Thermal, structural, antimicrobial, and physicochemical characterisation of thyme essential oil encapsulated in ß- and γ-cyclodextrin.

The present work aimed to encapsulate the thyme essential oil (TEO) in ß-cyclodextrin (BCD) and γ-cyclodextrin (GCD) complexes in two selected cyclodextrin (CD) to TEO ratios (85/15 and 80/20 w/w) and compare the physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the encapsulated powders. The inclusion complexes between CD and TEO were prepared by blending aqueous CD and TEO in ethanol followed by freeze-drying. The powder properties were assessed by measuring particle size and microstructure using SEM, FTIR, and XRD. The median values of the particle sizes (GCD: 92.0 ± 4.69 and BCD: 46.2 ± 2.56-mm) significantly influenced the encapsulation efficiency, resulting in a higher encapsulation efficiency of the GCD (92.02 ± 10.79%) than that of the BCD (56.30 ± 12.19%). The encapsulated GCD/TEO (80/20) showed higher antioxidant activity and an antimicrobial inhibitory effect against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium. Overall, the GCD acts as a superior wall material to the BCD in the TEO encapsulation.

Evidence for nutrition transition in Kuwait: over-consumption of macronutrients and obesity.

OBJECTIVES: To describe nutrient intakes and prevalence of overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of Kuwaitis and to compare intakes with reference values. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, multistage stratified, cluster sample. Settings National nutrition survey covering all geographical areas of the country. SUBJECTS: Kuwaitis (n 1704) between 3 and 86 years of age. RESULTS: Obesity was more prevalent among women than men (50 % and 70 % for females aged 19-50 years and ≥51 years, respectively, v. 29 % and 42 % for their male counterparts). Boys were more obese than girls, with the highest obesity rate among those aged 9-13 years (37 % and 24 % of males and females, respectively). Energy intake was higher than the estimated energy requirements for almost half of Kuwaiti children and one-third of adults. The Estimated Average Requirement was exceeded by 78-100 % of the recommendation for protein and carbohydrates. More than two-thirds of males aged ≥4 years exceeded the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Na. Conversely, less than 20 % of Kuwaitis, regardless of age, consumed 100 % or more of the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin D, vitamin E, Ca, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Less than 20 % of children met the recommended level for fibre. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition transition among Kuwaitis was demonstrated by the increased prevalence of obesity and overweight, increased intakes of energy and macronutrients and decreased intakes of fibre and micronutrients. Interventions to increase awareness about healthy foods combined with modifications in subsidy policies are clearly warranted to increase consumption of low-energy, nutrient-dense foods.