Gene expression changes following chronic antipsychotic exposure in single cells from mouse striatum.

Schizophrenia is an idiopathic psychiatric disorder with a high degree of polygenicity. Evidence from genetics, single-cell transcriptomics, and pharmacological studies suggest an important, but untested, overlap between genes involved in the etiology of schizophrenia and the cellular mechanisms of action of antipsychotics. To directly compare genes with antipsychotic-induced differential expression to genes involved in schizophrenia, we applied single-cell RNA-sequencing to striatal samples from male C57BL/6 J mice chronically exposed to a typical antipsychotic (haloperidol), an atypical antipsychotic (olanzapine), or placebo. We identified differentially expressed genes in three cell populations identified from the single-cell RNA-sequencing (medium spiny neurons [MSNs], microglia, and astrocytes) and applied multiple analysis pipelines to contextualize these findings, including comparison to GWAS results for schizophrenia. In MSNs in particular, differential expression analysis showed that there was a larger share of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from mice treated with olanzapine compared with haloperidol. DEGs were enriched in loci implicated by genetic studies of schizophrenia, and we highlighted nine genes with convergent evidence. Pathway analyses of gene expression in MSNs highlighted neuron/synapse development, alternative splicing, and mitochondrial function as particularly engaged by antipsychotics. In microglia, we identified pathways involved in microglial activation and inflammation as part of the antipsychotic response. In conclusion, single-cell RNA sequencing may provide important insights into antipsychotic mechanisms of action and links to findings from psychiatric genomic studies.

What is included with your online e-cigarette order? An analysis of e-cigarette shipping, product and packaging features.

BACKGROUND: The electronic cigarette industry is growing, with youth using e-cigarettes at higher rates than they are using cigarettes, and retail and online sales projected to reach $10 billion in 2017. Minimal regulation of the production and marketing of e-cigarettes exists to date, which has allowed companies to promote unsupported claims. We assessed the shipping, product features and packaging of a wide variety of e-cigarettes purchased online by adults and youth. METHODS: The most popular internet e-cigarette vendors were identified from a larger study of internet tobacco vendors. Between August 2013 and June 2014, adults made 56 purchase attempts from online vendors, and youth made 98 attempts. Packages received were assessed for exterior and internal packaging features, including product information, health warnings and additional materials. RESULTS: We analysed a total of 125 orders featuring 86 unique brands of e-cigarettes. The contents were rarely indicated on package exteriors. Product information came with just 60% of orders and just 38.4% included an instruction manual. Only 44.6% of products included a health warning, and some had unsupported claims, such as lack of secondhand smoke exposure. Additionally, some products were leaking e-liquid and battery fluid on arrival. CONCLUSIONS: A large variety of e-cigarette products are manufactured and marketed to consumers. Many products do not include instructions for use, and unsupported claims are being presented to consumers. Effective federal regulation of the manufacturing, packaging, product information and health claims surrounding e-cigarettes is necessary to ensure consumers are presented with accurate e-cigarette use information.

Conventional dose rate spatially-fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) treatment response and its association with dosimetric parameters-A preclinical study in a Fischer 344 rat model.

PURPOSE: To identify key dosimetric parameters that have close associations with tumor treatment response and body weight change in SFRT treatments with a large range of spatial-fractionation scale at dose rates of several Gy/min. METHODS: Six study arms using uniform tumor radiation, half-tumor radiation, 2mm beam array radiation, 0.3mm minibeam radiation, and an untreated arm were used. All treatments were delivered on a 320kV x-ray irradiator. Forty-two female Fischer 344 rats with fibrosarcoma tumor allografts were used. Dosimetric parameters studied are peak dose and width, valley dose and width, peak-to-valley-dose-ratio (PVDR), volumetric average dose, percentage volume directly irradiated, and tumor- and normal-tissue EUD. Animal survival, tumor volume change, and body weight change (indicative of treatment toxicity) are tested for association with the dosimetric parameters using linear regression and Cox Proportional Hazards models. RESULTS: The dosimetric parameters most closely associated with tumor response are tumor EUD (R2 = 0.7923, F-stat = 15.26*; z-test = -4.07***), valley (minimum) dose (R2 = 0.7636, F-stat = 12.92*; z-test = -4.338***), and percentage tumor directly irradiated (R2 = 0.7153, F-stat = 10.05*; z-test = -3.837***) per the linear regression and Cox Proportional Hazards models, respectively. Tumor response is linearly proportional to valley (minimum) doses and tumor EUD. Average dose (R2 = 0.2745, F-stat = 1.514 (no sig.); z-test = -2.811**) and peak dose (R2 = 0.04472, F-stat = 0.6874 (not sig.); z-test = -0.786 (not sig.)) show the weakest associations to tumor response. Only the uniform radiation arm did not gain body weight post-radiation, indicative of treatment toxicity; however, body weight change in general shows weak association with all dosimetric parameters except for valley (minimum) dose (R2 = 0.3814, F-stat = 13.56**), valley width (R2 = 0.2853, F-stat = 8.783**), and peak width (R2 = 0.2759, F-stat = 8.382**). CONCLUSIONS: For a single-fraction SFRT at conventional dose rates, valley, not peak, dose is closely associated with tumor treatment response and thus should be used for treatment prescription. Tumor EUD, valley (minimum) dose, and percentage tumor directly irradiated are the top three dosimetric parameters that exhibited close associations with tumor response.