Social protection as a right of people affected by tuberculosis: a scoping review and conceptual framework.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease strongly influenced by social determinants closely associated with cycles of poverty and social exclusion. Within this context, providing social protection for people affected by the disease constitutes a powerful instrument for reducing inequalities and enhancing inclusion and social justice. This study aimed to identify and synthesize strategies and measures aimed at ensuring social protection as a right of people affected by tuberculosis. METHODS: This is a scoping review, with searches conducted in six databases in February 2023. We included publications from 2015 onwards that elucidate strategies and measures of social protection aimed at safeguarding the rights to health, nutrition, employment, income, housing, social assistance, and social security for people affected by tuberculosis. These strategies could be implemented through policies, programs, and/or governmental agreements in any given context. The data extracted from the articles underwent descriptive analysis and a narrative synthesis of findings based on the dimensions of social protection. Additionally, we developed a conceptual framework illustrating the organizational and operational aspects of measures and strategies related to each dimension of social protection identified in this review. RESULTS: A total of 9317 publications were retrieved from the databases, of which sixty-three publications were included. The study's results highlighted measures and strategies concerning the social protection of people affected by tuberculosis. These measures and strategies revolved around the rights to proper nutrition and nourishment, income, housing, and health insurance, as well as expanded rights encompassing social assistance and social welfare. It was reported that ensuring these rights contributes to improving nutritional status and the quality of life for individuals with tuberculosis, along with reducing catastrophic costs, expanding access to healthcare interventions and services, and fostering TB treatment adherence, thereby leading to higher rates of TB cure. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identify social protection measures as a right for people affected by tuberculosis and have the potential to guide the development of evidence-based social and health policies through collaboration between tuberculosis control programs and governmental entities.

Integral health care for transgender adolescents: subsidies for nursing practice.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the integral health care for transgender adolescents from the perspective of their guardians. METHOD: qualitative research based on the Social Network framework proposed by Lia Sanicola, developed with 22 guardians of transgender adolescents in Brazil through semi-structured individual online interviews. The empirical material was analyzed using the content analysis technique, thematic modality. RESULTS: lack of ambience was observed, in addition to technical unpreparedness of health professionals in relation to the theme at all levels of care, transphobia, centralization of care in scarce qualified services for transgender children and youth, absence of family support, lack of health promotion actions within the community, especially in the school environment, and the common support from non-governmental initiatives. CONCLUSION: the centralization of actions in scarce specialized services in the country, and the structural transphobia can compromise the integral health care for transgender adolescents. There is an urgent need for a network of care capable of assisting the joint action by multi and interdisciplinary teams, with greater proactivity of the nurse with the transgender adolescent and their guardians in individual and collective actions; ambience; health promotion in schools for visibility and support in Primary Health Care since childhood. HIGHLIGHTS: (1) Need for a network of care concerning integral health care for transgender adolescents.(2) Centralization and scarce qualified services for transgender children and youth.(3) Invisible families, lack of health promotion within the community.(4) Unpreparedness of health professionals and disarticulation of the health care network.(5) Need for qualification of nurses when caring for transgender people.

Gender violence perpetrated against trans women.

OBJECTIVES: to identify scientific evidence on gender violence perpetrated against trans women. METHODS: integrative review, carried out in June 2020, without time frame, in the Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, WoS, PsycInfo and LILACS databases. The controlled descriptors of DeCS, MeSH and their entry terms were used: "Transgender People", "Transgender", "Gender Identity", "Transsexuality", "Gender Violence", "Aggression", "Sexual Offenses", "Rape", "Violence", "Domestic Violence". The presentation and synthesis of the results were presented in the PRISMA-2009 flowchart. RESULTS: the final sample, consisting of 16 articles, identified different types of violence (sexual, physical, verbal, psychological and financial), perpetrated by family members, strangers, police officers, intimate partners, health professionals, acquaintances, or friends. CONCLUSIONS: trans women suffer violence and social exclusion that result from stigma and discrimination due to gender identity and result in unrestricted damage to physical health.

Dynamics of Primary Social Networks to Support Mothers, Fathers, or Guardians of Transgender Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

Mothers, fathers, or guardians of children and adolescents who do not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth face barriers in their social network to recognize their children's gender identity. This study aimed to analyze the scientific evidence on the dynamics of primary social networks to support mothers, fathers, or guardians of transgender children and adolescents. This is a systematic review of qualitative studies guided by the PRISMA guidelines. Controlled and free vocabulary were used to survey the studies in the EMBASE, Scopus, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycInfo, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), and Web of Science databases. A total of 21 studies composed the final sample. Primary social networks were described as fragile and conflicting family/blood relationship ties with disapproval, isolation, rejection, a lack of understanding, and feelings of exclusion were expressed. Some have lost friends, reported tension in marriage and with relatives, and were commonly treated with hostility and harassment. Social transition does take place in the mutual context of struggle and resistance which demands a support network for parents or guardians.

Technology for nursing consultation with transsexual women in the light of Leininger's transcultural theory.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the construction and validation of a nursing consultation technology for transgender women. METHODS: a methodological study developed in three stages with construction based on the Leininger's Cross-Cultural Theory, content validation performed by experts in transgender sexual health and evaluation by nurses of care for transgender women. Items with a minimum agreement of 80% were considered validated, according to the Content Validity Index and binomial test. RESULTS: the technology contains 59 items in three blocks: the first, for identification of the transsexual woman; the second, with the Clinical Data; and the third, regarding the Propaedeutics of Care. All items reached agreement higher than 0.8 and an overall Validity Index of 80%. CONCLUSIONS: the technology was content-validated and evaluated by nurses and can be applicable in clinical and outpatient practice as well as in academia to promote quality care for transgender women.

COVID-19 in children in the state of Pernambuco: Spatial analysis of confirmed severe cases and the Human Development Index.

INTRODUCTION: Health planning is required for the control and prevention of severe cases of COVID-19 in children. METHODS: Spatial analysis of severe COVID-19 cases in children of Pernambuco in the first six months of the pandemic and its autocorrelation with the Human Development Index was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 551 severe cases (39.4 cases/100,000 inhabitants) was initially concentrated in the metropolitan area, with later interiorization. The spatial autocorrelation of cases was identified. The bivariate analysis revealed alert regions in less developed municipalities (I=0.341; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the local particularities can assist in directing the priorities for decision making.

Vulnerability in the health of young transgender women living with HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the health vulnerability of young female transgender living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory study, based on the theoretical reference of Social Representation and concept of vulnerability; developed with six transgender women in a reference Hospital for HIV/AIDS. We analyzed the individual interviews, recorded, and transcribed in full, in the IRaMuTeQ software by Similitude Analysis. RESULTS: the thematic categories are listed based on the Ayres reference: 1) Individual dimension of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS; 2) Social dimension of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS; 3) Programmatic dimension of the vulnerability. Final Considerations: the young female transsexual living with HIV/AIDS experience a context of vulnerability in health associated with a lack of knowledge and difficulties for the realization of self-care. The study evidenced the representations of social abjection and unpreparedness of the health team that compose the Primary Attention in Health in promoting qualified assistance for the execution of the effective and humanized care.

Family relationships in the social network for young male homosexuals.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the family relationships in the social network for young male homosexuals. METHODS: this is a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study anchored in the theoretical framework Social Network and including 20 male homosexuals selected by the Snowball technique through semi-structured script interview. The IRaMuTeQ software was analyzed by Similitude Analysis. RESULTS: the primary social network was configured in the elements: 1 - Family affective ties: the center of the social network, 2 - Binding family relationship and religiosity. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: it was evaluated that the primary social network has been rooted to fragile relationships of socialization and solidarity, and that the social dimension is also rooted on conservatism, sexism/bigotry, and violence. When it comes to address this issue creates the contribution to the visibility of the homosexual youth family dynamics, since it represents the central core and first learning experience that will determine the development and ability to deal with adversities.

Spatial patterns of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: correlation with sociodemographic variables and type of notification.

OBJECTIVE: Correlate the cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and its spatial patterns with the type of notification and sociodemographic variables. METHOD: Ecological study carried out in the municipality of Belém, with 77 cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis registered in the Special Treatment Information System for Tuberculosis, between 2012 and 2016. For analysis, the data was debugged followed by geo-referencing in ArcGis 10.3 and Terra View 4.2.2. To relate the cases with the type of notification, the BioEstat 5.4 software was used, with a significance level of 95%. RESULTS: Of the total, 40 (52%) were new cases; 27 (35%), relapses; and ten (13%) were re-enrolled after leaving. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was randomly distributed and related to income, household, territorial cluster and water supply. There was a concentration of cases in two administrative districts, corresponding to 28.5% and 27.3% of the total, with a median Sociodemographic Index. CONCLUSION: Behavior of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis influenced by sociodemographic indicators.

Social representations of transsexual women living with HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVES: identify the social representations of transsexual women living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: this is a qualitative descriptive exploratory study, based on the theory of social representations, conducted with six HIV/AIDS seropositive transsexual women from a hospital for patients with HIV/AIDS. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted and later transcribed and analyzed with the help of Iramuteq (version 0.7) to produce a dendrogram of the descending hierarchical classification. RESULTS: data were grouped into three classes: social thought and health/disease process; subjectivity and identity coping; and social determination and the context of vulnerability. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the elements of social representations were identified, based on commonsense knowledge, resulting from the way of thinking and acting and associated with the syndrome and social actors and sectors of the daily life of transsexual women. This study highlights the relevance of representational processes for humanized health care.

Adaptive problems arising out of the progenitor's abandonment after Zika Congenital Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: to reveal the adaptive problems of the woman abandoned by the child's parent after Congenital Zika Syndrome, in the light of Roy's Adaptation Model. METHOD: a qualitative, descriptive study, based on Roy's Adaptation Model, developed with six women abandoned by their child's parent after Zika Congenital Syndrome diagnosis, through interview and Content Analysis technique. RESULTS: adaptive problems appeared in nutrition, activity, rest, and protection patterns, due to limitations in self-care; self-concept, related to dissatisfaction with body image and personal being; in the role of transition role, through difficulties in taking over new roles and in interdependence, related to changes in affective needs. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the overload of care for children with Congenital Zika Syndrome, added to the challenges of the abandoned woman by her child's parent, led to adaptive problems, showing their main difficulties of coping.

Dynamics of the social network of young female transsexuals that live and deal with HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the social network of young female transsexuals who live with HIV/AIDS. METHOD: descriptive and exploratory study of qualitative approach, based on the Social Network Theory, developed in a Brazilian reference hospital for HIV/AIDS, with six transsexual women. Individual interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the data were subjected to analysis of similarities through the software program IRaMuTeQ. RESULTS: the categories observed were: 1) dynamics of primary social network and social challenges; 2) dynamics of secondary social network and the institutional prejudice. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the dynamics of the social network is based on the lack of support of primary and secondary networks, and the containment process limits the reach of quality of life and social emancipation. To deal with this theme will provide the visibility of young female transsexuals in confronting vulnerabilities and guaranteeing human rights.

Social network: evaluation of the support or containment contexts of lesbian mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the social network of lesbian mothers, from the social contexts of support or restraint. METHOD: Descriptive, exploratory study, of qualitative approach, based on the theoretical reference of Social Network, with eight lesbian mothers selected through Snowball technique, using semi-structured interview. Data analysis was performed with IRAMUTEQ software, through Similarity Analysis. RESULTS: The social network is configured as: 1) Emotional distance and non-acceptance of motherhood by the family members - primary network elements; 2) Interference in the socio-cultural medium for the effectiveness of the mother-child bond - secondary network elements. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Social network is grounded on trivialized and negative conceptions that highlight prejudice and disrespect. The discussion of this theme contributes to a greater visibility of those new family arrangements as well as to reduce stigmas e prejudices that pervade the social network components of these women.

Tecnologias educacionais em saúde para adolescentes e jovens lgbti+: revisão integrativa / Tecnologías educativas en salud para adolescentes y jóvenes lgbti+: revisión integradora / Educational technologies in health for adolescent and young lgbti+: integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o desenvolvimento e o uso de tecnologias educacionais em saúde para adolescentes e jovens lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis, transexuais, pessoas intersexo e mais da diversidade sexual e de gênero (LGBTI+). Método: revisão integrativa de literatura, conduzida pela estratégia PICo, com busca nas bases de dados: MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, LILACS e Web of Scienceatualizadaem abril e maio de 2023. Na etapa de seleção, o levantamento bibliográfico foi organizado pelo gerenciador de referências Mendeley® com auxílio do software colaborativo em revisões Rayyan®. Resultados: onze artigos compuseram a amostra final, evidenciando o uso de programas de intervenções virtuais, do vídeo interativo e a utilização de grupos focais e fóruns de discussão virtual como recursos significativos desenvolvidos como intervenções em saúde digital para adolescentes e jovens LGBTI+. Considerações Finais: as tecnologias analisadas têm potencial para lhes alcançar de modo consistente, apoiando seus processos de conhecimento e as tomadas de decisões sobre sua saúde, sendo fontes significativas de informação e aprendizagem, com o acesso virtual representando uma oportunidade-chave no contexto da saúde digital. Recomendam-se fontes digitais de base científica nos cuidados à saúde de adolescentes e jovens LGBTI+.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el desarrollo y uso de tecnologías educativas en salud para adolescentes y jóvenes lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, travestís, transexuales, personas intersexuales y más de la diversidad sexual y de género (LGBTI+). Método: revisión integradora de la literatura, conducida por la estrategia PICo, con búsqueda en las bases de datos: MEDLINE vía PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, LILACS y Web ofScience actualizada en abril y mayo de 2023. En la etapa de selección, el estudio bibliográfico fue organizado por el gestor de referencias Mendeley® con ayuda del software colaborativo en revisiones Rayyan®. Resultados: once artículos compusieron la muestra final, evidenciando el uso de programas de intervenciones virtuales, del vídeo interactivo y la utilización de grupos focales y foros de discusión virtual como recursos significativos desarrollados como intervenciones en salud digital para adolescentes y jóvenes LGBTI+. Consideraciones finales: las tecnologías analizadas tienen potencial para alcanzarles de manera consistente, apoyando sus procesos de conocimiento y las decisiones sobre su salud, siendo fuentes significativas de información y aprendizaje, con el acceso virtual representando una oportunidad clave en el contexto de la salud digital. Se recomiendan fuentes digitales de base científica en el cuidado de la salud de adolescentes y jóvenes LGBTI+.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the development and use of educational health technologies for adolescent and young lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transvestites, transsexuals, intersex people and more of sexual and gender diversity (LGBTI+). Method: integrative literature review, conducted by the PICo strategy, with search in the databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, LILACS and Web of Science updated in April and May 2023. In the selection stage, the bibliographic survey was organized by the reference manager Mendeley® with the aid of collaborative software in Rayyan®. Results: eleven articles composed the final sample, evidencing the use of virtual the use of focus groups and virtual discussion forums as significant resources developed as digital health interventions for adolescent and young LGBTI+. Final Thoughts: the technologies analyzed have the potential to reach them consistently, supporting their knowledge processes and decision making about their health, being significant sources of information and learning, with virtual access representing a key opportunity in the context of digital health. Scientific-based digital sources are recommended in the health care of adolescent and young LGBTI+.

Technology for nursing consultation with transsexual women in the light of Leininger's transcultural theory / Tecnología para enfermería de consulta a las mujeres transexuales a la luz de la teoría transcultural de Leininger / Tecnologia para consulta de enfermagem às mulheres transexuais à luz da teoria transcultural de Leininger

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the construction and validation of a nursing consultation technology for transgender women. Methods: a methodological study developed in three stages with construction based on the Leininger's Cross-Cultural Theory, content validation performed by experts in transgender sexual health and evaluation by nurses of care for transgender women. Items with a minimum agreement of 80% were considered validated, according to the Content Validity Index and binomial test. Results: the technology contains 59 items in three blocks: the first, for identification of the transsexual woman; the second, with the Clinical Data; and the third, regarding the Propaedeutics of Care. All items reached agreement higher than 0.8 and an overall Validity Index of 80%. Conclusions: the technology was content-validated and evaluated by nurses and can be applicable in clinical and outpatient practice as well as in academia to promote quality care for transgender women.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir construcción y validación de tecnología para enfermería de consulta a mujeres transexuales. Métodos: Estudio metodológico desarrollado en tres etapas con construcción basada en la Teoría Transcultural de Leininger, validez de contenido realizada por especialistas en salud sexual de transgéneros y evaluación por enfermeros de la asistencia a mujeres transexuales. Consideraron validados los ítems con concordancia mínima de 80%, conforme el Índice de Validez de Contenido y prueba binomial. Resultados: La tecnología contiene 59 ítems en tres bloques siguientes: la Identificación de la mujer transexual; los Datos Clínicos; y el referente a la Propedéutica Clínica. Todos los ítems alcanzaron concordancia superior a 0,8 e Índice de Validez global de 80%. Conclusiones: La tecnología fue validada cuanto al contenido y evaluada por los enfermeros y puede ser aplicable tanto en la práctica clínica y ambulatoria cuanto en la academia a fin de promover la cualidad asistencial a mujeres transexuales.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a construção e validação de tecnologia para consulta de enfermagem às mulheres transexuais. Métodos: Estudo metodológico desenvolvido em três etapas com construção pautada na Teoria Transcultural de Leininger, validação de conteúdo realizada por especialistas em saúde sexual de transgêneros e avaliação por enfermeiros da assistência às mulheres transexuais. Consideraram-se validados os itens com concordância mínima de 80%, conforme o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e teste binomial. Resultados: A tecnologia contém 59 itens em três blocos: o primeiro, para Identificação da mulher transexual; o segundo, com os Dados Clínicos; e o terceiro, referente à Propedêutica da Assistência. Todos os itens alcançaram concordância superior a 0,8 e Índice de Validade global de 80%. Conclusões: A tecnologia foi validada quanto ao conteúdo e avaliada pelos enfermeiros e pode ser aplicável tanto na prática clínica e ambulatorial quanto na academia a fim de promover a qualidade assistencial às mulheres transexuais.

Integral health care for transgender adolescents: subsidies for nursing practice / Atenção integral à saúde dos adolescentes transgêneros: subsídios para a prática da Enfermagem / Atención integral a la salud de los adolescentes transgénero: subsidios para la práctica de la Enfermería

Abstract Objective: to analyze the integral health care for transgender adolescents from the perspective of their guardians. Method: qualitative research based on the Social Network framework proposed by Lia Sanicola, developed with 22 guardians of transgender adolescents in Brazil through semi-structured individual online interviews. The empirical material was analyzed using the content analysis technique, thematic modality. Results: lack of ambience was observed, in addition to technical unpreparedness of health professionals in relation to the theme at all levels of care, transphobia, centralization of care in scarce qualified services for transgender children and youth, absence of family support, lack of health promotion actions within the community, especially in the school environment, and the common support from non-governmental initiatives. Conclusion: the centralization of actions in scarce specialized services in the country, and the structural transphobia can compromise the integral health care for transgender adolescents. There is an urgent need for a network of care capable of assisting the joint action by multi and interdisciplinary teams, with greater proactivity of the nurse with the transgender adolescent and their guardians in individual and collective actions; ambience; health promotion in schools for visibility and support in Primary Health Care since childhood.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a atenção integral à saúde dos adolescentes transgêneros na perspectiva dos seus responsáveis. Método: estudo qualitativo fundamentado no referencial Rede Social proposto por Lia Sanicola, desenvolvido com 22 responsáveis por adolescentes transgêneros no Brasil por meio de entrevistas online individuais semiestruturadas. O material empírico foi analisado com a utilização da técnica de análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Resultados: Foram evidenciados a falta de ambiência e despreparo técnico de profissionais da saúde em relação à temática em todos os níveis de atenção, transfobia, centralização do cuidado em escassos serviços habilitados para pessoas trans no período infantojuvenil, invisibilidade do apoio à família, ausência de ações de promoção da saúde no âmbito comunitário, sobretudo, escolar, e, ainda, o acolhimento promovido, comumente, pelas iniciativas não governamentais. Conclusão: a centralização de ações em escassos serviços especializados no país e a transfobia estrutural podem comprometer a atenção integral à saúde dos adolescentes trans. Urge a necessidade de uma linha de cuidado capaz de auxiliar a atuação conjunta por equipe multi e interdisciplinar com maior proatividade do enfermeiro junto ao adolescente trans e seus responsáveis por meio de ações individuais e coletivas; ambiência; promoção da saúde nas escolas para visibilidade e acolhimento na Atenção Primária à Saúde desde a infância.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la atención integral a la salud de los adolescentes transgénero desde la perspectiva de sus responsables. Método: estudio cualitativo basado en el marco de la Red Social propuesto por Lia Sanicola, desarrollado con 22 responsables de adolescentes transgénero en Brasil a partir de entrevistas en línea individuales semiestructuradas. El material empírico fue analizado mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido, modalidad temática. Resultados: se ha evidenciado la falta de ambiente y preparación técnica de los profesionales de la salud con relación al tema en todos los niveles de atención, transfobia, centralización del cuidado en los pocos servicios habilitados para personas trans en el período infantojuvenil, invisibilidad del apoyo a la familia, ausencia de acciones de promoción de la salud en el ámbito comunitario, especialmente en la escuela, y la acogida comúnmente por las iniciativas no gubernamentales. Conclusión: la centralización de acciones en los pocos servicios especializados del país y la transfobia estructural pueden comprometer la atención integral en salud de los adolescentes trans. Urge una línea de cuidado capaz de auxiliar la acción conjunta de un equipo multi e interdisciplinario, con mayor proactividad del enfermero con el adolescente transgénero y sus responsables en acciones individuales y colectivas; ambiente; promoción de la salud en las escuelas para la visibilidad y acogida en la Atención Primaria de la Salud desde la infancia.

Gender violence perpetrated against trans women / La violencia de género perpetrada contra mujeres trans / A violência de gênero perpetrada contra mulheres trans

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify scientific evidence on gender violence perpetrated against trans women. Methods: integrative review, carried out in June 2020, without time frame, in the Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, WoS, PsycInfo and LILACS databases. The controlled descriptors of DeCS, MeSH and their entry terms were used: "Transgender People", "Transgender", "Gender Identity", "Transsexuality", "Gender Violence", "Aggression", "Sexual Offenses", "Rape", "Violence", "Domestic Violence". The presentation and synthesis of the results were presented in the PRISMA-2009 flowchart. Results: the final sample, consisting of 16 articles, identified different types of violence (sexual, physical, verbal, psychological and financial), perpetrated by family members, strangers, police officers, intimate partners, health professionals, acquaintances, or friends. Conclusions: trans women suffer violence and social exclusion that result from stigma and discrimination due to gender identity and result in unrestricted damage to physical health.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar evidencias científicas acerca de las violencias de género perpetradas contra mujeres trans. Métodos: revisión integrativa, realizada en junio de 2020, sin recorte temporal, en las bases de datos Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, WoS, PsycInfo y LILACS. Fueron utilizados los descriptores controlados del DeCS, del MeSH y sus entry terms: "Personas Transgénero", "Transgéneros", "Identidad de Género", "Transexualidad", "Violencia de Género", "Agresión", "Delitos Sexuales", "Estupro", "Violencia", "Violencia Doméstica". La presentación y la síntesis de los resultados fueron presentadas en el flujograma PRISMA-2009. Resultados: la muestra final, compuesta por 16 artículos, identificó violencias de género diversas (sexual, física, verbal, psicológica y financiera), perpetradas por familiares, desconocidos, policiales, parceros íntimos, profesionales de salud, conocidos o amigos. Conclusiones: la mujer trans sufre violencias y exclusiones sociales que transcurren de estigmas y discriminaciones por la identidad de género y resultan en daños no restrictos a salud física.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar evidências científicas sobre as violências de gênero perpetradas contra mulheres trans. Métodos: revisão integrativa, realizada em junho de 2020, sem recorte temporal, nas bases de dados SCOPUS, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, WoS, PsycInfo e LILACS. Foram utilizados os descritores controlados do DeCS, do MeSH e seus entry terms: "Pessoas Transgênero", "Transgêneros", "Identidade de Gênero", "Transexualidade", "Violência de Gênero", "Agressão", "Delitos Sexuais", "Estupro", "Violência", "Violência Doméstica". A apresentação e a síntese dos resultados foram apresentadas no fluxograma PRISMA-2009. Resultados: a amostra final, composta por 16 artigos, identificou violências de gênero diversas: sexual, física, verbal, psicológica e financeira perpetrada por familiares, desconhecidos, policiais, parceiros íntimos, profissionais da saúde, conhecidos ou amigos. Conclusões: a mulher trans sofre violências e exclusões sociais decorrentes de estigmas e discriminações pela identidade de gênero que resultam em danos à saúde além da física.

Dos males o menor: representações de universitários sobre o uso das máscaras para prevenção da Covid-19 / The lesser evil: university students representations on the use of masks for Covid-19 prevention / El mal menor: representaciones de universitarios sobre el uso de máscaras para la prevención del Covid-19

Objetivo: conhecer as representações sociais de universitários brasileiros sobre o uso de máscaras para o controle da COVID-19. Método: estudo qualitativo, tipo survey, ancorado na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Participaram 283 universitários brasileiros, selecionados por conveniência. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulário digital. Para análise, utilizou-se a Análise Temática. Resultados: elaborou-se um tema nomeado "A máscara para prevenção: materialização do medo de contágio", e três subtemas, intitulados respectivamente "A construção de um novo hábito: o mal necessário das máscaras"; "O macrossocial na modificação do eu" e "O uso da máscara no dia-a-dia: a individualização do social". Conclusão: observou-se a compreensão do uso de máscaras como um recurso para prevenção de uma condição ameaçadora à vida. Atitudes favoráveis parecem se organizar em contraposição ao medo causado pelo vírus e suas consequências.

Objective: to know the social representations of brazilian university students about the use of masks to control COVID-19. Method: qualitative survey, based on the Theory of Social Representations. 283 brazilian university students were selected by convenience. Data were collected through digital form. For analysis, the Thematic Analysis was used. Results: a theme named "The mask for prevention: materialization of the fear of contagion" was elaborated, and three sub-themes, respectively titled "The construction of a new habit: the necessary evil of masks"; "The macrosocial in the modification of the self" and "The use of the mask in everyday life: the individualization of the social". Conclusion: the understanding of the use of masks as a resource for preventing a life-threatening condition was observed. These favorable attitudes seem to be organized in contrast to the fear caused by virus and their consequences.

Objetivo: conocer las representaciones sociales de estudiantes universitarios brasileños sobre el uso de máscaras para el control de COVID-19. Método: estudio cualitativo, basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Participaron 283 universitarios brasileños, seleccionados por conveniencia. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un formulario digital. Para el análisis se utilizó el Análisis Temático. Resultados: se elaboró un tema denominado "La mascarilla para la prevención: materialización del miedo al contagio" y tres subtemas, respectivamente titulados "La construcción de un nuevo hábito: el mal necesario de las máscaras"; "Lo macrosocial en la modificación del yo" y "El uso de la mascarilla en la vida cotidiana: la individualización de lo social". Conclusión: se observó la comprensión del uso de máscaras como recurso para la prevención de una condición potencialmente mortal. Estas actitudes favorables parecen organizarse en contraste con el miedo provocado por el virus y sus consecuencias.

Scientific evidence on experiences of pregnant transsexual men / Evidencia científica sobre las experiencias de los hombres transexuales en el embarazo / Evidência científicas sobre experiências de homens transexuais grávidos

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the scientific evidence about the experiences of pregnant transsexual men. Method: a descriptive, integrative literature review study without a defined time cut, carried out in January 2021 in the following Databases: Medline, CINAHL, LILACS, CUIDEN, SCOPUS, WoS, EMBASE, PSYCINFO and BDENF, in Portuguese, English and Spanish; using the DECs and MeSH descriptors: "Transgender People", "Pregnancy", "Reproduction", "Fertilization", "Insemination", "Prenatal Care", "Postpartum Period", "Lactation", "Mispontaneous Abortion" , "Habitual abortion", "Reproductive health" and "Health Care" and their respective synonyms. The elaboration of the guiding question was conducted by the PICo Strategy: (Population): transgender men; I (Interest): experiences during the puerperal pregnancy cycle; Co (Context): reproductive health and health services. The final sample was submitted to the Thematic Analysis Technique. Results: a total of 1,011 studies were identified, 10 of which composed this review after the selection process and peer review. The analysis resulted in two thematic categories: "Pregnancy-puerperal cycle: challenges and experiences" and "Pregnant bodies: perceptions and social relationships". Conclusion: the experiences of pregnant transsexual men are marked by concerns related to pregnancy, childbirth, birth and the puerperium, causing unexpected psychological and/or emotional impacts, evidencing cisheteronormativity and transphobia as structuring aspects which add an additional part to fear of childbirth and violations of rights.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica sobre las experiencias de los hombres transexuales embarazados. Método: estudio descriptivo, tipo revisión bibliográfica integradora, sin corte temporal, realizado en enero de 2021 en las siguientes bases de datos: Medline, CINAHL, LILACS, CUIDEN, SCOPUS, WoS, EMBASE, PSYCINFO y BDENF, en los idiomas portugués, inglés y español; utilizando los descriptores DeCS y MeSH: "Personas Transgénero", "Embarazo", "Reproducción", "Fertilización", "Inseminación", "Atención Prenatal", "Período Posparto", "Lactancia", "Aborto Espontáneo", "Aborto Habitual", "Salud Reproductiva" y "Atención a la Salud" y sus respectivos sinónimos. La elaboración de la pregunta guía fue realizada por la estrategia PICo: hombres transgénero (P - Población); experiencias durante el ciclo gravídico-puerperal (I - Interés); salud reproductiva y servicios de salud (Co - Contexto). La muestra final se sometió a la técnica de análisis temático. Resultados: se identificaron 1.011 estudios. Después del proceso de selección y la revisión por pares, 10 compusieron esta revisión. El análisis se ha centrado en dos categorías temáticas: "Ciclo gravídico-puerperal: desafíos y experiencias" y "Cuerpos embarazados: percepciones y relaciones sociales". Conclusión: l as experiencias de hombres transexuales embarazados están marcadas por inquietudes relacionadas a la gestación, el parto, el nacimiento y el puerperio, ocasionando impactos psicológicos y/o emocionales inesperados, evidenciando la cisheteronormatividad y la transfobia como aspectos estructurales que incorporan una parcela adicional al miedo del parto y violaciones de derechos.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as evidências científicas sobre experiências de homens transexuais grávidos. Método: estudo descritivo, tipo revisão integrativa de literatura, sem recorte de tempo, realizada em janeiro de 2021 nas seguintes Bases de Dados: Medline, CINAHL, LILACS, CUIDEN, SCOPUS, WoS, EMBASE, PSYCINFO e BDENF, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol; usando os descritores DECs e MeSH: "Pessoas Transgênero", "Gravidez", "Reprodução", "Fertilização", "Inseminação", "Cuidado Pré-Natal", "Período Pós-Parto", "Lactação", "Aborto Espontâneo", "Aborto habitual", "Saúde reprodutiva" e "Assistência à Saúde" e respectivos sinônimos. A elaboração da questão norteadora foi conduzida pela Estratégia PICo: (População): homens transexuais; I (Interesse): experiências durante o ciclo gravídico puerperal; Co (Contexto): saúde reprodutiva e serviços de saúde. A amostra final foi submetida à Técnica de Análise Temática. Resultados: foram identificados 1.011 estudos. Após o processo de seleção e avaliação por pares, 10 compuseram esta revisão. A análise resultou em duas categorias temáticas: "Ciclo gravídico-puerperal: desafios e experiências" e "Corpos grávidos: percepções e relações sociais". Conclusão: as experiências de homens transexuais grávidos são marcadas por inquietações relacionadas à gestação, ao parto, ao nascimento e ao puerpério, ocasionando impactos psicológicos e/ou emocionais inesperados, evidenciando a cisheteronormatividade e a transfobia como aspectos estruturantes que acrescentam uma parcela adicional ao medo do parto e violações de direitos.

COVID-19 in children in the state of Pernambuco: Spatial analysis of confirmed severe cases and the Human Development Index

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Health planning is required for the control and prevention of severe cases of COVID-19 in children. METHODS: Spatial analysis of severe COVID-19 cases in children of Pernambuco in the first six months of the pandemic and its autocorrelation with the Human Development Index was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 551 severe cases (39.4 cases/100,000 inhabitants) was initially concentrated in the metropolitan area, with later interiorization. The spatial autocorrelation of cases was identified. The bivariate analysis revealed alert regions in less developed municipalities (I=0.341; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the local particularities can assist in directing the priorities for decision making.