, who live in the same house, did evade the outpatient control after he being diagnosed as a pulmonary tuberculosis case, thus he did not finish the treatment. The main results of the supplementary tests (including positive Mantoux test), progress of chest x-rays and the antituberculosis treatment approved by the Infectology service and the National Center of Reference for Child Tuberculosis were all described. CONCLUSIONS: it is essential to have a detailed epidemiological clinical record of every patient with community-acquired pneumonia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Pneumonia/complicações , Pneumonia/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Tuberculose Pulmonar/complicaçõesAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Programas de Imunização/métodos , Saúde da Criança/normasRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: aunque ha disminuido la incidencia de complicaciones en las infecciones crónicas del hueso temporal, estas continúan siendo un peligro potencial de morbilidad y mortalidad. OBJETIVO: caracterizar a los pacientes pediátricos tratados quirúrgicamente por colesteatomas adquiridos gigantes complicados. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, en 11 pacientes pediátricos con grandes colesteatomas y complicaciones preoperatorias, atendidos y tratados quirúrgicamente en el servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario "William Soler", desde enero de 2001 hasta 2013 (13 años). Tuvieron un seguimiento posoperatorio mínimo, de 6 años. Se realizó otoscopia, otomicroscopia, rayos X de mastoides, tomografía computarizada de oído, así como estudios audiométricos preoperatorios y posoperatorios. La técnica quirúrgica utilizada fue técnica abierta combinada con timpanoplastia y osiculoplastia en una sola etapa. Se analizaron las afectaciones funcionales auditivas posquirúrgicas y las recidivas. RESULTADOS: las localizaciones de las perforaciones marginales más frecuentes fueron: pars fláccida anteroposterior (n= 5, 45,46 %), seguida por mesotimpánica posterosuperior (n= 4, 36,46 %). Prevalecieron las complicaciones preoperatorias extracraneales (81,82 %). Se observó anacusia preoperatoria (n= 2, laberintitis). No hubo complicaciones transquirúrgicas. El hallazgo quirúrgico más relevante, fue facial timpánico dehiscente (n= 7, 63,64 %), que coincidió con la tomografía preoperatoria. Se realizó timpanoplastia y osiculoplastia en 7 pacientes, tipo III (n= 5; 71,42 %), con pérdida auditiva promedio preoperatoria 53 dB y posoperatoria 38 dB.Fueron reintervenidos 4 pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: la técnica utilizada reporta resultados quirúrgicos y funcionales posquirúrgicos satisfactorios.
INTRODUCTION: although the incidence of complications in the chronic temporal bone infections has decreased, they remain a potential threat in terms of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: to characterize the pediatric patients who are operated on for complicated acquired giant cholesteotomas. METHODS: prospective and descriptive study of 11 pediatric patients with giant cholesteatomas and preoperative complications; they had been attended to and operated on at the otorrhinolaryngology service of "William Soler" pediatric hospital in the period of January 2001 through January 2013. The postoperative follow-up lasted 6 year. These patients were performed otoscopy, otomicroscopy, mastoid X rays, CT for hearing, as well as audiometric studies preoperatively and postoperatively. The surgical technique was the open one combined with timpanoplasty and ossiculoplasty in one-stage. Postsurgical functional hearing problems and relapses were all analyzed. RESULTS: the most frequent locations of marginal perforations were anteroposterior flaccid pars (n= 5, 45.46 %) followed by posterosuperior mesotympanic (n= 4, 36.46 %). Preoperative extracranial complications prevailed (81.82 %). There was preoperative anacusia (n= 2, laberintitis). There were no perioperative complications. The most relevant surgical finding was facial tympanic dehiscence (n= 7, 63.64 %) that matched the results of the preoperative tomography. Tympanoplasty and ossiculoplasty were performed in seven patients, type III (n= 7, 71.42 %), with average preoperative hearing loss of 53dB and postoperative one of 38 dB. Four patients were reoperated. CONCLUSIONS: the used technique shows satisfactory surgical and postsurgical functional results.
Assuntos
Humanos , Colesteatoma/cirurgia , Complicações Intraoperatórias/prevenção & controle , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Se describe la displasia de Mondini asociada a pérdida auditiva y meningitis bacteriana recurrente. La malformación de Mondini representa el 30 por ciento de las anomalías congénitas del oído interno, puede ser unilateral o bilateral, y su principal característica consiste en el desarrollo coclear incompleto, causante de grados variables de hipoacusia neurosensorial. Se considera que la ocurrencia de esta malformación se produce por disrupción del desarrollo embrionario durante la séptima semana de gestación, en la cual se detiene el desarrollo coclear. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 12 años, atendida en los Servicios de Pediatría y Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario William Soler, por presentar 3 infecciones meningoencefálicas, en las cuales se aisló Streptococcus pneumoniae serotipo 19F, y se constató hipoacusia neurosensorial severa en el oído izquierdo. La tomografía axial computarizada de alta resolución del oído (cortes axiales y coronales), evidenció la malformación coclear y vestibular, con presencia de tejido en el oído medio que se comunicaba directamente con el oído interno del lado izquierdo a nivel de la ventana oval. Se destaca la importancia de la sospecha clínica de displasia de Mondini, y el impacto científico de la tomografía computarizada del hueso temporal, para el diagnóstico precoz de fístula congénita en el oído interno asociada a meningitis bacteriana recurrente
Mondini dysplasia associated to hearing loss and recurrent bacterial meningitis was described in this paper. Mondini malformation accounts for 30 percent of congenital anomalies in the inner ear, either unilateral or bilateral, and its main characteristic is the incomplete cochlear development causing various grades of neurosensory hypoacusis. It is considered that the occurrence of this malformation results from the disruption of the embryonal development on the 7th week of gestation when the cochlear development ceases. This is the case of 12 years-old girl who was attended to at the pediatric and otorhinolaryngology service of William Soler" university pediatric hospital because she presented with three meningoencephalic infections from which Streptococcus pneumonia serotype 19F was isolated. It was also confirmed that she suffered severe neurosensory hypoacusis in her left ear. High-resolution computerized axial tomography of the ear (axial and coronal planes) evinced the cochlear and vestibular malformation, with tissue of the middle ear communicating directly with the inner ear of the left size at the oval window. This paper underlined the importance of the clinical suspicion of Mondini disease, and the scientific impact of the computerized axial tomography of the temporal bone in order to early diagnose the congenital fistula in the inner ear associated to recurrent bacterial meningitis
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Criança , Meningite Pneumocócica/complicações , Orelha Interna/anormalidades , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial/diagnóstico , Perda Auditiva NeurossensorialRESUMO
Gracias al descubrimiento de los antibióticos, la incidencia de complicaciones en las otitis medias agudas y crónicas ha descendido significativamente, aunque continúan siendo un peligro potencial de morbilidad y mortalidad. La disminución de las complicaciones puede condicionar retrasos diagnósticos por falta de sospecha clínica, enmascaramiento por tratamientos antibióticos previos y mal pronóstico, por lo cual siguen siendo procesos graves que ponen en peligro la vida del enfermo. Se definen actualmente con igual sistema de clasificación: extracraneales e intracraneales. Las primeras se subdividen en extratemporal e intratemporal, y constituyen un problema de salud en la población pediátrica a pesar del uso extendido de antibióticos. La evaluación clínico-otomicroscópica e imaginológica se reporta como criterio diagnóstico predictivo de sospecha y de confirmación. La parálisis facial, el vértigo, los vómitos, la cefalea, el dolor irradiado a la mastoides o a la región temporoparietal, y la hipertermia, deben alertar al médico sobre la presencia de una complicación supurada.
Thanks to the discovery of antiobiotics, the incidence of complications in the chronic and acute otitis media has significantly decreased, though they remain a potential mortality and morbidity risk. The reduction of complications can be conditional on some diagnostic delays, on account of lack of clinical suspicions, symptoms disguised by previous antibiotic treatments and wrong prognosis; therefore, the complications continue to be severe processes that endanger the patient's life. They are currently classified as extracranial and intracranial. The former are divided into extratemporal and intratemporal and represent a health problem for the pediatric population despite the extended use of antibiotics. The clinical, otomicroscopic and imaging assessment is reported as a diagnostic criterion predictive of suspicions and of confirmation. Facial paralysis, vertigo, vomiting, headache, pain irradiated to the mastoids, or to the temporoparietal region, and hyperthermia should be alerts to the physician about suppurative otitis complication.
RESUMO
El Staphylococcus aureus está considerado uno de los microorganismos más importantes en la práctica médica diaria. Es capaz de provocar una amplia gama de enfermedades, ya sea por acción directa o mediante la acción de sus toxinas. El tratamiento de estas infecciones se ha convertido en algo extraordinariamente complejo en la época actual como consecuencia de la aparición en la comunidad de cepas de S. aureus, resistentes a la meticillina, que provocan infecciones en pacientes sin factores de riesgo, fundamentalmente niños y adolescentes. En este artículo se hace una revisión, que va desde los cambios en la epidemiología de este patógeno, hasta las implicaciones que para el tratamiento médico presupone este fenómeno.
Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the most important micro-organisms in the daily medical practice. It can cause a wide range of diseases either by direct action or through the toxins. At present, it is extremely complex to treat these infections, since methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains have emerged in the community setting, leading to infections affecting patients without risk factors, mainly children and adolescents. This article reviewed the changes of this pathogen in epidemiology and the implications of this event for the medical treatment.
RESUMO
Introducción: la otitis media aguda es una de las enfermedades infecciosas más frecuentes en la infancia, y constituye una de las causas más importantes de consultas médicas y prescripción de antibióticos en los menores de 5 años. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento clínico epidemiológico de la enfermedad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal prospectivo con 60 pacientes entre 1 mes y 14 años de edad con diagnóstico de otitis media aguda purulenta en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente William Soler, durante el período de 1 año (enero a diciembre de 2008). Los datos clínicos se obtuvieron mediante una encuesta a los padres o tutores de los pacientes. A todos se les realizó timpanocentesis con cultivo y exudado nasofaríngeo. Las cepas aisladas fueron enviadas al Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de S. pneumoniae y H. influenzae del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí para la caracterización microbiológica y determinación de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Resultados: la enfermedad predominó en el grupo ubicado entre 12 y 23 meses (55 por ciento), con mayor afectación del sexo masculino (52 por ciento). La fiebre y las manifestaciones locales referidas a oído medio (irritabilidad, otalgia, llanto nocturno) fueron los elementos clínicos referidos con mayor frecuencia. El cuidado fuera del hogar, la exposición al humo de tabaco y el destete precoz fueron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes. S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae no tipificable y S. epidermidis fueron los gérmenes aislados con mayor frecuencia. El 25 por ciento de las cepas de S. pneumoniae tuvieron resistencia intermedia a la penicilina, pero no se reportó resistencia a cefalosporinas de tercera generación. El 98,4 por ciento de los pacientes evolucionaron satisfactoriamente. Las complicaciones
Introduction: the acute otitis media is one of the infectious diseases more frequent in childhood and it is one of the more important causes of medical consultations and prescription of antibiotic agents in cases under five years old. Objective: to determine the clinical-epidemiological behavior of disease. Methods: a prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted in 60 patients aged between 1 month and 14 years diagnosed with purulent acute otitis media seen in the William Soler Teaching Children Hospital during one year. Clinical data were obtained by means of patient's family and tutor survey. All underwent tympanocentesis with culture and nasopharyngeal exudates. Strains isolated (S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae) were sent to Reference National Laboratory of the Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute to microbiological characterization and susceptibility antimicrobial assessment. Results: disease predominates in the group between 12 and 23 years months (55 percent) with a great involvement in the male sex (52 percent). Fever and local manifestations related to middle ear (irritability, otalgia, and night cry) were the more frequent clinical elements. The outside home care, the to tobacco smoke exposition and the early wean were the more frequent risk factors. S. pneumoniae, non-typing H. influenzae and S. epidermidis were the germs more isolated. The 25 percent of strains of S. pneumoniae had an average resistance to penicillin but there was not report of resistance to third-generation cephalosporin. The 98,4 percent of patients evolved satisfactorily. The disease complications were present in the 1,6 percent of cases. Conclusions: the acute otitis media is frequent in children under 36 months of age and it is highly related to presence of determined socioeconomic, environmental and genetic factors that may to be present in children
RESUMO
Entre de las afecciones infecciosas crónicas del oído medio, la otitis media colesteatomatosa es la patología inflamatoria que causa un mayor número de complicaciones, tanto en el adulto como en el niño. Se presentan dos pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente en el servicio de otorrinolaringología del Hospital Pediátrico Docente William Soler en los años 2004 y 2005, a causa de complicaciones poco frecuentes de esta enfermedad (absceso de Bezold, tromboflebitis del seno lateral, absceso epidural, fistula laberíntica y parálisis facial). Se destaca la importancia de la sospecha clínica de colesteatoma y el impacto científico de la tomografía computarizada del hueso temporal y de cráneo, simple y contrastada, para el diagnóstico preoperatorio del colesteatoma complicado en la infancia, lo cual contribuye con la primera prioridad de la cirugía otológica: un oído seguro y sin recidivas.
Among the chronic infectious affections of the middle ear, the cholesteatomatous otitis media is the inflammatory pathology causing a higher number of complications, both in the adult and the child. Two patients that were surgically treated at the otorrhynolaryngology service of William Soler Pediatric Hospital from 2004 to 2005 because of rare complications of this disease (Bezold's abscess, thrombophlebitis of the lateral sinus, epidural abscess, labyrinthic fístula and facial paralysis) were presented. It was stressed the importance of clinical suspicion of cholesteatoma and the scientific impact of the simple and contrast computerized tomography of the temporal bone cranius for the preoperative diagnosis of complicated cholesteatoma in children, which contributes with the first priority of otological surgery: a safe ear without relapses.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Colesteatoma/diagnóstico , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão/métodosRESUMO
El tratamiento de la otitis media crónica colesteatomatosa en los niños es controversial y difícil. Nos propusimos caracterizar a pacientes pediátricos con colesteatomas extensos e infección activa, así como identificar hallazgos otoscópicos y quirúrgicos, complicaciones, microbiología, eficacia del tratamiento antimicrobiano y afectaciones funcionales auditivas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo con 12 pacientes, en edades entre 4 y 15 años, operados mediante técnica abierta combinada con timpanoplastia y osiculoplastia entre el 2001 y el 2004. La evolución de los pacientes fue seguida hasta los 3 años después de la cirugía. Los hallazgos más frecuentes fueron la perforación epitimpánica posterior marginal (41,6 por ciento), lesión osicular total (50 por ciento), facial timpánico dehiscente y erosión del canal semicircular horizontal (45,4 por ciento). Las complicaciones intratemporales fueron las más frecuentes (50 por ciento). Se realizó reconstrucción tímpano-osicular a 8 pacientes y los resultados auditivos fueron satisfactorios en el 66,6 por ciento, mientras que la respuesta al antimicrobiano utilizado fue eficaz en el 100 por ciento. El uso de la técnica quirúrgica abierta unida a una correcta estrategia antibiótica es lo indicado en los niños con colesteatomas extensos y con infección activa.
The treatment of in children is controversial and difficult. We proposed ourselves to characterize pediatric patients with extensive cholesteatomas and active infection, as well as to identify otoscopic and surgical findings, complications, microbiology, efficiency of the antimicrobial treatment and functional auditive affections. A descriptive and prospective study was conducted among 12 patients aged 4-15 that were operated on by open technique combined with tympanoplasty and ossiculoplasty from 2001 to 2004. The evolution of the patients was followed during 3 years after surgery. The most common findings were posterior marginal epytimpanic perforation (41.6 percent), total ossicular injury (50 percent), tympanic facial dehiscence and erosion of the horizontal semicircular canal (45.4 percent). The intratemporal complications were the most frequent (50 percent). Timpano-ossicular reconstruction was performed in 8 patients, and the hearing results were satisfactory in 66.6 percent, whereas the response to the antimicrobial agent used was efficient in 100 percent of the cases. The use of the open surgical technique together with a correct antibiotic strategy is what is indicated in children with extensive cholesteatomas and active infection.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Colesteatoma da Orelha Média/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Otológicos/métodosRESUMO
Se describen 3 casos pediátricos de meningoencefalitis por Criptococcus neoformans serotipo A. El diagnóstico se realizó por examen directo del líquido cefalorraquídeo con tinta china. La cefalea, fiebre, fotofobia y signos meníngeos fueron las manifestaciones clínicas predominantes. Aunque se descartó la infección por VIH se demostró compromiso de la inmunidad celular en todos los pacientes. La evolución fue desfavorable en 1 caso, y coincide con un diagnóstico tardío de la enfermedad. El tratamiento con antifúngicos de acción sistémica (anfotericín B y/o fluconazol) fue efectivo en todos los casos.
3 pediatric cases of meningoencephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A are described. The diagnosis was made by direct examination of the cerebrospinal fluid with India ink. Headache, fever, photophobia and meningeal signs were the predominant clinical manifestations. Although the HIV infection was discarded, cellular immunity compromise was observed in all patients. The evolution was unfavorable in one case and coincided with a late diagnosis of the disease. The treatment with antifungal agents of systemic action (amphotericin B and/or fluconazole) was effective in all cases.