[Expansion of family medicine in Latin America: challenges and lines of actionExpansão da medicina familiar na América Latina: desafios e linhas de ação]. / Expansión de la medicina familiar en América Latina: desafíos y líneas de acción.

This article summarizes the current challenges of family medicine in Latin America and proposes possible lines of action to consolidate its development. In the last 40 years, the health systems of the Region of the Americas have faced reforms whose results were negative in terms of equity, and primary health care, far from being a strategy designed to reduce it, was restricted to a selective and focal policy. In this context, the technical proposals for expansion of training positions in family medicine and their insertion in medical careers have lacked consistency and a clear political direction, and thus their lack of effectiveness can be considered a symptom of these incomplete reforms. In this regard, the Ibero-American Confederation of Family Medicine made recommendations on the political commitment of governments to ensure the necessary structure and funding, consolidate the model of family medicine as a mechanism for the implementation of primary health care, the hierarchy of programs of training, the working conditions of family doctors and professional certification, among others. These technical recommendations, without a consistent and timely political action, will not be more successful than previous attempts.

Este documento tem como objetivo resumir os desafios atuais da medicina familiar na América Latina e propor possíveis linhas de ação para consolidar seu desenvolvimento. Nos últimos 40 anos, os sistemas de saúde da Região das Américas encararam reformas cujos resultados foram negativos em termos de igualdade, e a atenção primária à saúde, longe de sê-la aquela estratégia destinada a reducir-la, restringiu-se a uma política focal e seletiva. Neste contexto, as propostas técnicas de expansão das praças de formação em medicina familiar e sua inserção nas carreiras de Medicina, não dispuseram de coerência e de uma direção política clara, razão pela qual sua falta de eficácia se pode ler como um sintoma destas reformas incompletas. Neste sentido, a Confederação Ibero-americana de Medicina Familiar realizou recomendações sobre o compromisso político dos governos a fim de assegurar a estrutura e o financiamento necessários, consolidar o modelo de medicina familiar como mecanismo de instrumentação da atenção primária à saúde, a hierarquização dos programas de formação, as condições laborais dos médicos de família e a certificação profissional, entre outras. Estas recomendações técnicas, sem ação política coerente e oportuna, não serão mais exitosos que as tentativas prévias.

Bilateral reverse total shoulder arthroplasty-functional outcome and activities of daily living.

BACKGROUND: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) has gained popularity in recent years, providing good shoulder elevation, yet less predictable rotations. Good rotations are crucial for performance of activities of daily living (ADLs), including personal hygiene. Concerns remain regarding bilateral rTSA over lack of rotations bilaterally and resultant difficulties with ADLs. This study examined the outcome of patients with bilateral rTSA in restoration of function and ADLs. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected for 19 patients (15 women, 4 men; 38 shoulders), with a mean age of 74.5 years, who underwent staged bilateral rTSA between 2007 and 2013. Mean follow-up was 48.4 months (range, 24-75 months). Patients were evaluated clinically using the Constant score, patient's satisfaction, Subjective Shoulder Value, and the Activities of Daily Living External and Internal Rotations (ADLEIR) score. Video clips were also recorded for documentation at all visits. RESULTS: Mean duration between staged operations was 18.2 months (range, 3-46 months). The Constant score improved from 18.7 to 65.1 points (age- and sex-adjusted, 100.2). Elevation improved from 57.5° to 143°, internal rotation (IR) from 9° to 81° (30 shoulders could reach above the sacroiliac joint), and external rotation (ER) from 20° to 32° (35 shoulders had >20° ER in adduction, 31 shoulders had full ER in elevation). The Subjective Shoulder Value improved from 2.1 of 10 to 9.2 of 10. Mean ADLEIR score was 33 of 36 (P < .001 for all). Most patients resumed their leisure and sport activities (gardening, golf, swimming, bowling). CONCLUSION: Bilateral rTSA results in marked and predictable improvement in all movements, pain relief, and functional outcomes, with high patient satisfaction and high ADLEIR score. All patients were able to perform perineal hygiene after their rTSA. Most patients had no limitation in ADLs and their leisure activities.

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty with a cementless short metaphyseal humeral implant without a stem: clinical and radiologic outcomes in prospective 2- to 7-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Reverse shoulder prostheses are increasingly used in recent years for treatment of glenohumeral arthropathy with deficient rotator cuff. Bone preservation is becoming a major goal in shoulder replacement surgery. Metaphyseal humeral components without a stem were developed to minimize bone resection and preserve bone. This study evaluated the clinical and radiologic outcomes at 2 to 7 years using a novel short metaphyseal reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) prosthesis without a diaphyseal stem. METHODS: Between 2005 and 2010, 102 consecutive patients underwent rTSA with this implant, and 98 (20 men, 78 women) were available for follow-up. Mean age was 74.4 years (range, 38-93 years). Indications were cuff tear arthropathy, 65; fracture sequelae, 12; rheumatoid arthritis, 13; failed rotator cuff repair, 3; cuff deficiency with loosening of anatomic prosthesis, 3; and acute trauma, 2; with 17 of these as revisions. RESULTS: Patients' satisfaction (Subjective Shoulder Value) improved from 8 of 100 to 85 of 100. The Constant score improved from 14 to 59 (age- and sex-adjusted, 86; P < .0001). Range of motion improved from 47° to 129° in elevation, 10° to 51° in external rotation, and 21° to 65° in internal rotation. Radiographic analysis showed no lucencies, subsidence, or stress shielding around the humeral or glenoid components. Glenoid notching was found in 21 patients (18 grade 1-2; 3 grade 3). CONCLUSIONS: The short metaphyseal rTSA design without a diaphyseal stem shows encouraging short- to midterm results, with excellent pain relief and shoulder function, restoration of good active range of motion, and high patient satisfaction scores. The design of this implant seems to result in improved rotational movements, low incidence of glenoid notching, and no implant loosening, subsidence, or stress shielding.

Revision shoulder arthroplasty: does the stem really matter?

BACKGROUND: The management of a failed shoulder arthroplasty represents a complex and difficult problem for the treating surgeon, with potential difficulties and complications that are related to the need to remove a well-fixed stem. The aim of this study is to compare the intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, and outcome of revisions from stemmed arthroplasties (STAs) with those from surface replacement arthroplasties (SRAs). METHODS: From 2005 to 2012, 40 consecutive revision shoulder arthroplasties were performed at our institute: 17 from STAs and 23 from SRAs. Perioperative events, operation time, blood loss, intraoperative fractures, and use of structural allograft were recorded. Clinical and radiologic outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Operation time, need for humeral osteotomy, need for structural allograft, and number of intraoperative fractures were significantly higher in the STA group. Blood loss, drop in hemoglobin level, need for blood transfusion, and hospitalization time were also higher in the STA group, but these differences were not statistically significant. Reoperation was performed in 3 patients in the SRA group. A significant clinical improvement was observed in both groups. The Constant score was higher in the SRA group. CONCLUSION: Revision of STAs is a more demanding procedure. The postoperative complication rate was slightly higher in the SRA group. The group with revision of SRAs showed slightly better clinical and radiographic results, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups.

Surface replacement arthroplasty for glenohumeral arthropathy in patients aged younger than fifty years: results after a minimum ten-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The role of cementless surface replacement arthroplasty (CSRA) in young individuals is currently unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate CSRA long-term results for glenohumeral arthritis in young patients. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2003, 54 CSRAs were performed on 49 patients (25 men, 24 women) aged younger than 50 years. Mean age was 38.9 years (range, 22-50 years). Three patients (4 shoulders) died over time and 8 were lost to follow-up, leaving 38 patients (42 shoulders) with a mean follow-up of 14.5 years (range, 10-25 years). There were 17 total shoulder replacements with metal back glenoid, and 37 underwent humeral head resurfacing with microfracture of the glenoid. RESULTS: The indications were avascular necrosis, 16; rheumatoid arthritis, 20; instability arthropathy, 7; primary osteoarthritis, 5; fracture sequelae, 3; postinfection arthritis, 2; and psoriatic arthritis, 1. The mean relative Constant score increased from 11.5% to 71.8% (P < .0001), and the mean patient satisfaction at final follow-up was 8.7 of 10. The mean relative Constant score for the humeral head resurfacing with microfracture of the glenoid improved to 77.7% compared with 58.1% for total resurfacing arthroplasty. Two required early arthrodesis due to instability and deep infection. Seven were revised to stemmed prosthesis: 1 for traumatic fracture and 1 for glenoid erosion 16 years after the index procedure. Five shoulders in 4 patients (4 rheumatoid arthritis, 1 avascular necrosis) were revised at 8 to 14 years after surgery for cuff failure and loosening. Three were revised to stemless reverse total shoulder arthroplasty due to rotator cuff failure at 23, 16, and 13 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: CSRA provides good long-term symptomatic and functional results in the treatment of glenohumeral arthropathy in patients aged younger than 50 years in 81.6% of the patients. This improvement is maintained over more than 10 years after surgery, with high patient satisfaction (8.7 of 10). However, 10 shoulders (of 54) (18.5%) underwent revision arthroplasty. Resurfacing offers a valuable tool in treating young patients with glenohumeral arthritis, providing reasonably good long-term results in 81.6% of the patients, while allowing preservation of bone stock if the need for revision arises. All the revision arthroplasty options are preserved, including less invasive procedures.

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty with a short metaphyseal humeral stem.

PURPOSE: Reverse shoulder prostheses have been gaining popularity in recent years. A short metaphyseal stem design will allow bone stock preservation and minimize stem related complications. We examined the clinical and radiographic short-term outcome of a short metaphyseal stem reverse shoulder arthroplasty. METHODS: Thirty-one patients, with a mean follow-up of 36 months (24-52), were evaluated clinically with the Constant-Murley score, patient satisfaction and pain relief scores. The fixation of the glenoid and humeral components, subsidence and notching were evaluated on radiographs. The indications were cuff tear arthropathy (22), fracture sequelae (five) and rheumatoid arthritis (four). RESULTS: The average Constant score improved from 12.7 (range two to 31) pre-operatively to 56.2 (range 17-86) postoperatively. It rose from 13.5 to 58.3 in patients with Cuff arthropathy, from 15.8 to 62.0 in revision arthroplasty, from 10.2 to 47.4 in those with fracture sequelae, and from 11.5 to 55.3 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The overall mean patient satisfaction score improved from 2.4/10 to 8.5/10 and mean pain score improved from 0.8/15 to 12.5/15. We found an overall improvement in active forward flexion from 46.8 to 128.5° and from 41.6 to 116.5° in abduction. No humeral loosening or subsidence was observed. Two cases of grade 1-2 glenoid notching were reported. Overall there were three intra-operative fractures that did not affect the operation and healed without affecting the good results. There were five late traumatic periprosthetic fractures, only one of them required a revision surgery to a stemmed implant and the rest healed without surgery. There were two early dislocations that had to be revised. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical and radiographic evaluation of a bone preserving metaphyseal humeral component in reverse shoulder arthroplasty is promising, with good clinical results, no signs of loosening or subsidence.

[Correlation between consultation time and patient´s satisfaction in primary care]. / Correlación entre tiempo consulta y satisfacción del paciente en primer nivel de atención.

Background: It is important to understand how consultation time relates to patient satisfaction, as these two variables have not been extensively studied together. Objective: To determine the correlation between consultation time and patient satisfaction in primary care settings in Mexico. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional, observational, and analytical study that included patients over 18 years old. Time was measured using a stopwatch, and satisfaction was assessed using the Patient Doctor Relationship Questionnaire (PDRQ-9). The correlation between both variables was analyzed using the Spearman test, and multiple linear regression was employed to associate satisfaction with the consultation. Results: A total of 115 participants were included. The average consultation duration was 12.1 minutes, and 74% of patients reported that the consultation time was adequate. A weak positive correlation (p < 0.001, r = 0.38) was found between actual consultation time and satisfaction. Multiple linear regression demonstrated that for every minute increase in consultation time, level of satisfaction increased in 0.04 units (p = 0.001, CI95%: 0.016-0.063). Conclusion: Most patients reported satisfaction with the duration of their medical consultation, and longer consultation times were associated with higher satisfaction levels.

Introducción: es importante conocer cómo el tiempo de la consulta se relaciona con la satisfacción del paciente, ya que son dos variables que no se han estudiado a profundidad de forma conjunta. Objetivo: determinar la correlación que existe entre el tiempo de consulta y la satisfacción del paciente en un primer nivel de atención en México. Material y métodos: estudio transversal, observacional y analítico que incluyó a pacientes mayores de 18 años. Se midió el tiempo con cronómetro, así como la satisfacción mediante el cuestionario Patient Doctor Relationship Questionnaire (PDRQ-9). Se analizó la correlación entre ambas variables con la prueba de Spearman y para asociar la satisfacción con la consulta se empleó regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: se incluyeron 115 participantes. La duración media de la consulta fue de 12.1 minutos y el 74% de los pacientes indicó que el tiempo de consulta les pareció adecuado. Se encontró una correlación positiva leve (p < 0.001, r = 0.38) entre el tiempo real de la consulta y la satisfacción. Mediante la regresión lineal múltiple se demostró que, por cada minuto de aumento en la consulta, el índice de satisfacción aumentaba en un 0.04 (p = 0.001, IC95%: 0.016-0.063). Conclusión: la mayoría de los pacientes refieren estar satisfechos con la duración de la consulta médica; sin embargo, a mayor duración de la consulta los pacientes muestran mayor satisfacción.

Expansión de la medicina familiar en América Latina: desafíos y líneas de acción

[RESUMEN]. Este documento tiene por objetivos resumir los desafíos actuales de la medicina familiar en América Latina y proponer posibles líneas de acción para consolidar su desarrollo. En los últimos 40 años, los sistemas de salud de la Región de las Américas han encarado reformas cuyos resultados fueron negativos en términos de equidad, y la atención primaria de la salud, lejos de ser aquella estrategia destinada a reducirla, se restringió a una política focal y selectiva. En este contexto, las propuestas técnicas de expansión de las plazas de formación en medicina familiar y su inserción en las carreras de Medicina, han carecido de coherencia y de una dirección política clara, por lo que su falta de eficacia puede leerse como un síntoma de estas reformas incompletas. Al respecto, la Confederación Iberoamericana de Medicina Familiar realizó recomendaciones sobre el compromiso político de los gobiernos para asegurar la estructura y el financiamiento necesarios, consolidar el modelo de medicina familiar como mecanismo de instrumentación de la atención primaria de la salud, la jerarquización de los programas de formación, las condiciones laborales de los médicos de familia y la certificación profesional, entre otras. Estas recomendaciones técnicas, sin acción política coherente y oportuna, no serán más exitosas que los intentos previos.

[ABSTRACT]. This article summarizes the current challenges of family medicine in Latin America and proposes possible lines of action to consolidate its development. In the last 40 years, the health systems of the Region of the Americas have faced reforms whose results were negative in terms of equity, and primary health care, far from being a strategy designed to reduce it, was restricted to a selective and focal policy. In this context, the technical proposals for expansion of training positions in family medicine and their insertion in medical careers have lacked consistency and a clear political direction, and thus their lack of effectiveness can be considered a symptom of these incomplete reforms. In this regard, the Ibero-American Confederation of Family Medicine made recommendations on the political commitment of governments to ensure the necessary structure and funding, consolidate the model of family medicine as a mechanism for the implementation of primary health care, the hierarchy of programs of training, the working conditions of family doctors and professional certification, among others. These technical recommendations, without a consistent and timely political action, will not be more successful than previous attempts.

[RESUMO]. Este documento tem como objetivo resumir os desafios atuais da medicina familiar na América Latina e propor possíveis linhas de ação para consolidar seu desenvolvimento. Nos últimos 40 anos, os sistemas de saúde da Região das Américas encararam reformas cujos resultados foram negativos em termos de igualdade, e a atenção primária à saúde, longe de sê-la aquela estratégia destinada a reducir-la, restringiu-se a uma política focal e seletiva. Neste contexto, as propostas técnicas de expansão das praças de formação em medicina familiar e sua inserção nas carreiras de Medicina, não dispuseram de coerência e de uma direção política clara, razão pela qual sua falta de eficácia se pode ler como um sintoma destas reformas incompletas. Neste sentido, a Confederação Ibero-americana de Medicina Familiar realizou recomendações sobre o compromisso político dos governos a fim de assegurar a estrutura e o financiamento necessários, consolidar o modelo de medicina familiar como mecanismo de instrumentação da atenção primária à saúde, a hierarquização dos programas de formação, as condições laborais dos médicos de família e a certificação profissional, entre outras. Estas recomendações técnicas, sem ação política coerente e oportuna, não serão mais exitosos que as tentativas prévias.

Expansión de la medicina familiar en América Latina: desafíos y líneas de acción / Expansion of family medicine in Latin America: challenges and lines of action / Expansão da medicina familiar na América Latina: desafios e linhas de ação

RESUMEN Este documento tiene por objetivos resumir los desafíos actuales de la medicina familiar en América Latina y proponer posibles líneas de acción para consolidar su desarrollo. En los últimos 40 años, los sistemas de salud de la Región de las Américas han encarado reformas cuyos resultados fueron negativos en términos de equidad, y la atención primaria de la salud, lejos de ser aquella estrategia destinada a reducirla, se restringió a una política focal y selectiva. En este contexto, las propuestas técnicas de expansión de las plazas de formación en medicina familiar y su inserción en las carreras de Medicina, han carecido de coherencia y de una dirección política clara, por lo que su falta de eficacia puede leerse como un síntoma de estas reformas incompletas. Al respecto, la Confederación Iberoamericana de Medicina Familiar realizó recomendaciones sobre el compromiso político de los gobiernos para asegurar la estructura y el financiamiento necesarios, consolidar el modelo de medicina familiar como mecanismo de instrumentación de la atención primaria de la salud, la jerarquización de los programas de formación, las condiciones laborales de los médicos de familia y la certificación profesional, entre otras. Estas recomendaciones técnicas, sin acción política coherente y oportuna, no serán más exitosas que los intentos previos.

ABSTRACT This article summarizes the current challenges of family medicine in Latin America and proposes possible lines of action to consolidate its development. In the last 40 years, the health systems of the Region of the Americas have faced reforms whose results were negative in terms of equity, and primary health care, far from being a strategy designed to reduce it, was restricted to a selective and focal policy. In this context, the technical proposals for expansion of training positions in family medicine and their insertion in medical careers have lacked consistency and a clear political direction, and thus their lack of effectiveness can be considered a symptom of these incomplete reforms. In this regard, the Ibero-American Confederation of Family Medicine made recommendations on the political commitment of governments to ensure the necessary structure and funding, consolidate the model of family medicine as a mechanism for the implementation of primary health care, the hierarchy of programs of training, the working conditions of family doctors and professional certification, among others. These technical recommendations, without a consistent and timely political action, will not be more successful than previous attempts.

RESUMO Este documento tem como objetivo resumir os desafios atuais da medicina familiar na América Latina e propor possíveis linhas de ação para consolidar seu desenvolvimento. Nos últimos 40 anos, os sistemas de saúde da Região das Américas encararam reformas cujos resultados foram negativos em termos de igualdade, e a atenção primária à saúde, longe de sê-la aquela estratégia destinada a reducir-la, restringiu-se a uma política focal e seletiva. Neste contexto, as propostas técnicas de expansão das praças de formação em medicina familiar e sua inserção nas carreiras de Medicina, não dispuseram de coerência e de uma direção política clara, razão pela qual sua falta de eficácia se pode ler como um sintoma destas reformas incompletas. Neste sentido, a Confederação Ibero-americana de Medicina Familiar realizou recomendações sobre o compromisso político dos governos a fim de assegurar a estrutura e o financiamento necessários, consolidar o modelo de medicina familiar como mecanismo de instrumentação da atenção primária à saúde, a hierarquização dos programas de formação, as condições laborais dos médicos de família e a certificação profissional, entre outras. Estas recomendações técnicas, sem ação política coerente e oportuna, não serão mais exitosos que as tentativas prévias.